Browsing by Subject "herne"

Enzyme treatments have been able to reduce the amount of oligosaccharides and phytates in legumes. Enzyme treatment has the potential to improve the sensory properties of the product and reduce the stomach symptoms they cause. The aim of the study was to find out how enzyme treatment affects to the sensory properties of spoonable yogurt-like faba bean and pea-based snack samples. In addition, an online survey was made to map stomach symptoms caused by legumes and to study their effect on the use of legumes and legume foods. The methods used in the study were generic descriptive analysis with a trained panel (11 panelists) and an online survey made with E-lomake (227 respondents). In addition, the benefit data from the second study of the project for pea snacks were used (27 evaluators). In the generic descriptive analysis, there were a total of 6 spoonable snack samples to be examined (3 faba bean samples and 3 pea samples). Both raw materials had a control sample (no enzyme treatment) and two differently enzyme treated samples. In the generic descriptive analysis, the panel evaluated 12 properties from the samples: color, fruity and legume-like odor, runniness, grainy, powderiness, thickness, sweet, bitter, legume-like, bitter aftertaste and total intensity of aftertaste. Enzyme treatment had an effect on texture and mouthfeel properties, but not on taste, color, or odor. As a result of the enzyme treatment, the structure thickened and became smoother. The raw material had an effect on all the properties to be evaluated, except for the legume-like flavor. Enzyme treatment had no effect on the pleasantness of spoonable pea snacks. According to the survey, the most common symptoms caused by legumes were flatulence and bloating. Of the legumes and legume foods, chickpeas and pea soup were the most common foods to cause symptoms. More than half (about 65 %) of the respondents stated that they would definitely or probably eat more legumes if they did not cause stomach symptoms. More than half (67 %) would also be absolutely or probably willing to try enzyme-treated legume foods. Based on the results, it is worth further investigating the effects of enzyme treatment on sensory properties, especially in terms of structure / mouthfeel. In addition, the effect of fermentation on the sensory properties of pea and faba bean spoonable snacks should also be studied, as fermentation has been found to improve the sensory properties and nutritional value of plant-based spoonable snacks. Based on the responses to the survey, there seems to be a demand for legume products that cause less stomach symptoms.

The aim of this study was to investigate the ensilability of field pea and faba bean bi-crop with spring wheat when ensiled as whole-crop with different additives. In this study we attempted to clarify use of pea – wheat and faba bean – wheat bi-crop in organic farming. Forages was sown at 4th to 7th of June in Luonnonvarakeskus (Luke) Ruukki and forages were ensiled in laboratory silos at 26th of August 2013. Silages were ensiled without additive (PR), with formic acid (MH) and with two different heterofermentative inoculants (B1 and B2) as additive. Each treatment were made three replicants. Silos were opened after 106 ensiling days at 9th of December in Luke Jokioinen. Chemical and microbiological compositions were determined from samples of herbage. From silage samples were analysed fermentation quality, microbiological composition and aerobic stability. All samples were wet. Faba bean – wheat bi-crop was a little wetter than field pea – wheat bi-crop. Field pea – wheat forage contained more crude protein, water-soluble carbohydrates, starch and had stronger buffering capacity than faba bean – wheat. Faba bean – wheat bi-crop contained more neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) and had also lower digestibility. Both of crops were easy to ensile and growth stage were different between crops. All samples included lot of micro-organism especially yeast, moulds and epiphytic lactic acid bacteria. Field pea – wheat silage contained more fermentation products than faba bean – wheat silage. MH- treated silages had better fermentation quality than other silages although there were higher pH values in MH silages. MH silages contained less lactic and acetic acids and ammonium nitro-gen. Inoculant treated silages mostly did not differ from PR treatment in fermentation parameters. That is probably due to high epiphytic lactic acid bacteria account in herbage. Silages contained only a little butyric acid. Microbiological quality of silages predisposed them to aerobic deteriora-tion because there were considerable high amounts of yeasts and moulds. Field pea –wheat silages were more aerobically stable than faba bean - wheat. This is probably due to higher concentration of fermentation acids in field pea-wheat silages. MH treatment was the most aerobically stable of field pea – wheat silages. B2 treatment was the most stable of field pea – wheat silages. Mixed ration of these silages were more prone to aerobically deterioration than silages.

Suomen valkuaisomavaraisuus väkirehujen raaka-aineena käytettävissä valkuaisrehuissa on tällä hetkellä vain noin 10 %. Palkokasvit ovat tärkeitä viljelykasveja niiden hyvien ominaisuuksien ansiosta. Palkokasveja ja -viljoja hyödyntämällä voitaisiin korvata ulkomailta tuotua rehuvalkuaista ja lisätä sitä kautta Suomen valkuaisomavaraisuutta. Yhä useammat tilat ovat kiinnostuneet viljelemään joko pelkästään palkokasveja tai palkokasvien ja viljan seosta säilörehuksi. Kotimaista tutkimusta kokoviljana korjatun palkokasvien maidontuotantovaikutuksista on vähän ja samalla ei riittävän tarkkaan tiedetä, missä suhteessa palkokasvi-kokoviljasäilörehu pystyy korvaamaan väkirehun valkuaista. Tämän maisterintutkielman tarkoituksena oli verrata herne-kaura- ja härkäpapu-kaurakokoviljasäilörehuja lypsylehmien ruokinnassa syyssatona korjattuun nurmisäilörehuun. Kokoviljasäilörehuja täydennettiin kahdella väkirehun valkuaistasolla, jotta saataisiin selville, pystyvätkö palkokasvit korvaamaan väkirehun valkuaista. Tutkimuksessa verrattiin palkokasvi-kokoviljasäilörehuja nurmisäilörehuun syönnin ja maitotuotostulosten osalta. Hypoteesina oli, että herne- ja härkäpapusäilörehulla pystyttäisiin korvaamaan osittain väkirehun rypsiä. Kokeessa oletettiin, että lehmät saisivat palkoviljoista riittävästi OIV:tä ja valkuaislisällä olisi siten huono tuotosvaste palkokasvien kanssa. Kokeessa oli mukana yhteensä 24 Ayrshire- ja Holstein-lehmää. Kokeessa oli mukana syyssadon nurmisäilörehu (timotei – nurminata), herne-kaura- sekä härkäpapu-kaurakokoviljasäilörehut. Väkirehuina oli 12 kg teollisen rakeisen rypsitiivisteen ja valssimyllyllä jauhetun ohran seosta. Väkirehujen raakavalkuaispitoisuuksien tavoitearvot olivat 150 ja 180 g/kg ka. D-arvoltaan aikaisimmin korjattu herne-kaurasäilörehu oli sulavinta (638 g/kg ka), nurmen ja härkäpapu-kaurasäilörehun ollessa lähempänä toisiaan D-arvoltaan (625 ja 620 g/kg ka vastaavasti). Koelehmät söivät härkäpapu-kaurasäilörehua eniten (keskimäärin 14,4 kg ka/pv), joka oli 1,5 kg ka/pv enemmän kuin herne-kaurasäilörehua ja 2,1 kg ka/pv enemmän kuin nurmisäilörehua. Kokonaiskuiva-aineensyönti oli härkäpapu-kaurasäilörehulla 1,3 kg ka/pv runsaampaa kuin hernekaura-säilörehulla ja 2,0 kg ka/pv runsaampaa verrattuna nurmisäilörehun kokonaiskuiva-aineensyöntiin. Härkäpapu-kaurasäilörehulla ruokitut lehmät tuottivat maitoa keskimäärin 31,8 kg/pv, herne-kaurasäilörehulla ja nurmisäilörehulla keskimäärin 29,7 kg/pv. Energiakorjattuna maitomääränä (EKM) vastaavat luvut olivat härkäpavulla 33,2 kg/pv, herneellä 33,1 kg/pv ja nurmella 30,8 kg/pv. Hernekaurasäilörehuruokinnalla maidon rasvapitoisuus nousi merkitsevästi. Härkäpapu-kaurasäilörehulla ja nurmisäilörehulla maidon rasvapitoisuus oli keskimäärin 44 g/kg ja herne-kaurasäilörehulla maidon rasvapitoisuus oli keskimäärin 50 g/kg. Maidon valkuaispitoisuuksiin tutkimuksessa ei löytynyt huomattavia vaikutuksia eri ruokinnoilla. Nurmirehulla ja herne-kaurasäilörehulla ruokittujen lehmien maidon valkuaispitoisuus oli keskimäärin 35 g/kg ja härkäpapu-kaurasäilörehulla keskimäärin 36 g/kg. OIV:n kulutus tuotettua EKM-kiloa kohden nousi, kun väkirehun valkuaistaso nousi. Typen hyväksikäyttö maidontuotantoon heikkeni väkirehun valkuaispitoisuuden lisääntyessä. Energian hyväksikäyttö oli hernesäilörehulla tehokkaampaa verrattuna nurmeen ja härkäpapusäilörehuun. Herne-kaurasäilörehuruokinnalla oli paras rehun hyväksikäyttö maitotuotoksen suhteen. Palko-kokoviljasäilörehut voivat korvata nurmisäilörehua lypsylehmien ruokinnassa. Ruokinnan valkuaistason nosto herne- ja härkäpapusäilörehuruokinnoilla näytti kannattavan tämän kokeen perusteella. Tässä kokeessa lisävalkuaisen käyttö palko-kokoviljasäilörehuilla lisäsi maidontuotantoa, toisin kuin matalan D-arvon säilörehulla.

Iodine deficiency is a global health problem that causes physical and mental development disorders in humans. School-age children, pregnant women and consumers of organic food are particularly vulnerable to iodine deficiency. The popularity of organic products is growing, and attention should be paid to the iodine content of organic milk, as the iodine content of organic milk is usually lower than in conventionally produced milk. The aim of this study was to increase the iodine content of organic milk by adding two different species of seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum and Laminaria digitata, to dairy cow diets, and thus create a sustainable mineral feeding strategy for dairy cows in organic production. The aim was to study the effect of dietary seaweed addition to iodine content of milk together with rapeseed cake or pea, as rapeseed cake is known to contain goitrogenic compounds that reduce iodine transfer to milk. The experiment was conducted at the Viikki Research Farm from 31 March to 25 June 2020. The experiment included 12 lactating Ayrshire cows and the experimental design was a cyclic changeover study. The factors studied were the effects of dietary protein source (rapeseed cake or pea) and the species A. nodosum or L. digitata on the intake of mineral and trace elements on dairy cows and on the mineral content of milk. In particular, effects on milk iodine were studied. The experiment had three 17-day trial periods and there was an 18-day wash-out period between the periods, when no seaweed was fed in order to minimize the carry-over effects between periods. The samples were collected on the last four days of the periods. Experiment included six dietary treatments in which protein feed was isonitrogenously either rapeseed cake or pea and diets were supplemented with seaweed. The dietary treatments were: rapeseed control K-R (no seaweed), pea control K-H (no seaweed), which were supplemented with 56,9 g dry matter (DM)/d A. nodosum i.e. seaweed 1 (M1- R, M1-H) and 7,8 g DM/d L. digitata i.e. seaweed 2 (M2-R, M2-H). The target iodine content of control diets was 1 mg/kg DM and seaweed diets 4 mg/kg DM. Finnish iodine recommendation for feeds that do not contain goitrogenic compounds is 1 mg/kg DM. Cows had ad libitum access to partial mixed ration that contained grass silage, barley and protein feed. In addition, concentrate was given to cows 1,8 kg/d and contained minerals (300 g/d), molassed sugar beet pulp, molasses and also seaweed in seaweed diets. The forage to concentrate ratio was 65:35. Mineral used in diets was approved for organic production and contained iodine 60 mg/kg DM. Dietary treatments did not affect DM intake. Compared to rapeseed diets, pea diets had a 0,15 kg/d lower crude protein intake, 0,24 kg/d lower crude fat intake and 49,7 µg/d lower iodine intake. Iodine intake increased on average by 63,4 µg when seaweed was added to the diet and the effect was greater when adding L. digitata compared to A. nodosum. Also, milk yield was lower with pea diets than with rapeseed diets. The iodine content of milk was higher with pea diets than with rapeseed diets (324 vs. 117 µg/l). Moreover, the addition of seaweed increased the iodine content of milk (on average +226 µg/l). Based on the results, iodine intake was lower with pea diets than with rapeseed diets, as expected, due to the higher iodine concentration of rapeseed cake. Both seaweeds increased the iodine content of milk, but the transfer of iodine to milk was higher with pea-based diets compared to rapeseed-based diets, due to goitrogenic compounds in the rapeseed cake.

Domesticity and the highest possible degree of domestication of food have attracted more and more people over the last couple of years. The protein solvency ratio is only 15% in Finland. Legumes are an important part of feeding in domestic animal production, but the use as a human food is also increasing. Because of the increasing use of protein, it would be important to take a note of the amount of sulfur in fertilizers. The sulfur affects plant growth directly through photosynthesis and the amount of chlorophyll. Plant growth, in turn, affects crop formation. The purpose of this thesis was to research the effect of sulfur on the yield formation of peas (Pisum sativum L.) and thereby on the yield level using an organic fertilizer or a mineral fertilizer. The study was conducted as field experiment during summer 2020 in Southwest Finland in cooperation with Biolan's contract farms and HKScan. In the field experiment, peas were cultivated, fertilized with either organic Novarbon Arvo 3-1-15-5 granular fertilizer made from chicken manure, or YaraMila Y3 (23-3-8-3) mineral fertilizer prepared by Yara. Novarbo Arvo is designed as a protein crop fertilizer due to the addition of potassium sulphate as well as YaraMila Y3. During the growing season, the SPAD value of the crops was measured and the dry matter (%), moisture content (%), biomass, nitrogen and sulfur content and yield components were determined six times. In addition, the protein content, moisture content (%), dry matter (%) and fresh weight were determined from a sample taken from the seeds in the yield. Protein crops need sulfur for their growth and for the formation of crop components. The results showed that sulfur affects the SPAD value, the sulfur content of the plant, and the nitrogen content in the crops during the growing season. The decrease in the sulfur content in the crop affects the decrease in the SPAD value and the nitrogen content. The SPAD value correlates with photosynthesis and nitrogen content. The organic fertilizer released nutrients more slowly than the mineral fertilizer, which was reflected in more steady growth of organic fertilized crops. In addition, the higher sulfur content of the organic fertilizer increased the SPAD value, sulfur content, and nitrogen content during the growing season. The amount of fertilizer sulfur can affect the sulfur content of pea crops. The higher sulfur content during the growing season resulted in a higher protein content in the seeds. The yield of peas with the organic fertilizer was slightly lower than the mineral fertilizer, but the protein content of the seeds was higher. The organic fertilizer granules proved to be a viable fertilizer alternative alongside the mineral fertilizer.

Legume cultivation is of growing interest in Finland, but legume viruses have been mapped and studied relatively little in our country. The changing climate also creates new types of threats to legume production. Studies around the world provide an opportunity to assume that there are still undetected virus species and genera around Finnish legume production that pose a potential threat to legume production in Finland now and in the future. The aim of this study was to map the viruses present in Finnish legumes. Detected legume viruses from wild plants were characterized by deep sequencing and test plants were inoculated for virus detection. In addition, viruses from experimentally cultivated pea samples as well as faba bean, pea and fodder galega samples collected from Helsinki area were studied by deep sequencing. Soybean dwarf virus (SbDV) was detected in a wild plant sample by deep sequencing. The aim was to ensure the first occurrence of SbDV in Finland by PCR and sequencing. Another aim was to sequence the genome of a possible novel closterovirus detected in a wild plant sample. To identify the closterovirus genome, we utilized the deep sequenced information and designed PCR primers tailored to the virus. To detect closterovirus infectivity, pea and soybean samples were experimentally cultured and inoculated with the closterovirus using the original plant sample. The SbDV detected in deep sequencing and possible novel closterovirus allowed the hypothesis that there are viruses present in Finnish legumes that had not been previously detected or studied.

Palkokasveilla voidaan vähentää lannoitetypen käyttöä ja seoskasvustona nurmien tai viljojen kanssa, voidaan palkokasveilla parantaa säilörehun raakavalkuaispitoisuutta sekä kokoviljasäilörehun sulavuutta. Tutkimuksia palkokasvisäilörehujen tuotantovaikutuksista lihanautojen ruokinnassa on kuitenkin vähän saatavilla. Tämän maisterintutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää palkokasvisäilörehujen vaikutukset liha- ja maitorotuisten sonnien rehun syöntiin, kasvuun ja teurastuloksiin. Tutkimuksessa oli kaksi osakoetta, jotka toteutettiin Luonnonvarakeskuksen (Luke) Ruukin toimipisteen tutkimusnavetassa Siikajoella 2014. Tutkielman aineisto oli osa Edistystä luomutuotantoon – hanketta. Molemmissa kokeissa oli kolme koeruokintaa, joilla oli 20 sonnia, 10 aberdeen angus-rotuista (ab) ja 10 ayrshire-rotuista (ay). Sonnit saivat vapaasti seosrehuja, jotka sisälsivät säilörehua 65 % kuiva-aineesta ja litistettyä ohraa 35 % kuiva-aineesta. Ensimmäisessä kokeessa alsikeapilasäilörehu (D-arvo 603 g/kg kuiva-ainetta (ka), raakavalkuaista (rv) 164 g/kg ka) korvasi timoteisäilörehusta joko 50 % tai 100 %. Toisessa kokeessa verrattiin härkäpapuvehnä- ja hernevehnäsäilörehujen (D-arvot 608 g/kg ka ja rv 154–174 g/kg ka) tuotantovaikutuksia timoteisäilörehuun. Timoteisäilörehu (D-arvo 629 g/kg ka, rv 129 g/kg ka) oli sama molemmissa kokeissa. Timoteisäilörehun korvaaminen palkokasvisäilörehuilla ei vaikuttanut merkitsevästi sonnien rehun syöntiin tai kasvuun. Palkokasvisäilörehut lisäsivät sonnien valkuaisen saantia, mutta heikensivät valkuaisen hyväksikäyttöä, koska sonnit saivat tarpeeksi valkuaista jo timoteisäilörehupohjaisesta ruokinnasta. Sonnit söivät enemmän härkäpapusäilörehua kuin hernesäilörehua, mutta sonnien kasvussa ei ollut eroa. Näin ollen rehun hyväksikäyttö oli heikompaa härkäpapu- kuin hernesäilörehulla. Alsikeapilan lisääminen ruokintaan vähensi hieman ruhojen rasvoittumista verrattuna timoteisäilörehuun. Erot teurastuloksissa ruokintojen välillä olivat kuitenkin pieniä. Molemmissa kokeissa ab-sonneilla oli odotetusti paremmat kasvu- ja teurastulokset sekä tehokkaampi rehun hyväksikäyttö kuin ay-sonneilla. Tulosten perusteella palkokasvisäilörehut sopivat lihanautojen ruokintaan korvaamaan timoteisäilörehua. Palkokasvien suuresta raakavalkuaispitoisuudesta johtuen niiden käyttöä lihanautojen ruokinnassa kannattaa kuitenkin rajoittaa, ettei typen hyväksikäyttö heikkenisi ja ylimääräistä typpeä menetettäisi virtsan mukana.

Palkokasvien siemenet sisältävät erityisen paljon vesiliukoista folaattia ja rasvaliukoisia tokoleja eli tokoferoleja ja tokotrienoleja (α-tokoferoli on E-vitamiinia). Palkokasveista kuten härkäpavusta, herneestä sekä lupiinista valmistetaan jauhoja sekä erittäin proteiinipitoisia konsentraatteja ja isolaatteja. Konsentraatit (proteiiniosuus 60 %) valmistetaan kuivafraktiointitekniikalla ja isolaatit (proteiiniosuus 90 %) märkäfraktioinnilla. Palkokasvien proteiinikonsentraateista ja -isolaateista voidaan valmistaa liha-analogeja märkäekstruusiolla käyttäen pitkää jäähdytyssuutinta. Aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa oli havaittu kuivaekstruusion aiheuttavan vitamiinien hävikkiä, mutta märkäekstruusion vaikutusta vitamiinien säilymiseen ei ole tutkittu. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli tutkia palkokasvivalmisteita kuten jauhoja, proteiinikonsentraatteja ja -isolaatteja folaatin ja tokolien lähteinä sekä märkäekstruusion vaikutusta folaatin ja tokolien pysyvyyteen. Folaatin määrityksessä näytteet uutettiin, folaatti vapautettiin matriisista entsyymikäsittelyillä, puhdistettiin ja konsentroitiin käyttäen affiniteettikromatografiaa. Uutteesta analysoitiin folaatin eri vitameerit erittäin suuren erotuskyvyn nestekromatografisella menetelmällä (UHPLC). Tokolien määrityksessä näytteiden rasvaliukoinen osa uutettiin nopeutetulla liuotinuutolla (ASE-uuttomenetelmä) ja tokoferolit ja tokotrienolit määritettiin käyttäen normaalifaasinestekromatografista menetelmää (HPLC). Tämä tutkimus osoitti, että palkokasveista valmistetut proteiini-isolaatit ovat usein huonompia folaatin ja tokolien lähteitä kuin vastaavat jauhot tai konsentraatit. Lisäksi osoitettiin hernevalmisteiden sisältävän vain niukasti folaattia. Tämän tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella todettiin myös, että konsentraattien valmistus kuivafraktioinnilla säilyttää rasvaliukoisia tokoleja, mutta isolaattien valmistaminen märkäfraktioinnilla aiheuttaa folaatti- ja tokolipitoisuuksien pienentymistä. Tutkittaessa märkäekstruusion vaikutusta vitamiinien pysyvyyteen märkäekstruusion todettiin aiheuttavan palkokasviraaka-aineseosten folaatti- ja tokolipitoisuuksien pienentymistä. Härkäpapuvalmisteiden ekstruusio pienensi folaattipitoisuuksia 39–58 % ja tokolipitoisuuksia 10–27 %. Herneproteiini-isolaatti-beetaglukaanikonsentraattiseoksen ekstrudaateissa havaittiin 5–60 % pienemmät folaattipitoisuudet ja 4–61 % pienemmät tokolipitoisuudet kuin raaka-aineissa. Lupiinivalmisteiden ekstruusiossa folaattipitoisuudet pienenivät hyvin vähän, 0–4 %, mutta tokolipitoisuudet pienenivät paljon, 40–56 %.

Oats and peas have good nutritional composition and they could make up a favourable raw material combination for extruded food products. However, there are only few studies on their suitability for dry extrusion, especially for textured vegetable protein products (TVP). Based on protein content, dry extrudates can be divided into TVP products having fibrous structure (> 30% protein) and snack products having puffed structure (< 30 % protein). Differences in the structures of extrudates are formed as a result of the raw materials and extrusion parameters. The structure is formed in the extruder chamber, where different unit operations (for example mixing, ripening and shaping) cause many physicochemical changes in the raw materials, such as gelation of starch, denaturation and rearrangement of proteins in flow direction. The aim of the study was to find out how different extrusion parameters, oat raw materials and them concentration affect the properties of TVP products. Oat-based TVP products were targeted to have fibrous structure and resistance for soaking. In the first step, four oat raw materials in three different concentrations (25 %, 30 % and 35 %) were extruded with pea protein isolate. Moisture content, expansion, bulk density, water binding capacity, hardness and chewiness were determined from the products and a soup test simulating cooking was performed. The nutritional contents were calculated based on information received from raw material manufacturers. Based on the analysis results, the best of the oat raw materials (oat protein flour) was chosen for the second stage of the experiments. In the second stage, oat protein flour concentrations of 40%, 50% and 60% of the dry matter were tested. The extrudates were subjected to the same analyses as before. The oat raw material and its concentration were found to have statistically significant effects on many product properties, such as expansion and hardness. The best oat raw material was oat protein flour, from which the extruded products formed a fibrous and soaking-resistant structure. Increasing the oat content of the pulp in the case of oat protein flour resulted in a harder product and the expansion and water binding capacity decreased. Increasing the screw rotation speed was found to increase as well as expansion and water binding capacity. Based on the analyses and sensory observations, it was not possible to decide on the best extrudate, because the evaluation was most influenced by the evaluator's preference questions about for example meat structure. Based on this research, by combining oats and peas it is possible to obtain well-structured TVP products with a concentration of up to 60 % oat protein flour. It may be possible to increase the oat content of the extrudates by combining many oats raw materials, but at the same time it is necessary to ensure that the other properties of the extrudates are preserved.