Skip to main content
Login | Suomeksi | På svenska | In English

Browsing by Subject "Ravitsemus"

Sort by: Order: Results:

  • Viitakangas, Hanna (2019)
    Tausta: Fosforin saanti on Suomessa kaksin-kolminkertaista suhteessa ravitsemussuosituksiin. Tärkeimmät fosforin lähteet suomalaisilla ovat liha-, maito- ja viljavalmisteet. Elintarvikkeissa luontaisesti esiintyvä fosfori on liittyneenä proteiiniin ja muihin ravintoaineisiin. Kasviperäisissä proteiinin lähteissä fosfori esiintyy fytaattina, jonka hyväksikäytettävyys on pienempi kuin eläinperäisen proteiinin fosforilla. Fosfori on tärkeä ravintoaine, mutta suurissa määrin sillä voi olla haitallisia vaikutuksia elimistössä. Munuaisen vajaatoimintaa sairastavilla veren suuri fosfaattipitoisuus on haitallista ja se on yhdistetty sydän- ja verisuonitauteihin. Vastaavanlainen yhteys on havaittu myös terveillä ihmisillä. Ravinnon fosforin osalta on vähemmän tutkimustuloksia. Fosfaatin ja kalsiumin aineenvaihdunta toimii tiiviisti yhdessä ja niiden säätelyyn osallistuvat mm. lisäkilpirauhashormoni (PTH), fibroblastikasvutekijä 23 (FGF23) ja kalsitrioli (1,25-dihydroksi-D-vitamiini, 1,25(OH)2D). PTH:n ja FGF23:n kohonnut pitoisuus on yhdistetty mm. verisuonien kalkkeutumiseen ja häiriintyneeseen luustoaineenvaihduntaan. Tavoitteet: Työn tavoitteena oli tutkia, onko eläin- ja kasviproteiinipainotteisen ruokavalion välillä eroa fosforin saannissa ja eroavatko ruokavaliot vaikutuksiltaan fosfaattiaineenvaihduntaan. Tutkimushypoteesina oli, että kasviperäinen fosfori imeytyy heikommin kuin eläinperäinen fosfori ja että se aiheuttaa heikomman vasteen fosfaatin aineenvaihdunnan merkkiaineissa. Aineisto ja menetelmät: Tässä tutkimuksessa hyödynnettiin ScenoProt-interventiotutkimuksen aineistoa. Tutkittavia oli yhteensä 136 ja heidät jaettiin kolmeen ruokavalioryhmään: eläinproteiinipainotteinen (eläinperäisen ja kasviperäisen proteiinin suhde 70/30) 50/50-ruokavalio (eläinperäisen ja kasviperäisen proteiinin suhde 50/50) ja kasviproteiinipainotteinen (eläinperäisen ja kasviperäisen proteiinin suhde 30/70). Laskennallinen proteiinin osuus kaikissa ruokavalioissa oli 17E%. Tutkittavat olivat terveitä 20-69-vuotiaita aikuisia (79 % naisia, 21 % miehiä). Intervention kesto oli 12 viikkoa. Ennen intervention alkua ja sen lopussa tutkittavilta kerättiin paastoverinäyte ja vuorokausivirtsa, sekä neljän päivän ruokapäiväkirja. Ravintoaineiden saantia analysointiin AIVODiet-ohjelmalla. Eroja fosforin saannissa intervention loppupisteessä tutkittiin varianssianalyysilla. Fosfaattiaineenvaihduntaan liittyvien merkkiaineiden pitoisuuksia veressä (seerumin kalsium ja fosfaatti, sekä plasman PTH, FGF23 ja 25(OH)D) ja virtsassa (virtsan fosfaatti ja kalsium) intervention loppupisteessä tutkittiin kovarianssianalyysilla käyttäen ennen interventiota mitattuja pitoisuuksia kovariaattina. Tulokset: Alkupisteessä ryhmien välillä ei ollut eroa fosforin saannissa (p>0,05). Intervention lopussa eläinproteiinipainotteisessa ruokavaliossa fosforin saanti oli 1807 mg (SD 506 mg) ja kasviproteiinipainotteisessa ruokavaliossa 1558 mg (SD 320 mg) (p<0,001). Eläinproteiinipainotteisessa ruokavaliossa fosforin eritys (U-Pi) oli intervention lopussa suurempaa kuin kasviproteiinipainotteisessa (p<0,001). Kun fosforin eritys vakioitiin fosforin saannilla, eritys oli edelleen suurempaa eläinproteiinipainotteisessa ruokavaliossa verrattuna kasviproteiinipainotteiseen (p<0,001). Verestä mitatuissa fosfaatti-, kalsium-, PTH-, FGF23 ja 25(OH)D-pitoisuuksissa ei ollut tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja ruokavalioryhmien välillä intervention lopussa (p>0,05). Plasman PTH-pitoisuus nousi (p≤0,005) ja 25(OH)D-pitoisuus laski (p<0,001) kaikissa ryhmissä. Johtopäätökset: Fosforin saanti ja fosfaatin eritys oli vähäisempää kasviproteiinipainotteisessa ruokavaliossa kuin eläinproteiinipainotteisessa ruokavaliossa. Fosfaattiaineenvaihdunnan verestä mitattujen merkkiaineiden pitoisuuksissa ei havaittu eroa ruokavalioiden välillä. Tulosten perusteella vaikuttaisi siltä, että eläinproteiiniperäinen fosfori saattaa imeytyä tehokkaammin kuin kasviproteiiniperäinen fosfori. Nämä tulokset tukevat aiempia tutkimustuloksia. Jatkotutkimuksia eläin- ja kasviperäisestä fosforista tulisi tehdä erityisesti terveillä koehenkilöillä. Myös fosfaatin aineenvaihduntaa ja sen osallistumista sairauksien kehittymiseen tulisi vielä tutkia lisää.
  • Ingman, Tuulia (2018)
    Backround and aim of the sudy: Berries and berry polyphenols inhibit the growth of cancerous tumors in vivo and cancer cells in vitro. In the digestive system polyphenols are converted to various metabolites, such as phenolic acids, which may partially count for polyphenol bioactivity. These and other components in the liquid fraction of feces, i.e. the fecal water, are in contact with the proliferating cells residing at the bottom of colonic crypts, and may therefore affect colon cancer risk. The aim of this study was to investigate whether berry consumption changes the effect of fecal water on colon cancer cell viability in vitro, when the amount of dietary red meat is controlled. Also of interest was to investigate the possible correlation between fecal water phenolic acids and the viability of fecal water-exposed cells. Materials and methods: Karnimari was a four-week randomized intervention study with two study groups; one receiving 200 g berries and 150 g pork products daily, and the other group receiving pork products only. Fecal samples were collected before and after intervention and fecal waters were extracted. Polyphenol metabolites from end-point fecal waters were analyzed using UHPLC-DAD-FLD-method. Human colon cancer cells (Caco-2 ja HCA-7) and monkey fibroblasts (CV1-P) were exposed to diluted fecal waters (10 % / 20 % / 30 % fecal water) for 24 h, and cell viability was measured with a method based on cellular dehydrogenase activity. The difference in cell viability between groups after intervention was tested with covariance analysis (ANCOVA). The difference in fecal water concentration of phenolic acids between groups after intervention and the difference in cell viability between groups before intervention were tested with Mann-Whitney U-test. The correlations between fecal water phenolic acids and cell viability were tested with Spearman’s correlation. Results: After intervention fecal waters from the berry group reduced cell viability more than fecal waters from the control group. The difference was significant in all three cell lines when fecal water concentration in cell medium was 30 % (HCA-7 p<0.001; Caco-2 p=0.032; CV1-P p=0.009), and in cells HCA-7 (p=0.007) and CV1-P (p=0.003) also when fecal water concentration was 20 %. The concentrations of fecal water protocathequic acid (p=0.027) and p-coumaric acid (p=0.003) were greater in the berry group than in the control group. p-Coumaric acid concentration was significantly correlated with cell viability in all cell lines when fecal water concentration in cell medium was 20 % or 30 %, regardless of the relatively small amounts of p-coumaric acid detected. Conclusions: Fecal waters from the berry group reduced the viability of both colon cancer cell lines and fibroblasts more than fecal waters from the control group. Eating berries led to greater amounts of protocathequic acid and p-coumaric acid in fecal water. p-Coumaric acid may reduce cell viability or be connected to another affective component in fecal water. The biological mechanisms behind the cell viability reducing ability of fecal water from berry eating subjects should be further investigated.
  • Sara, Sassi (2017)
    The development of food industry has led to increase of selection in retail markets and creation of processed food items. Even more products having health improving effects are launched on the market. Although consumers prefer easy and effortless food options, healthy food is considered to be additive-free and as naturally manufactured as possible. A healthy diet supports both physical and mental well-being. Despite of the fact that adult population is having enough protein already, high-protein diet has become a fashion trend in today’s society. High-protein food items are sold in almost every retail markets and used by all kinds of consumers on daily basis. Not only sport nutrition brands but also dairy companies are nowadays manufacturing high-protein products. The aim of this research was to sort out how the young and sporty women took an attitude towards protein quarks. The research was carried out as a qualitative research and the data was assembled basis interviews. The purpose of interview was also to find out to whom high-protein products were targeted and if the products were generally considered to be useful. The results proved that the attitude towards high-protein food products was variable. In interviewees’ opinions, high-protein products were brought into the market to serve the needs of the consumers that are more active than average, although, it was believed that these products were used by even more people in reality. High-protein products were not considered to be essential but in some cases useful. Protein quarks were purchased every now and then, in case of a sudden need of snack. Easy usability and high amount of protein were seen as a redeeming feature of the products. On the other hand, the amount of added sugar or artificial sweeteners reduced the eagerness to buy the product.
  • Kalliomäki, Ville (2022)
    Abstract Background: Excessive consumption of red and processed meat has been associated with an increased risk of developing chronic diseases. Finnish men consume too much red and processed meat compared to the recommendations. In contrast, legumes account for only about one percent of total daily energy intake. Because legumes are rich in protein, they are well suited as meat substitutes in the diet. Replacing some of animal-sourced protein in the diet with plant-based sources can shift the diet in a healthier and more sustainable direction. Aim: The aim of the thesis was to investigate how the partial replacement of red and processed meat with non-soy legumes affects the intake of energy nutrients, energy, and fiber in healthy working-age men. It was also investigated how the sources of nutrient intakes in the diet change when meat is replaced by legumes. Methods: Material from the Papumies (“bean man”) intervention study was used in this thesis. The subjects were healthy Finnish men aged 20–65 years (n = 102) who were randomized into two different intervention groups for six weeks. The meat group received red and processed meat and meat products 760 g / week (25% of daily protein intake). The legume group received legumes and legume products (including peas and fava beans) corresponding to 20% of daily protein intake and red and processed meat 200 g / week (5% of daily protein intake). Subjects’ energy, energy nutrient, and fiber intakes were analyzed from food records kept by subjects before the beginning of the intervention period and during the last week of the intervention on three weekdays and one weekend day. Energy and energy nutrient intakes were analyzed from food records using CGI’s Aromi Diet program. Results: At the endpoint the intake of fiber (p <0.001) was higher, and the intake of cholesterol (p = 0.013) was lower in the legume group compared to the meat group. The percentages of energy intake of polyunsaturated (p <0.001) fatty acids and n-3- (p <0.001) and n-6- (p <0.001) fatty acids were higher in the legume group than in the meat group. In contrast, the percentage of saturated fatty acids (p = 0.012) of energy intake was higher in the meat group compared to the legume group. Conclusions: The partial replacement of red and processed meat with legumes improves the fatty acid composition of the diet and increases fiber intake. Through these favorable changes, even the partial replacement of animal protein with plant protein may reduce the risk of developing chronic lifestyle diseases. The study highlights the diet-improving effects of legumes (peas and fava beans) grown in Finland, which is important when considering ways to change eating habits in a healthier and more ecological direction.
  • Aittola, Kirsikka (2016)
    Tausta ja tavoitteet: Punaisen lihan syömisen on todettu lisäävän paksusuolen syöpäriskiä väestötutkimuksissa. Sen suolistolle haitalliset vaikutukset voivat selittyä suolistossa muodostuvilla N-nitrosoyhdisteillä (NOC). NOC:itä muodostuu ruoansulatuskanavassa suhteessa punaisen lihan syöntimäärään, ja yhdisteitä voidaan mitata ulosteesta ATNC:nä (Apparent Total N-Nitroso Compounds). Ulosteen NOC-pitoisuuden on havaittu olevan yhteydessä paksusuolikasvaimiin eläinmalleissa. Ruokavaliolla voi mahdollisesti vaikuttaa NOC:iden sisäsyntyiseen muodostumiseen. Marjat sisältävät runsaasti kuitua ja ovat hyvä polyfenolien lähde. Nämä yhdessä saattavat vähentää NOC:iden muodostusta suolistossa. Marjojen tai niiden sisältämien polyfenolien vaikutusta NOC:iden muodostukseen ei ole tutkittu aiemmin. Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkitaan, vaikuttaako marjojen syönti ulosteen NOC-pitoisuuteen henkilöillä, joiden ruokavalio sisältää päivittäin punaista lihaa, ja onko NOC:illä yhteyttä ravintoaineiden saantiin. Sen lisäksi mitataan ulosteen polyfenolimetaboliitteja. Aineisto ja menetelmät: Tutkimus oli osa Helsingin yliopistossa, Ravitsemustieteen osastolla, toteutettua KarniMari-tutkimusta. Se oli rinnakkaisasetelmalla toteutettu satunnaistettu interventiotutkimus. Tässä tutkimuksessa käsiteltiin tutkimuksen toista tutkimushaaraa (n = 43), johon kuului kaksi eri ruokavalioryhmää (n = 21 ja n = 22 tutkimusryhmissä). Tutkittavien ikä oli 20–67 vuotta. Tutkittavat nauttivat neljän viikon ajan 150 g sianlihatuotteita päivittäin, minkä lisäksi toinen ryhmä nautti myös noin 200 g marjoja päivittäin. Tutkimusmittaukset tehtiin tutkimuksen alussa sekä lopussa. Tutkittavilta kerättiin ulostenäytteet ja he pitivät ruokapäiväkirjaa. NOC mitattiin ulosteesta mittaamalla typpiyhdisteistä vapautuva typpioksidi NO-analysaattorilla. Polyfenolimetaboliitit mitattiin ulosteesta UHPLC-DAD-FLD-menetelmällä. Tilastoanalyyseissä ryhmien välisiä eroja testattiin t-testillä ja ei-parametrisilla testeillä sekä tarkasteltiin muuttujien välisiä korrelaatioita Spearmanin järjestyskorrelaatiolla. Ohjelmana käytettiin IBM SPSS Statistics 22 -tilasto-ohjelmaa. Tulokset: Tutkimusryhmien välillä ei havaittu tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja NOC-pitoisuuksissa tutkimuksen lopussa, vaikka pitoisuudet olivat marjoja syöneillä pienempiä. Marjoja syöneet saivat merkitsevästi enemmän kuitua (p = 0,024) ja C-vitamiinia (p < 0,001) ruoasta. Ulostevedestä mitattiin polyfenoliyhdisteitä, mutta urolitiiniä tai antosyaaneja ei havaittu. Marjoja syöneillä protokatekiini- (p = 0,027) ja p-kumariinihappojen (p = 0,003) pitoisuudet olivat merkitsevästi kontrolliryhmäläisiä suuremmat. Johtopäätökset: Tällä tutkimusasetelmalla marjojen syönnillä ei pystytty vaikuttamaan ulosteen Nnitrosoyhdisteiden pitoisuuteen, mutta polyfenolimetaboliittien (protokatekiini- ja pkumariinihappojen) pitoisuudet suurenivat punaista lihaa sisältävällä ruokavaliolla. Marjojen syönti voi lisätä kuidun saantia ravitsemussuositusten suosittelemalle tasolle. NOC:iden yhteyttä paksusuolen syöpäriskiin tulee tutkia edelleen.
  • Silander, Niina (2020)
    The public health situation in Finland is better than ever but a growing number of the population doesn't have a grasp on their lifestyle and eating habits. Because of this, the extremities in public health are growing stronger. The point of this literary overview is to gather information about what kind of differences there are in nutrition between the finnish people in different socio-economic groups. In addition, this overview's pivotal meaning is to study the impact of home economics as a equalising subject between diverse socio-economic groups. This overview is also meant to show what kind of connections does group-eating have with differing socio-economical groups. As the overview progresses topics like the goverments political actions on equal rights and better nutrition will be examined also. The first draft of this overview was started in the autumn of 2017. My literary overview adapts descriptive and integral features so that the subject can be approached as extensively and critically as possible. Making a literary overview that is descriptive and integral made it possible for me to condense the sources used in the research and make it a part of my own research. the literature overview proceeds through the theoretical part to the layout of the research problem and the acquisition of the material. this is followed by analysis and interpretation of the material. Finally, I present the results of the study and evaluate the reliability of the results. The health and nutritional disparities between socio-economic groups were seen as a worrying phenomenon in all sources used. Finns nutrition has been regularly studied and the goverment has taken regular measures to promote good nutrition to Finns. In spite of these measures, recent research findings indicate that there are differences in nutrition between population groups. The biggest difference is in the use of fruits and vegetables, which are used by the highly educated more than the less educated Finns. Less educated Finns use more dietary fats, vegetable fats and butter in relation to energy intake. Also the use of red meat and meat products is higher among the less educated than the more highly educated. Group meals were widely seen in research as promoting good nutrition and equalizing. School meals for many years have evened out differences between socio-economic groups in terms of diet quality and improved the nutritional quality of young people. Staff and those who eat lunch at student restaurants also have a healthier diet than the rest of the population. However, the problem with mass catering is that, despite their prevalence, not all people of working age have the opportunity or desire to take advantage of them. The most important task of home economics education can be considered to be the teaching of skills required for everyday home management and a sustainable lifestyle that enhances well-being. Practical action and knowledge management skills learned from elementary school housekeeping classes contribute to a more systematic and balanced diet and thus serve as a socio-economic equalizing subject.
  • Suikki, Tiina (2020)
    Introduction: Individual’s physiological functions and behavior are controlled by biological and social rhythms, as well light-dark-rhythm. The biological, intrinsic circadian rhythm is synchronized to follow the 24-hour day by external cues, mainly by light-dark-rhythm. Despite the synchronizing, there are inter-individual changes in this rhythm partly due the genetics. Chronotype expresses these differences and can vary from extreme morning type to extreme evening type. In addition, social rhythms, such as work schedules, control behavior as well. Sometimes these biological and social rhythms are not aligned causing social jet lag (SJL). From SJL can be distinguished two different phenomena; sleep debt caused by changes in sleep-awake-rhythm and the misalignment between biological and social rhythm without the effect of sleep debt. Especially evening types have been considered to suffer more of SJL and therefore, SJL has been thought to explain adverse health outcomes, such as obesity, and unhealthy behavior, such as poor quality of total diet, of evening types. However, the amount of previous studies considering the association between SJL and quality of the diet and prevalence of obesity of different chronotypes is scarce. Objectives: The objectives were to study the association between chronotype and SJL, as well the association between SJL and quality of the diet evaluated by Baltic Sea Diet Score and obesity by chronotypes in Finnish adult population. The purpose was also to study differences of two SJL formulas, of which are meant to distinguish the sleep debt and misalignment between biological and social rhythms. There are not previous studies to examine the differences between these two formulas. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study based on two national population-based studies (FINRISK 2012, DILGOM 2014) which included 6779 men and women aged 25─74 years. Chronotype was evaluated by shortened Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and it was categorised into three group (morning, intermediate, evening). SJL was calculated by the original SJL formula and the sleep corrected SJL formula and was categorised into three groups by the degree of SJL (< 1h, ≥ 1h, < 2h and ≥ 2h). Participants’ habitual food consumption was evaluated by validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the quality of the diet by Baltic Sea Diet Score (BSDS). Body weight, height and waist circumference (WC) was measured by study personnel and BMI was calculated (kg/m2). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison post hoc test and logistic regression were used to analyse the differences between the lowest (< 1h) and the highest (≥ 2h) SJL groups by chronotypes. Results: Among evening types were more participants in the SJL-group of at least 2 h by both of SJL formulas compared to morning types (p < 0.001). Participants in the highest SJL group (≥ 2 h) tended to have lower adherence to Baltic Sea Diet, however this association was statistically significant only among morning types (p = 0.006) as SJL was calculated by the sleep corrected formula. Participants in the lowest SJL-group consumed more berries, fruits and cereals and less alcohol compared to the participants in the highest SJL-group, but those were significant findings only among morning types (< 0.05). Participants in the highest SJL group were more obese measured by BMI and WC compared to the lowest SJL group (< 1 h) only among morning types (BMI, p = 0.016; WC, p = 0.012) by the sleep corrected SJL formula. Among evening types, there were not differences between SJL groups considering the obesity measurements. Results were similar about nutrition and obesity when SJL was calculated by the original SJL formula. Conclusion: Evening types suffer more of SJL, but it does not seem to be relevant for the quality of the diet or obesity as it is among morning types of which SJL is associated to the quality of the diet and prevalence of obesity. However, sleep debt does not seem to explain these findings.
  • Suikki, Tiina (2020)
    Introduction: Individual’s physiological functions and behavior are controlled by biological and social rhythms, as well light-dark-rhythm. The biological, intrinsic circadian rhythm is synchronized to follow the 24-hour day by external cues, mainly by light-dark-rhythm. Despite the synchronizing, there are inter-individual changes in this rhythm partly due the genetics. Chronotype expresses these differences and can vary from extreme morning type to extreme evening type. In addition, social rhythms, such as work schedules, control behavior as well. Sometimes these biological and social rhythms are not aligned causing social jet lag (SJL). From SJL can be distinguished two different phenomena; sleep debt caused by changes in sleep-awake-rhythm and the misalignment between biological and social rhythm without the effect of sleep debt. Especially evening types have been considered to suffer more of SJL and therefore, SJL has been thought to explain adverse health outcomes, such as obesity, and unhealthy behavior, such as poor quality of total diet, of evening types. However, the amount of previous studies considering the association between SJL and quality of the diet and prevalence of obesity of different chronotypes is scarce. Objectives: The objectives were to study the association between chronotype and SJL, as well the association between SJL and quality of the diet evaluated by Baltic Sea Diet Score and obesity by chronotypes in Finnish adult population. The purpose was also to study differences of two SJL formulas, of which are meant to distinguish the sleep debt and misalignment between biological and social rhythms. There are not previous studies to examine the differences between these two formulas. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study based on two national population-based studies (FINRISK 2012, DILGOM 2014) which included 6779 men and women aged 25─74 years. Chronotype was evaluated by shortened Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and it was categorised into three group (morning, intermediate, evening). SJL was calculated by the original SJL formula and the sleep corrected SJL formula and was categorised into three groups by the degree of SJL (< 1h, ≥ 1h, < 2h and ≥ 2h). Participants’ habitual food consumption was evaluated by validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the quality of the diet by Baltic Sea Diet Score (BSDS). Body weight, height and waist circumference (WC) was measured by study personnel and BMI was calculated (kg/m2). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison post hoc test and logistic regression were used to analyse the differences between the lowest (< 1h) and the highest (≥ 2h) SJL groups by chronotypes. Results: Among evening types were more participants in the SJL-group of at least 2 h by both of SJL formulas compared to morning types (p < 0.001). Participants in the highest SJL group (≥ 2 h) tended to have lower adherence to Baltic Sea Diet, however this association was statistically significant only among morning types (p = 0.006) as SJL was calculated by the sleep corrected formula. Participants in the lowest SJL-group consumed more berries, fruits and cereals and less alcohol compared to the participants in the highest SJL-group, but those were significant findings only among morning types (< 0.05). Participants in the highest SJL group were more obese measured by BMI and WC compared to the lowest SJL group (< 1 h) only among morning types (BMI, p = 0.016; WC, p = 0.012) by the sleep corrected SJL formula. Among evening types, there were not differences between SJL groups considering the obesity measurements. Results were similar about nutrition and obesity when SJL was calculated by the original SJL formula. Conclusion: Evening types suffer more of SJL, but it does not seem to be relevant for the quality of the diet or obesity as it is among morning types of which SJL is associated to the quality of the diet and prevalence of obesity. However, sleep debt does not seem to explain these findings.