Browsing by Subject "Indonesia"

Among small and medium size companies in developing countries, innovations are needed to improve profitability of the business and to survive in global competition. Not only the globalization and competition are the challenges, but also new legality proof requirements set by EU and governments places companies in a new situation. This paper examines the value chain of small scale producer´s wooden furniture, from Jepara, Indonesia to the EU market. The value chain from a forest to ready furniture is analyzed through deep interviews of key informants. Also the policies which have influence on the value chain, such as the EU timber regulation (EUTR) and Indonesian national timber legality assurance system (SVLK) are taken into account. The aim of the study is to localize the strengths and the weaknesses of the value chain and to find solutions either to integrate or to improve the competitiveness. The study led to new recommendations for furniture businesses in Jepara and found out that forest related policies are impacting on the value chain in several ways.

This thesis studies the tree species’ juvenile diversity in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) based agroforestry and in primary forest in a natural conservation forest environment of Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Species’ adult composition in Lore Lindu National Park is relatively well studied, less is known about tree species’ diversity in seedling communities particularly in frequently disturbed cacao agroforestry field environment. Cacao production forms a potentially serious thread for maintaining the conservation areas pristine and forested in Sulawesi. The impacts of cacao production on natural environment are directly linked to the diversity and abundance of shade tree usage. The study aims at comparing differences between cacao agroforestry and natural forest in the surrounding area in their species composition in seedling and sapling size categories. The study was carried out in two parts. Biodiversity inventory of seedlings and saplings was combined with social survey with farmer interviews. Aim of the survey was to gain knowledge of the cacao fields, and farmers’ observations and choices regarding tree species associated with cacao. Data was collected in summer 2008. The assessment of the impact of environmental factors of solar radiation, weeding frequency, cacao tree planting density, distance to forest and distance to main park road, and type of habitat on seedling and sapling compositions was done with Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS). Outlier analysis was used to assess distorting variables for NMS, and Multi-Response Permutation Procedures (MRPP) analysis to differentiate the impact of categorical variables. Sampling success was estimated with rarefaction curves and jackknife estimate of species richness. In the inventory 135 species of trees and shrubs were found. Only some agroforestry related species were dominating. The most species rich were sapling communities in forest habitat. NMS was showing generally low linear correlation between variation of species composition and environmental variables. Solar radiation was having most significance as explaining variable. The most clearly separated in ordination were cacao and forest habitats. The results of seedling and sapling inventory were only partly coinciding with farmers’ knowledge of the tree species occurring on their fields. More research with frequent assessment of seedling cohorts is needed due to natural variability of cohorts and high mortality rate of seedlings.

Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Human trafficking is a complex issue that has close connections to other large societal and global issues such as contemporary slavery, inequalities and migration. Trafficking can be seen as a part of a larger scale exploitation of labor and migrants. The risk of being re-trafficked after a trafficking experience is higher and well executed reintegration can reduce this risk. However, the research into the reintegration and rehabilitation of trafficked persons is underrepresented in the current academic literature. This thesis takes a closer look at the assisted return programs and reintegration and rehabilitation of trafficked persons in Indonesia to determine how well the programs respond to the needs of trafficked persons when they return home. The work provides insights into the experiences of integration and rehabilitation after trafficking and brings forth some of the experiences of trafficked persons. The causalities behind trafficking are explored through the concept of vulnerabilities to highlight how different systems produce vulnerabilities and increase the risks of being trafficked. These same vulnerabilities are faced upon return as well with additional vulnerabilities (f.e. health and psychological issues) imposed on trafficked persons by their experience. Vulnerabilities of a person are constructed in multiple dimensions. In this thesis the vulnerabilities are framed firstly through the concepts of labor migration, globalization and capitalism and secondly through concepts of oppression, exploitation and dehumanization to highlight the complexities surrounding vulnerabilities and consequently trafficking and reintegration. Through reviewing existing literature on reintegration of trafficked persons, an online interview with the employees of Indonesian Migrant Workers Union (SBMI) and a questionnaire to previously trafficked persons on their needs, a framework for desirable reintegration was established. The framework was then used to analyze IOM Indonesia’s Handbook on Service Mechanisms for Witnesses and/or Victims of Trafficking in Persons in Indonesia to establish how well the programs in Indonesia answer the needs of trafficked persons. The results of the thesis highlight that the needs of trafficked persons upon return are multiple. People need to be presented with an opportunity to become self-sufficient economically and socially and their health needs (both physical and psychological) need to be met. Most common issues faced by the informants of this thesis were economic and psychological in nature, but other difficulties were common as well. The analysis of IOM Indonesia’s handbook provided a positive view of the reintegration and rehabilitation in Indonesia. The Handbook was comprehensive and all-encompassing. Furthermore, it encouraged to take each individual’s needs into consideration and adjust the programs to fit each person. All dimensions of reintegration are taken into account. The results of the questionnaire however indicated that the state response in prosecuting the perpetrators is not sufficient and many informants were left without a proper restitution and with a feeling of injustice. The programs provide great tools to combat different difficulties faced by trafficked persons and help to mitigate the risks and reduce vulnerabilities. However, there are larger societal and developmental complexities behind trafficking and vulnerabilities people face. Issues of poverty, oppression and inequality cannot be improved by the rehabilitation and reintegration programs. This would require larger shift in policy and the way we organize and think about our global world.

Paraserianthes falcataria is a very fast growing, light wood tree species, that has recently gained wide interest in Indonesia for industrial wood processing. At the moment the P. falcataria plantations managed by smallholders are lacking predefined management programmes for commercial wood production. The general objective of this study was to model the growth and yield of Paraserianthes falcataria stands managed by smallholders in Ciamis, West Java, Indonesia and to develop management scenarios for different production objectives. In total 106 circular sample plots with over 2300 P. falcataria trees were assessed on smallholder plantation inventory. In addition, information on market prices of P. falcataria wood was collected through rapid appraisals among industries. A tree growth model based on Chapman-Richards function was developed on three different site qualities and the stand management scenarios were developed under three management objectives: (1) low initial stand density with low intensity stand management, (2) high initial stand density with medium intensity of intervention, (3) high initial stand density and strong intensity of silvicultural interventions, repeated more than once. In general, the 9 recommended scenarios have rotation ages varying from 4 to 12 years, planting densities from 4x4 meters (625 trees ha-1) to 3x2 meters (1666 trees ha-1) and thinnings at intensities of removing 30 to 60 % of the standing trees. The highest annual income would be generated on high-quality with a scenario with initial planting density 3x2 m (1666 trees ha-1) one thinning at intensity of removing 55 % of the standing trees at the age of 2 years and clear cut at the age of 4 years.

Tämä tutkimus on laadullinen sisällönanalyysi Indonesian uskonnonvapaustilanteesta. Sen tavoitteena on avata maan monimutkaista uskonnonvapaustilannetta, jossa vähemmistöjen ihmisoikeudet ovat uhattuina, vaikka maan perustuslaki on rakennettu kunnioittamaan uskonnonvapautta. Kiinnostukseni teemaan heräsi, kun olin Indonesiassa Kirkkojen maailmanneuvoston kansainvälisten asiain komission jäsenenä ja kuulin radikalisaation jyrkästä kasvusta. Indonesia on tuhansien saarien valtio, jossa eri uskontoryhmät ja kulttuurit ovat eläneet rinnakkain. Itsenäistymisen jälkeen 1949 Indonesiassa alkoi kausi, jolloin haluttiin yhdistää kansa ja syntyi perustuslakiin kirjattu ideologia, pancasila, jonka periaatteiden mukaan indonesialaiset elävät tänäkin päivänä. Viidestä periaatteesta ensimmäinen on usko Jumalaan. Indonesia on kuitenkin sekulaari valtio, jossa kuudella uskonnolla on laissa erityinen asema. Islam on uskonnoista suurin, ja maassa on maailman suurin islaminuskoinen väestö. Periaatteessa uskonto- ja väestöryhmät elävät harmoniassa, mutta on käynyt yhä selvemmäksi, että uskonnonvapaudella on rajansa. Vähemmistöjen tilanne on heikentynyt. Radikalisaatiolle on annettu enemmän tilaa, ja suvaitsemattomuus erilaisuutta kohtaan on lisääntynyt. Tilanne on monin puolin johtanut konflikteihin, joissa useimmiten uhreina ovat vähemmistön edustajat, kirkot ja enemmistöstä eroavat islamilaiset liikkeet. Indonesiassa on kaksi 2000-luvulla päivitettyä lakia, jumalanpilkka- ja uskonnollisen harmonian laki, jotka omalta osaltaan antavat tilaa tällaiselle käytökselle. Molemmat lait tukevat sunnimuslimienemmistöä. Tutkielman vertailu- sekä lähtökohtana on ihmisoikeuksien yleismaailmallinen julistus. Tutkielma on koottu ensisijaisesti kansainvälisistä raporteista, mm. Yhdysvaltain kansainvälisen uskonnonvapauskomission raporteista. Toissijaisena aineistona on käytetty aiempaa akateemista kirjallisuutta poikkitieteellisesti eri akateemisilta aloilta. Tutkimus alkaa perehtymällä Indonesian historialliseen ja hallinnolliseen tilanteeseen ja uskonnon osaan siinä. Itse Analyysissä käsitellään erityisesti jumalanpilkkalakia ja sen käyttöä sekä uskonnollisen harmonian lakia ja sen vaikutuksia vähemmistöihin. Tutkimus vastaa siten kysymyksiin uskonnonvapauden tilasta Indonesiassa, siihen millainen rooli valtiolla sekä islamilla on suhteessa uskonnonvapauskysymyksiin sekä siihen, miten uskonnonvapauslait ja -tilanne vaikuttavat vähemmistöihin Indonesiassa. Tulokset osoittavat, että enemmistöllä on huomattavasti enemmän valtaa verrattuna vähemmistöihin ja että se myös käyttää valtaa oman uskonnollisen edun tavoittelemiseen. Tämä on johtanut siihen, että vähemmistöt ovat ajautuneet kapeammalle alueelle sekä suoranaisten hyökkäysten kohteeksi. Vähemmistöuskontojen edustajat ovat joutuneet maalittamisten kohteiksi, ja lakeja on käytetty heitä vastaan myös poliittisen pelin pelaamiseen. Vähemmistöuskontojen hengelliset tilat ovat olleet hyökkäysten kohteina eikä uusille tiloille ei ole annettu rakennuslupia. Uskonnonvapauden tila on kaventunut huomattavasti verrattuna itsenäistymisen jälkeiseen aikaan. Uskonnon kontrollointi lain voimin sekä käyttö poliittisena elementtinä on Indonesian tapauksessa epäonnistunut turvaamaan uskonnonvapauden kaikille.