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CONTENTS

 

ABSTRACT

PREFACE

LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Mycorrhiza

1.1.1. Ectomycorrhiza

1.1.2. Transfer of nutrients to the host plant

1.1.3. Carbon metabolism changes in ECM symbiosis

1.1.4. Other plant benefits from ECM symbiosis

1.1.5. Functional diversity of ECM fungi

1.2. Root development

1.2.1. Short roots of pine

1.3. Development of fungal hyphae

1.3.1. Hyphal septation and branching

1.4. Development of ectomycorrhiza

1.4.1. Initiation and mantle formation

1.4.2. Fungal penetration and Hartig net formation

1.4.3. Extramatrical hyphae and rhizomorphs

1.4.4. Signalling in symbiotic and pathogenic hyphae

1.5. Ectomycorrhiza forms in short roots of Pinus sylvestris

1.5.1. Role of auxins and ethylene in short root morphogenesis

1.5.2. Cell cycle regulation in Scots pine short roots

2. AIMS OF THE STUDY

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1. Synthesis of fungal mycelia, ectomycorrhizal, and non-mycorrhizal seedlings

3.2. Protein extractions and analysis

3.3. Genomic DNA and RNA extractions and S. bovinus cDNA library construction

3.4. PCR oligonucleotide primers synthetized for this thesis

3.5. PCR conditions for RT-PCR experiments

3.6. Southern and Northern hybridisation protocols

3.7. Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) microscopy

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Developmentally regulated proteins in Scots pine root system

4.1.1. Main- and lateral root-related proteins

4.1.2. Acidic short root-related proteins

4.1.3. Small acidic SR proteins are highly similar peroxidases

4.1.4. PSYP1 function

4.1.5. Ectomycorrhiza-related protein

4.2. Root formation-related expression of P. sylvestris cyclins

4.3. Scots pine and Suillus bovinus cytoskeleton

4.3.1. a -tubulins are differentially regulated in short roots

4.3.2. Two ectomycorrhiza-related pine a - tubulin isotypes

4.3.3. Variable actin isotype patterns during root development

4.3.4. Tubulin and actin expression in fungal hyphae

4.4. S. bovinus and S.commune actin genes

4.4.1. S. bovinus and S.commune have at least two actin genes

4.4.2. Basidiomycete actin genes form a phylogenetically distinct group

4.4.3. Sbact2 and Scact2 are expressed at low level

4.5. Cdc42 and Rac, small GTPases of Suillus bovinus

4.5.1. Localisation of SbCdc42

5. CONCLUSIONS

6. REFERENCES

 

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