Browsing by Subject "LKB1"
Now showing items 1-6 of 6
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Identification of LKB1 kinase substrates involved in suppression of lung adenocarcinoma cell growth (2021)STK11/LKB1 is a tumor suppressor gene and mutated in 18% of lung adenocarcinomas. Tumor suppressor liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is known to activate adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and 12 AMPK-related kinases (ARKs) by phosphorylating a conserved threonine residue in their T-loop region. A number of studies focused on investigating the influence of LKB1-AMPK signaling on cancer cell proliferation. However, there is no systematic study for identifying the critical LKB1 kinase substrates in suppressing lung cancer cell growth. In this project, the LKB1-deficient lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 cells were sequentially overexpressed with constitutively active mutants of AMPKα1, AMPKα2, MARK1, MARK2, MARK3, MARK4, NUAK1, NUAK2, SIK1, SIK2, SIK3. The overexpression status was confirmed at both genetic and protein levels by qPCR and Western blotting, correspondingly. In vitro growth assays demonstrated up to 33% reduced growth rate of A549 cells overexpressing AMPKα1, AMPKα2 and NUAK1. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of the selected substrates in LKB1-overexpressing A549 cells significantly rescued the cell growth defect. These findings suggest, that AMPKα1, AMPKα2 and NUAK1 kinases are critical for LKB1-mediated cell growth defect in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Identification of LKB1 kinase substrates involved in suppression of lung adenocarcinoma cell growth (2021)STK11/LKB1 is a tumor suppressor gene and mutated in 18% of lung adenocarcinomas. Tumor suppressor liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is known to activate adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and 12 AMPK-related kinases (ARKs) by phosphorylating a conserved threonine residue in their T-loop region. A number of studies focused on investigating the influence of LKB1-AMPK signaling on cancer cell proliferation. However, there is no systematic study for identifying the critical LKB1 kinase substrates in suppressing lung cancer cell growth. In this project, the LKB1-deficient lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 cells were sequentially overexpressed with constitutively active mutants of AMPKα1, AMPKα2, MARK1, MARK2, MARK3, MARK4, NUAK1, NUAK2, SIK1, SIK2, SIK3. The overexpression status was confirmed at both genetic and protein levels by qPCR and Western blotting, correspondingly. In vitro growth assays demonstrated up to 33% reduced growth rate of A549 cells overexpressing AMPKα1, AMPKα2 and NUAK1. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of the selected substrates in LKB1-overexpressing A549 cells significantly rescued the cell growth defect. These findings suggest, that AMPKα1, AMPKα2 and NUAK1 kinases are critical for LKB1-mediated cell growth defect in lung adenocarcinoma.
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(2019)Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1), also known as STK11, is a well-known tumor suppressor and a metabolic regulator, mutated in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) and other sporadic cancers. LKB1 regulates several cellular functions: metabolism, polarity, cytoskeleton organization, differentiation, and proliferation by activating 14 AMPK-related downstream substrates. In a recent study, LKB1 was found to maintain intestinal homeostasis by repressing ATOH1 with the involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4). ATOH1 is a transcription factor and master regulator of secretory lineage in the intestine. It has been reported that ATOH1 is epigenetically regulated in inner hair cells and intestinal epithelium via Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). However, the repression mechanism of ATOH1 by LKB1 is currently unknown. This study aimed to determine the molecular mechanism of ATOH1 repression by LKB1. In this study, Ls174t, a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, was used to investigate ATOH1 induction by LKB1 signaling from two angles: First, involvement of LKB1 downstream substrates was investigated using shRNA mediated knockdown screen. Interestingly, silencing of either MARK4 or SIK3 alone was found to induce ATOH1 and thus mimic silencing of LKB1 unlike other LKB1 substrates including AMPK kinases. A second angle explored possible epigenetic mechanism in ATOH1 repression pathway, using dichloroacetate (DCA, a PDK4 inhibitor) and GSK126 (a PRC2 inhibitor). DCA treatment resulted in no change on the global levels of histone modifications tested. In addition, GSK126 caused the downregulation of ATOH1 in both control and LKB1 depleted condition. Thus, this study concludes that LKB1 represses ATOH1 through MARK4 and SIK3 and that global changes in the histone modifications investigated are not involved in the mechanism.
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(2019)Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1), also known as STK11, is a well-known tumor suppressor and a metabolic regulator, mutated in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) and other sporadic cancers. LKB1 regulates several cellular functions: metabolism, polarity, cytoskeleton organization, differentiation, and proliferation by activating 14 AMPK-related downstream substrates. In a recent study, LKB1 was found to maintain intestinal homeostasis by repressing ATOH1 with the involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4). ATOH1 is a transcription factor and master regulator of secretory lineage in the intestine. It has been reported that ATOH1 is epigenetically regulated in inner hair cells and intestinal epithelium via Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2). However, the repression mechanism of ATOH1 by LKB1 is currently unknown. This study aimed to determine the molecular mechanism of ATOH1 repression by LKB1. In this study, Ls174t, a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, was used to investigate ATOH1 induction by LKB1 signaling from two angles: First, involvement of LKB1 downstream substrates was investigated using shRNA mediated knockdown screen. Interestingly, silencing of either MARK4 or SIK3 alone was found to induce ATOH1 and thus mimic silencing of LKB1 unlike other LKB1 substrates including AMPK kinases. A second angle explored possible epigenetic mechanism in ATOH1 repression pathway, using dichloroacetate (DCA, a PDK4 inhibitor) and GSK126 (a PRC2 inhibitor). DCA treatment resulted in no change on the global levels of histone modifications tested. In addition, GSK126 caused the downregulation of ATOH1 in both control and LKB1 depleted condition. Thus, this study concludes that LKB1 represses ATOH1 through MARK4 and SIK3 and that global changes in the histone modifications investigated are not involved in the mechanism.
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(2021)Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadliest cancers worldwide, but the mechanisms behind different types of lung cancer are still poorly understood. Non-small cell lung cancer makes up 80% of lung cancers, and some epigenetic mechanisms have been proposed for it. Epigenetic modifications are a way of influencing the expression of genes by inhibition or activation. PRC2 is an epigenetic modulator that catalyses the formation of methyl groups on histone 3 lysine 27, which is an epigenetic mark with repressive nature. PRC2 has been proposed to be downstream of AMPK, an energy sensor of the cell, which is phosphorylated by LKB1 under energy stress conditions. Inactivating mutations in LKB1 are known to cause and worsen non-small cell lung cancer, and the overexpression of EZH2, the catalytic subunit of PRC2, has similar effects. Therefore, establishing a novel downstream mechanism linking LKB1, AMPK, and PRC2 together could explain one mechanism for NSCLC tumorigenesis. Changes in metabolism are a feature of cancer cells, and this pathway could also link energy stress and cancer together. Mouse embryonic fibroblast and H358 cell lines overexpressing wild type EZH2, mutant EZH2 and GFP were generated and treated with the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose to study the effects of energy stress. Levels of histone methylation and phosphorylation statuses of AMPK and its downstream target ACC were assessed with Western blotting, and expression levels of potential PRC2 target genes with RT-qPCR. The study setting proved to be functional for the response of AMPK to energy stress conditions, as both AMPK and ACC were phosphorylated in the presence of 2-DG. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts, PIM1 showed different gene expression with wild type and mutant EZH2, suggesting that its activation would be regulated through the phosphorylation of the T311 site of EZH2 during energy stress. The results from histone methylation statuses did not follow the hypothesis, possibly because of the lack of specificity of detecting global H3K27me3. Other target genes besides PIM1 in MEFs did not show significant changes in expression level. Considering that the incorporation of the mutant EZH2 into PRC2 complexes was not validated, additional research would be needed to confirm or deny the explained mechanism between PRC2 and AMPK.
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(2021)Lung cancer is one of the most common and deadliest cancers worldwide, but the mechanisms behind different types of lung cancer are still poorly understood. Non-small cell lung cancer makes up 80% of lung cancers, and some epigenetic mechanisms have been proposed for it. Epigenetic modifications are a way of influencing the expression of genes by inhibition or activation. PRC2 is an epigenetic modulator that catalyses the formation of methyl groups on histone 3 lysine 27, which is an epigenetic mark with repressive nature. PRC2 has been proposed to be downstream of AMPK, an energy sensor of the cell, which is phosphorylated by LKB1 under energy stress conditions. Inactivating mutations in LKB1 are known to cause and worsen non-small cell lung cancer, and the overexpression of EZH2, the catalytic subunit of PRC2, has similar effects. Therefore, establishing a novel downstream mechanism linking LKB1, AMPK, and PRC2 together could explain one mechanism for NSCLC tumorigenesis. Changes in metabolism are a feature of cancer cells, and this pathway could also link energy stress and cancer together. Mouse embryonic fibroblast and H358 cell lines overexpressing wild type EZH2, mutant EZH2 and GFP were generated and treated with the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose to study the effects of energy stress. Levels of histone methylation and phosphorylation statuses of AMPK and its downstream target ACC were assessed with Western blotting, and expression levels of potential PRC2 target genes with RT-qPCR. The study setting proved to be functional for the response of AMPK to energy stress conditions, as both AMPK and ACC were phosphorylated in the presence of 2-DG. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts, PIM1 showed different gene expression with wild type and mutant EZH2, suggesting that its activation would be regulated through the phosphorylation of the T311 site of EZH2 during energy stress. The results from histone methylation statuses did not follow the hypothesis, possibly because of the lack of specificity of detecting global H3K27me3. Other target genes besides PIM1 in MEFs did not show significant changes in expression level. Considering that the incorporation of the mutant EZH2 into PRC2 complexes was not validated, additional research would be needed to confirm or deny the explained mechanism between PRC2 and AMPK.
Now showing items 1-6 of 6