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Browsing by Subject "coating"

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  • Aitosuklaa jäätelöpuikon kuorrutteena 
    Heikkilä, Pirketta (2011)
    The focus of the literature review of the study was on ice cream, different kinds of coatings used in the food industry and coating methods. In addition, the typical combosition of chocolate, rheological properties of liquid chocolate and the interaction between the consistency and rheological properties were reviewed. The objective of the study was to find out how consistency and coating temperature affects viscosity, yield value, solidification time and the amount of the coating layer in ice cream stick. The idea was primarily to find out how the amount of the coating layer could be controlled. Variables selected in this study were the amount of fat and emulsifiers in the milk chocolate coating and the coating temperature. The amount of coating layer, solidification time of the coating and viscosities and yield values of liquid coating were measured. The xperiment was planned using a Box-Behnken design. Results were calculated with regression analysis. Response surface methodology was used to estimate how the changes in fat amount, emulsifier amount and temperature affected the amount, solidification time, viscosity and yield value of coating. Increasing the amount of fat significantly decreased the amount, solidification time, viscosity and yield value of the coating. Increasing the amount of emulsifier decreased the amount, solidification time and yield value of the coating. Increasing temperature of the coating decreased the amount and viscosity of the coating, but increased solidification time of the coating. From the results, temperature, fat content and emulsifier content of the coating were found to affect the amount of the milk chocolate coating layer on an ice cream stick. Response surface methodology foud to be suitable method for investigating the amount of chocolate coating. Methods to control the amount of coating layer were examined by means of response surface methodology.
  • Nanofibrillaarinen selluloosa-hydrogeelilääkeformulaatio ja kirurginen lanka Crohnin taudin hoidossa 
    Kunnari, Mikko (2016)
    Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease. There are no treatment procedures that can cure Crohn's disease, but it is usually controllable with medicinal options. However 70 - 80 % of patients will require surgery and most undergo several during their life, due to weak local potency of drugs and disrupted recovery from surgical treatment. A better method of combined treatment, such as a drug releasing surgical suture, could improve the disease recovery process. One approach would be to coat a surgical suture with nanofibrillar cellulose (NFC) hydrogel containing the active drug ingredient within. NFC is biocompatible, biostable and it can be easily chemically modified. It displays pseudoplastic and thixotropic gel-like behavior in aqueous suspension in addition to high shear thinning properties under low and high shear rates. The shear-thinning behavior is particularly useful in a range of different coating applications. Furthermore, recent studies have shown the potential of NFC in controlled drug release. The aim of this Master's thesis was to investigate the suitability of anionic NFC hydrogel for surgical suture coatings and controlled release applications. The structure of NFC hydrogel was modified with crosslinking cations (Fe3+, Al3+, Ca2+) and alginate. The diffusion studies were performed with two antibiotics, metronidazole and rifaximin together with FITC-dextrans (10 and 250 kDa). The surgical suture was coated with each type of hydrogels (n = 16). Furthermore, the suitability of suture drug formulation for controlled drug release was simulated with STELLA® modeling software. It was shown that the NFC hydrogel structure was stiffened with the use of crosslinking cations; however similar results were not observed with the addition of alginate. Release profiles of model compounds were similar before and after NFC hydrogel crosslinking. At 6 days, 50 - 60 % of 10 kDa dextran (6 µg) was released. For 250 kDa dextran (6 µg) the released amount was 25 - 35 %. During the first 3 days of the diffusion study, all of metronidazole (20 µg) was released. Rifaximin samples were not obtained due to high adsorption to the container surfaces. The release profiles of metronidazole and 10 kDa dextran had linear correlation with square-root diffusion process. 250 kDa dextran followed a near zero-order kinetics after a few hours from the start. The coating was performed successfully with NFC hydrogels except for hydrogels with dextrans or without crosslinking. Metronidazole was predicted to release from the surgical suture almost instantly with STELLA® modeling software. NFC hydrogel shows potential as a matrix for controlled drug release and the coating of surgical sutures. However, the manufacturing method of the NFC hydrogel could be improved with surface modifications of nanofibrils or with the choice of a drug or of its derivatives. With pharmacokinetic simulation models it is possible to predict and estimate different factors which affect drug release from the surgical suture. Furthermore, the simulation models can be used to estimate an effect in the treatment of Crohn's disease.

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