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Browsing by Subject "Ruoantuotanto"

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  • Lahtinen, Oskari (2022)
    Agriculture is emitting ~6.2 Gt CO2-Eq. annually, which accounts for ~12 % of the total annual net anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. Agriculture emits N2O and CH4, and it is responsible globally for ~79% of N2O emissions and ~40% CH4 emissions. These emissions are vital since N2O and CH4 are 273- and 27-times greater GHG than CO2, respectively. There are many different food production systems developed to reduce these emissions. One of the most promising systems is agroforestry. Agroforestry is a complex system where trees and/or shrubs are interacting with crops and/or animals. Agroforestry is an old practice which can provide plenty of advantages, e.g., increased yields, increased biodiversity, and increased carbon sequestration. Therefore, the interest towards it has been increasing in the last decades. In this master’s thesis the different maize production systems in Zambia were studied. The comparison was conducted between low-input maize monoculture where only external input was maize seed for sowing; high-input maize monoculture where mineral fertilizers and seeds for sowing were used; and maize-Faidherbia albida agroforestry system where only external input was maize seed for sowing. The goal of this master’s thesis was to find out, which production system is having the lowest climate change potential in the Central Province of Zambia. To conduct this study, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) -method was used. Two cases were used in LCA, i.e., Case 1 with functional unit (FU) of 1000 kg d.m. maize grain, and Case 2 with FU of 3 ha maize field. Also, four sensitivity analyses were conducted. The result from this study indicates that agroforestry system had the lowest climate change potential in both cases, and in most of the sensitivity analyses. Only exception was found in the sensitivity analysis where above-ground biomass of F. albida was substituting hydropower. In this sensitivity analysis the monoculture without external inputs had the lowest climate change potential. Since the food production in Zambia must increase in the future to reduce the hunger, the high-input system or agroforestry system are more favourable options as they produce higher crop yields. When taking the climate change potential into account, according to the results of this thesis, the agroforestry system provides more benefits. The results of this thesis can provide new knowledge which could be used in the future decision-making processes. Yet, in the future studies, more complex agroforestry systems with more sustainability pillars should be considered to provide improved information for decision-making.
  • Lahtinen, Oskari (2022)
    Agriculture is emitting ~6.2 Gt CO2-Eq. annually, which accounts for ~12 % of the total annual net anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. Agriculture emits N2O and CH4, and it is responsible globally for ~79% of N2O emissions and ~40% CH4 emissions. These emissions are vital since N2O and CH4 are 273- and 27-times greater GHG than CO2, respectively. There are many different food production systems developed to reduce these emissions. One of the most promising systems is agroforestry. Agroforestry is a complex system where trees and/or shrubs are interacting with crops and/or animals. Agroforestry is an old practice which can provide plenty of advantages, e.g., increased yields, increased biodiversity, and increased carbon sequestration. Therefore, the interest towards it has been increasing in the last decades. In this master’s thesis the different maize production systems in Zambia were studied. The comparison was conducted between low-input maize monoculture where only external input was maize seed for sowing; high-input maize monoculture where mineral fertilizers and seeds for sowing were used; and maize-Faidherbia albida agroforestry system where only external input was maize seed for sowing. The goal of this master’s thesis was to find out, which production system is having the lowest climate change potential in the Central Province of Zambia. To conduct this study, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) -method was used. Two cases were used in LCA, i.e., Case 1 with functional unit (FU) of 1000 kg d.m. maize grain, and Case 2 with FU of 3 ha maize field. Also, four sensitivity analyses were conducted. The result from this study indicates that agroforestry system had the lowest climate change potential in both cases, and in most of the sensitivity analyses. Only exception was found in the sensitivity analysis where above-ground biomass of F. albida was substituting hydropower. In this sensitivity analysis the monoculture without external inputs had the lowest climate change potential. Since the food production in Zambia must increase in the future to reduce the hunger, the high-input system or agroforestry system are more favourable options as they produce higher crop yields. When taking the climate change potential into account, according to the results of this thesis, the agroforestry system provides more benefits. The results of this thesis can provide new knowledge which could be used in the future decision-making processes. Yet, in the future studies, more complex agroforestry systems with more sustainability pillars should be considered to provide improved information for decision-making.
  • Wikström, Ulrika (2020)
    Nykymuotoiseen maatalouteen liittyy useita ympäristökestävyyden haasteita niin globaalilla kuin kansallisellakin tasolla. Nykyiselle ruoantuotannolle tyypillistä piirteitä ovat muun muassa riippuvuus kemianteollisista tuotantopanoksista, maatalousekosysteemien heikentynyt biodiver- siteetti sekä kasvintuotannon ja kotieläintuotannon eriytyminen toisistaan. Ruoan alkutuotanto aiheuttaa myös suurimman osan koko ruokajärjestelmän kasvihuonekaasupäästöistä, jotka puo- lestaan ovat merkittävä osa globaaleja ja kansallisia kokonaispäästöjä. Ruoantuotannossa kasvihuonekaasupäästöjä aiheutuu erityisesti maankäytöstä ja sen muu- toksista, kotieläinten ruoansulatuksesta ja lannankäsittelystä, typpilannoituksesta sekä suorasta ja epäsuorasta fossiilisten polttoaineiden käytöstä. Päästöjä on kuitenkin mahdollista kompensoida varastoimalla ilmakehän hiilidioksidin hiiltä viljelymaiden hiilivarastoihin viljelykäytäntöjen avulla sekä tehostamalla kasvien yhteyttämän energian hyötykäyttöä maataloudessa. Agroekologisen symbioosin (AES) toimintamalli lisää maatalouden energia- ja ravin- neomavaraisuutta vähentäen tuotannon riippuvuutta ulkoisista energia- ja ravinnepanoksista. Toimintamallin keskiössä ovat biokaasun tuotanto ja typensitojanurmien viljely. Typensitojanur- met sopivat myös rehunurmiksi maitokarjalle ja maitokarjatuotannon lisääminen on keino lisätä typensitojanurmien viljelyä ja paikallista ruoantuotantoa kasviviljelyvaltaisella alueella. Tämän tutkimuksen taustana oli agroekologisten symbioosien teoria, ja tavoitteena oli sel- vittää biokaasun tuotannon ja maitokarjatalouden lisäämisen vaikutukset kasvintuotantovaltaisen maatalousalueen tuotos- ja hehtaarikohtaisiin kasvihuonekaasupäästöihin. Tutkimus toteutettiin päästökertoimiin ja viljelymaiden hiilitasearvioihin perustuvana päästölaskelmana kahdelle mal- linnetulle tuotantosysteemille. Toinen systeemeistä edusti tyypillistä kasvinviljelyvaltaista Etelä- Suomalaista maatalousaluetta ja toinen oli skenaario, jossa samalle alueelle sovellettaisiin ag- roekologisen symbioosin toimintamallia ja lisättäisiin maitokarjataloutta. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että skenaarion mukainen tuotantosysteemi vähentäisi tut- kitun alueen proteiinimääräisen ruokatuotoksen kasvihuonekaasupäästöjä 57 % ja energiamää- räisen 41 %. Skenaarioitu tuotantosysteemi ei vähentäisi hehtaarikohtaisia kasvihuonekaasupääs- töjä. Hehtaarikohtaiset päästöt kasvaisivat kuitenkin vain 4 % nykysysteemiin verrattuna.