Browsing by Subject "bread"

Whole grain oats have a high nutritional value and a favorable taste, making oats a valid option to enhance the nutritional properties of food products. Due to the absence of gluten, baking with oat flour can be challenging but lactic acid bacteria fermentation can provide the needed functional activities and modify the sensory properties. The aim of this study was to find lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeast starter cultures suitable for oat flour fermentation and define their main metabolic profile. The sourdoughs were prepared with whole grain oat flour and water. Some of these also contained sprouted grain oat and fructose or sucrose to facilitate fermentation. Strains from species Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Levilactobacillus brevis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used as starters. Microbial enumeration was carried out and acidification was studied by measuring pH and total titratable acidity; organic acid content was analysed with high performance liquid chromatography. The results indicate that there are benefits to using LAB and yeast in consortium to produce oat sourdough, in that they acidify the dough and produce organic acids. The addition of sprouted oat was beneficial, allowing higher acidification and higher organic acid production. Fructose successfully allowed to increase the content of acetic acid. Sensory and baking tests are needed to draw final conclusions on the flavor of the bread.

Increased awareness in health issues and nutritional elements has derived consumers to pay premium prices for functional products and producers have developed differentiated products to match these heterogenous preferences. The assessment of the versatile food commodity markets has long intrigued the attention of researchers and it is well-established that the hedonic pricing method is a prominent approach in determining an attribute's cost and perceived value to customers. With the method of hedonic pricing, this study aims to determine how those values form the online prices of bread. Specifically, it examines the marginal prices of bread sold on e-commerce platforms in Finland and whether those change over time. Moreover, this study aims to analyze the extent to which complex data extraction methods add value to prior hedonic pricing methodologies. To test the null hypotheses that estimated marginal prices have no relationship to online prices of bread, and the marginal prices of bread attributes do not significantly change during the data collection period, a semi-logarithmic hedonic price function with HAC standard errors was specified. In the empirical part, the hedonic price function was estimated for the whole sample and each data day. Daily price quotes for the analysis were extracted from the largest Finnish grocery retailer's e-commerce platform via web scraping. The results showed that the estimated relationships between price and marginal prices were significant but that the effects on the price did not significantly change during the data collection period. The results suggest that Finnish consumers value taste over health and place a high value on stomach-friendly and domestic bread. These findings are a valuable source for better understanding regular bread purchasing decisions and producer product differentiation strategies. Although web scraping was the only alternative to obtain detailed, up-to-date product data in the Finnish context, daily scraping seemed unnecessary as bread prices remained stable. However, daily scraping combined with the hedonic pricing method yielded valuable information regarding the holiday season’s pricing strategies of Finnish retailers. On this basis, web scraping should be included in hedonic pricing applications on food products and the whole food commodity research field.

In this master´s thesis the quantity of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions produced by food supply chain was studied. Also results from life cycle studies related to GHG emissions of bread, flour and some other food material were collected. In the experimental study the carbon footprints (GHG emissions, CO2 equivalents) of wheat and rye breads were calculated. Industrial scale production, Finnish grown wheat and rye, and simplified bread recipes were used as starting points. The life cycle calculations included cultivation, milling and baking phases and also consumer´s action. The amounts of GHG emissions for these phases were obtained from previous studies and the information reported by food enterprises and organizations. The cultivation of wheat and rye were studied separately, but the milling and baking processes were considered similar. The data were collected from two mills and seven bakeries and included details from energy and water consumption and the amount of organic waste and waste water produced. The emissions associated with the production of salt, baker´s yeast, vegetable fat, sugar and packaging material were also included. For consumer´s, there were two scenarios, one included transportation of bread from grocery by car, and 10 % wastage. The other included also toasting of the bread. It was calculated that the carbon footprint of bread was 1400-1500 g of CO2-equivalents/ kg bread. The cultivation´s share was 40 %, the mill´s share was 2 %, the bakery´s share was 45 % and the consumer´s share was 13 %. When the toasting of bread was included, this action alone resulted approximately 180 g more GHG emissions. There was a small difference between the carbon footprint of rye and wheat bread. The difference results mainly from differences in recipes of breads. There are not yet uniform standards to calculate the carbon footprint. Therefore a lot of generalizations and assumptions had to be made in the calculations. Nonetheless the carbon footprint obtained in this study is of the same magnitude as recently obtained in other studies performed in Europe.

The use of sourdough has numerous benefits, including improvement of the sensory attributes of baked bread in terms of flavour, texture, volume, enhanced nutritional value and extended shelf life of bread. To achieve the desired sourdough performance and bread with optimal quality and improved flavour, it is essential to understand how the starter cultures behave in specific conditions. In a previous part of this research, the metabolic traits of lactic acid bacteria starters and yeast from the food company S.P.C. (S. Korea) were studied. This thesis aimed to explore the pro-technological properties of the selected starter associations of bacteria/yeast, i.e., Lactiplantibacillus plantarum + Fructilactibacillus sanfransciscensis + Saccharomyces cerevisiae (PSY) and Latilactobacillus curvatus + Levilactobacillus brevis + Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CBY). Consequently, analysis of acidification, proteolysis analysis (including free amino acids), and volatile compound profile were done. PSY and CBY grew at the expected cell density. pH of the sourdoughs fermented by PSY decreased along the same line and slower than that of CBY over the course of 24 h. PSY sourdough had the highest TTA value (11.12 ± 0.03 ml) and organic acid production (148.6 ± 2.4 mmol/kg and 25.1 ± 1.5 mmol/kg) than CBY sourdough TTA value (9.01 ± 0.11 ml) and organic acid production (110.6 ± 1.6 mmol/kg and 20.2 ± 0.9 mmol/kg). This shows PSY as having a relatively high capacity for producing acids during sourdough fermentation among the two associations. After assessing their proteolysis capabilities, PSY sourdough had a presumptively higher peptide content while CBY produced the highest free amino acid content (i.e., Orn having a potential repercussion on bread flavour). Several volatile compounds belonging to different chemical classes, such as acids, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, and other compounds, were produced by PSY and CBY. In PCA, the control sourdough had a distinctive volatile profile from PSY and CBY. Both PSY and CBY show much correlation with about 4% variation. Ethanol, acetic acid, benzene ethanol, 2(3H)-furanone, dihydro-5-pentyl showed their strongest influence on both sourdoughs as they are found in high amount. Finally, during sourdough fermentation, the associations performed in a desired way, and they showed differences in acidity and content of free amino acids that might have a strong influence on bread flavour. Less differences were observed in the volatile profile compounds of the two associations. Proper sensory analysis and consumer test (by the company) will be the most revealing of the differences observed in this experimental study.