Browsing by Subject "Fungi"

Sienisinuiitit ovat nenän sivuonteloiden tulehduksia, joissa taudinaiheuttajana on sieni. Niiden taudinkuva vaihtelee tavanomaisen sinuiitin kaltaisista erittäin vakaviin, joskus nopeastikin eteneviin invasiivisiin muotoihin. Sienisinuiittien diagnosointiin liittyy useita haasteita. Erityisesti vakavissa sienisinuiittimuodoissa voi diagnoosin ja hoidon aloituksen viivästyminen heikentää potilaan ennustetta. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, saattaisiko joillain bakteereilla olla yhteys sienten esiintymiseen sinuiiteissa. Tällöin näiden bakteerien kohdalla voisi jo lähtökohtaisesti osata herkemmin epäillä sienisinuiitin mahdollisuutta, mikä voisi jouduttaa sienisinuiittidiagnoosiin pääsemistä ja asianmukaisen hoidon aloittamista. Tutkimuksen aineistona on 142 potilasta, joiden sivuontelonäytteiden laboratoriovastauksissa on yhtenä löydöksenä ollut sieni. Taulukoihin kootuista vastauksista selvitettiin sieni- ja bakteerilöydökset ja niiden jakautuminen potilaan mediaani-iän mukaan. Lisäksi koottiin vertailua varten yhteen yleisimmät sienilöydökset ja niiden kanssa esiintyneet bakteerit. Sienilöydöksistä suurin osa oli määritelty jonkinlaisiksi rihmasieniksi. Tarkemmin määritellyistä sienistä valtaosa oli aspergilluksia (nuijahomeita). Vastauksia tarkasteltaessa osoittautui natiivitutkimus sieniviljelyä selvästi herkemmäksi sienen havaitsemisessa. Aineiston bakteerilöydökset osoittautuivat enimmäkseen sekakasvuksi. Yleisimpiä bakteerilöydöksiä olivat stafylokokit (erityisesti Staphylococcus aureus), streptokokit ja hemofilukset (erityisesti Haemophilus influenzae) sekä sekalaiset enterobakteerit ja anaerobiset bakteerit. Tämän tutkielman aineiston perusteella ei löytynyt sellaisia bakteereita, jotka yksiselitteisesti viittaisivat sienisinuiitin mahdollisuuteen. Yleisimmät bakteerilöydökset olivat samoja, joita löytyy muistakin sinuiittimuodoista ja myös terveistä sivuonteloista. Tietyt bakteerit, kuten hemofilukset, saattavat kuitenkin olla yleisempiä sienisinuiittien yhteydessä. Aiempaa tutkimusta aiheesta on vähän, ja tämän tutkielman aineistolla tällaista vertailua ei voi luotettavasti tehdä.

The discovery and development of new antifungal drugs has lagged behind the clinical needs for effective treatments of fungal infections. Invasive fungal infections can be challenging to treat and can become life-threatening, particularly for immunosuppressed individuals. Despite the need for new and improved antifungal drugs, the pipeline for antifungal drug development has been relatively slow, with only a few new agents being approved in recent years. Many existing antifungal drugs have toxic side effects, limiting their use and highlighting the need for more targeted and effective therapeutics. The glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis pathway has been proposed as a potential new target for antifungal drugs. The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor is a complex glycoconjugate that is attached to many proteins found on the surface of eukaryotic cells. GPI anchored proteins play important roles in various cellular processes, including signaling, cell adhesion, and cell recognition. The biosynthesis of GPI anchors involves multiple enzymatic steps, including the transfer of the GPI anchor to a target protein. Gpi3 is one of the key enzymes involved in the first step of GPI biosynthesis and is the catalytic subunit of the GPI GlcNAc-PI synthesis complex. The naturally occurring molecule Jawsamycin has been shown to selectively inhibit fungal Gpi3 while not interfering with its human ortholog. However, the development and research of Jawsamycin and other potential inhibitors of the GPI synthesis pathway are hampered by the lack of structural data on the proteins involved in the pathway. This thesis aimed to express and purify functionally active Gpi3 as a recombinant fusion protein using the SUMO tag expression system, with the end goal of utilizing the protein for structural studies through crystallography to better understand the function of Jawsamycin. In this thesis, Gpi3 was successfully expressed and purified as a fusion protein. However, enzymatic activity of Gpi3 was not observed, additionally, the purification and stability of the Gpi3 fusion proteins were shown to be problematic and no crystal structure of the protein of interest was acquired. These results indicate that a different approach is needed to gain structural insights into the function and interaction between Gpi3 and Jawsamycin. A likely path forward is the purification of the whole GPI GlcNAc synthesis complex which could give more insights into the organization and function of both Gpi3 and Jawsamycin.

Fungi play an important role, especially in boreal coniferous forests and peatlands. For example, they are responsible for the circulation of nutrients, and are an important part of forest vegetation, such as tree function and nutrient uptake. Drainage of peatlands for silvicultural purposes has increased over the years and forest management has been found to change the structure of fungal communities. In addition to clear-cutting (CC) as one of the forest management methods, the method of continuous cover forestry (CCF) has been proposed as one of the possible forest management methods, but its effects on the soil fungal community have not been extensively studied. The aims of this master's thesis were to study how the active soil fungal community and its structure vary between the different forest management methods (CC, CCF and uncut control forest) of the peatland forest in Janakkala and between the seasons (spring, summer and autumn). The active community was studied by taking RNA samples from the area in May, July, and September 2021. In addition, the goal was to examine how potential environmental factors such as soil temperature and groundwater variations affect the active fungal community. Overall, diversity was higher in the autumn in all samples. The most stable area was the control forest, where active community members varied between seasons, but where biodiversity was similar between samples in both spring and autumn. The results of the CCF site followed in many ways the uncut forest, but in the autumn, there were large differences in the biodiversity and community structure of the samples in the forest of the CCF site. The biodiversity of the CC area was high. This may be explained by the deforestation of young trees already formed at the time of sampling, which contributes to the return of for instance, mycorrhizal fungi to the area. It should also be noted that the full number of parallel samples from the CC site in the spring and the autumn were not successful. In addition, the summer samples failed completely and no results could be obtained from them. The failure of the samples may be explained by the long hot and dry period in the area in the summer of 2021.