Skip to main content
Login | Suomeksi | På svenska | In English

Browsing by Subject "enzymes"

Sort by: Order: Results:

  • Enzymatic hydrolysis optimization of bread waste into syrup 
    Wei, Wei (2020)
    The literature review deals with the status and the causes of bread waste all over the world. More importantly, the current managements of increasing bread waste. Enzymatic hydrolysis by α-amylase and amyloglucosidase is a potential treatment, which transforms bread waste into syrups for further revaluation with functional compounds. The aim of the experimental work was to determine the influence of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions (hydrolysis time, hydrolysis temperature, enzyme dosage of α-amylase and amyloglucosidase) on glucose content and free amino nitrogen (FAN) content of resulting hydrolysate from bread waste. Furthermore, the effect of lactic acid fermentation on glucose content was studied when bread waste was subjected to simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation with Pediococcusclaussenii (E-032355T). Glucose content varied greatly under different hydrolysis conditions from nearly 17% to only 5%, while FAN content was barely influenced. pH value had slight changes and no Bacillus cereus bacteria was found. A well fitted model for glucose content was obtained with an excellent power of interpretation, prediction and optimization. Enzyme dosage was the principal factor having a significant effect on hydrolysis efficiency, followed by temperature and time. With optimized hydrolysis conditions (50 mg/kg α-amylase and 2500 mg/kg amyloglucosidase, 30℃, 19 hours), the glucose content 16.31% was achieved, and the result was in accordance with the value 16.39% predicted by the model. Moreover, a 2.2% increase of glucose yield was detected when waste bread was subjected to simultaneous hydrolysis and fermentation compared to the control sample (bread waste was treated only with hydrolysis under the same condition). The well growth of used lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains Pediococcusclaussenii (E-032355T) resulted in lower pH, which further improved enzymes activities and increased glucose content of the hydrolysate.
  • Metabolism of statins in vitro 
    Parviainen, Heli (2020)
    Statins are a commonly used group of drugs that reduce the cholesterol levels in blood and have been shown to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, a considerable percentage of patients experience adverse effects during statin treatment. Statin adverse effects have been associated with genetic polymorphisms and drug-drug interactions that affect the elimination and active transport of these drugs. A more comprehensive knowledge of statin metabolism may be a step towards better management of statin treatments. Statin metabolism both in vivo and in vitro has been subject of study for years. In vitro incubation conditions may considerably affect the observed clearance, and results obtained with different methods or in different laboratories may not be directly comparable to each other. No single in vitro study on a wide panel of statins has previously been conducted. Six statins and some of their metabolites, fourteen compounds in total, were included in the study. The intrinsic clearance (CLint) of these molecules was investigated in vitro on human liver microsomes (HLM) and a panel of eleven cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes recombinantly expressed in E. coli. Observed CLint values for each compound in HLM and for each compound-CYP pair with observed depletion were calculated. The percentual contributions of each CYP enzyme to the metabolism of the compounds was calculated. The results obtained with recombinant CYP enzymes (rcCYP) were complemented with studies on HLM with specific chemical inhibitors of CYP enzymes. In this study the metabolism of statin lactones seemed to be faster than the metabolism of the corresponding statin acids. Atorvastatin lactone, 2-hydroxy atorvastatin lactone, 4-hydroxy atorvastatin lactone and simvastatin were extensively metabolized. Atorvastatin, 2-hydroxy atorvastatin, 3R,5S-fluvastatin, 3S,5R-fluvastatin, pitavastatin lactone and simvastatin acid showed intermediate metabolism. 4-hydroxy atorvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin and rosuvastatin rates of metabolism were below quantification limit. CYP3A4 had a major role in the metabolism of atorvastatin and its metabolites, simvastatin and simvastatin acid. CYP3A4 also had activity towards pitavastatin lactone. CYP2C9 had a high activity towards both 3R,5S-fluvastatin and 3S,5R-fluvastatin. CYP2D6 may play a part in the metabolism of pitavastatin lactone. CYP2C8 may have some activity towards simvastatin and simvastatin acid. The data is mostly in agreement with previous in vitro and in vivo studies regarding both the metabolism rate of statins and the contributions by different CYP enzymes to the metabolism of statins. Due to the screening nature of the study and some methodological constraints, these data should be considered as preliminary and require confirmation in further studies.

Yhteystiedot

HELSINGIN YLIOPISTO