Browsing by Subject "imetys"

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that breastfeeding has an effect, for example, on mother’s mood and stress regulation. There are still no previous studies of the association between breastfeeding and overall life satisfaction. The aim of this study is to find out whether the duration of breastfeeding is associated with parent’s overall life satisfaction or its components i.e. parental, marital and work-life satisfaction. The longitudinal aspect of the data also makes it possible to study the association between the duration of being breastfed as a child and overall life satisfaction and its components. Methods: The data consisted of 1934 participants of the LASERI -longitudinal study, who were born in 1962-1977 and of their parents. Information of the breastfeeding duration and background variables (SES, participant’s sex, age, birth weight and gestational age) was gathered via survey in 1983 from participants’ parents. Parental, marital and work life satisfaction were assessed on a five-point scale by participants’ parents in 1983 and by participants themselves in 2007. Overall life satisfaction was calculated as a mean of these three variables. Also, for the purpose of the analysis the variables were made into new binary variables (low satisfaction/high satisfaction). Results and conclusions: On the basis of logistic regression analyses, breastfeeding duration was associated with the parental satisfaction of the participant’s mothers. Mothers who breastfed longer were 28% (p<.01) more likely to feel higher parenting satisfaction than mothers who breastfed for shorter period of time when the background variables were controlled. Breastfeeding duration did not have statistically significant association with mother’s marital, work life or overall life satisfaction. Breastfeeding duration was not associated with the father’s overall life satisfaction or any of its components. Also, the duration of being breastfed as a child was not associated with the participants’ overall life satisfaction or any of its components as adult. The results of this study broaden the understanding of psychological effects breastfeeding has on parents and increase the knowledge of the things that contribute to parent’s experiences of parental satisfaction. Although, the results of this study do not indicate whether it is the longer duration of breastfeeding that increase the mothers’ parental satisfaction, or are the mothers who experience higher parental satisfaction more likely to breastfeed longer, the results underline the importance of feelings of satisfaction. In the future, it is important to pay attention to supporting mothers who have to stop breastfeeding earlier than they have intended. It is also important to offer support already in the early phases of motherhood to the mothers who are feeling low parental satisfaction.

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, kuinka suunterveys on huomioitu kansallisissa imetyssuosituksissa eri puolella maailmaa ja kuinka imetys on huomioitu lapsen suunterveyteen liittyvissä suosituksissa. Guidelines International Network (GIN) -tietokannasta haettiin artikkelit hakusanalla ”caries” ja tämän jälkeen näistä hakutuloksista käytiin läpi, onko artikkeleissa mainittu jotakin imetyksestä. Toinen haku tehtiin käyttäen hakusanaa ”child nutrition”. Näistä hakutuloksista käytiin läpi, onko niissä mainittu jotakin suunterveydestä (hakusanat: caries, occlusion, oral, dental). Dynamed Plus -tietokannasta etsittiin ja käytiin läpi vastaavasti tulokset hakusanoilla ”breastfeeding” ja ”caries”. Tutkimusaineistoa analysoitiin kvantitatiivisin ja kvalitatiivisin menetelmin. Haun tuloksista mukaan otettiin vain englannin- ja suomenkieliset artikkelit, joihin on lukuoikeudet Helsingin yliopiston kautta. Tutkimukseen soveltuvia artikkeleita oli GIN-tietokannassa kariekseen liittyen 12 kappaletta. Näistä vain neljässä mainittiin imetys. Lasten ravitsemusta käsitteleviä tutkimukseen soveltuvia artikkeleita oli 40, joista kuudessa mainittiin suunterveys. Dynamed Plus -tietokannasta löytyvistä karieksen hallinta -suosituksista (51 kappaletta) Suomen Käypä Hoito -suosituksen lisäksi imetykseen oli otettu kantaa kymmenessä suosituksessa. Imetyssuosituksia, joissa on käsitelty suunterveyttä, löytyi kahdeksan. Yhteensä tietokannassa oli 79 suositusta liittyen imetykseen. Suosituksissa mainittiin imetyksen vähentävän lapsen riskiä kariekseen ja purentavirheisiin. Kuitenkin, jos imetys jatkuu pitkään lapsentahtisesti tai jos lasta ruokitaan yöaikaan, todettiin imetyksellä olevan negatiivinen vaikutus suunterveyteen. Lapsen ruokavaliolla todettiin olevan suuri merkitys karieksen hallinnassa. Lisäksi estämällä mutans streptokokkien kolonisoituminen lapsen suuhun varhaislapsuudessa voidaan vaikuttaa positiivisesti myös lapsen myöhempään suunterveyteen. Imetystä ja lapsen ravitsemusta koskeviin suosituksiin tulisi jatkossa kattavammin sisällyttää suunterveyteen liittyvää tietoutta.

Locus of control of reinforcement is a concept which is embedded within Rotter's social learning theory. It is a generalized expectancy that reflects the consistent differences among individuals in the degree to which they perceive contingencies or independence between their behavior and subsequent events in social situations. If they expect that a reinforcement or an outcome is contingent on their behavior or their relatively permanent characteristics, it can be defined as a belief in internal control or, put differently, a belief in internal locus of control of reinforcement. Many essential things in adolescent's lives have been associated with internal locus of control. If they have an internal belief in the controllability of events in their lives it seems to lead to better health and greater academic achievement. One well known antecedent of internal control perception is a warm and nurturant family environment. Nevertheless the connection between breastfeeding and locus of control in adolescence is presumably never studied before. The purpose of this study was to explore, whether having been breastfed or duration of breastfeeding, predicts locus of control in adolescence. . In this study we used a sample (n=641) of The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. The study project was started in 1979, and the aim of the project was to study the levels of coronary heart disease factors and their determinants in children and adolescents. Information concerning breastfeeding and its duration was collected from parents in year 1983. The adolescent locus of control was measured in year 1986 by a shortened inventory which consists of 23 items. The original inventory has 40 items. Linear and logistic regression analysis' were used as statistical methods. The result of the study was that there was no connection between breastfeeding and locus of control in adolescents. By reason of no connection, breastfeeding did not predict locus of control in adolescence. Interestingly, two statistically significant predictors of internal locus of control were age of adolescent and educational level of parents. Family income was connected to internal locus of adolescent but it did not predict it. It is impossible to make any firm conclusions on the basis of one study. More studies are needed.

Chronic undernutrition, or stunting, reduces the growth and development of about one third of the world’s children less than five years of age. The consequences of chronic undernutrition may be long-lasting and irreversible and it increases the risk of death. Undernutrition is the most prevalent at the age of 6–24 months when breast milk no longer meets the energy and nutrient needs of the growing child. Complementary foods in low- and middle income countries are often inadequate nutritionally or in amounts. There are also a wide variety of behavioural aspects critical for child nutrition and well-being. Style of complementary feeding may be an important determinant of dietary intake and nutritional status. The caregiver-infant interaction can influence infant’s nutritional status. Interpreting child’s ques responsively can enhance the acceptance of food. Caregiver feeding styles can be classified as controlling, laissez-faire or responsive. Laissez-faire feeding style is common in societies where children are stunted. Encouraging the child is especially important during illness when appetite is often diminished. The aim of this study is to investigate the feeding and caring practices of children in rural area of Southern Benin where 45% of children under five are chronically undernourished. The behavioural aspects of breast feeding and complementary feeding and the caregiver-infant interaction are discussed. The research was conducted in two rural villages in the Mono region where 30 households were randomly selected. Of the households 30 mothers of children aged 6–23 mo were selected to participate in a semi-structured interview. Purposeful sampling was used to get the same amount of children in three age groups; 6–8 mo, 9–11 mo and 12–23 mo. Mother-child pairs (n=20) and the feeding situations were observed after the interviews. Data was coded and analysed using content and thematic analysis. Methodological, data and researcher triangulation improves the validity of the study. Children in the rural area of Southern Benin were not fed according to WHO recommendations. Children were not exclusively breastfed for 6 mo as the majority of children were given traditional medicine or water after birth. However, children were breastfed beyond the age of two in addition to getting other liquids and foods. The average starting age of complementary foods was 4.7 mo [0–12 mo]. The diet typically consisted of maize gruel or porridge that was usually eaten with green leafy vegetables. Children rarely got animal-source foods. Mothers reported ways to encourage children if they refuse to eat. However, children were seldom encouraged to eat during the ob-served feeding situations and only a few mothers spoke to their child when feeding. There were signs of controlling feeding style in the villages. Not many children were encouraged in self-feeding. Many caregivers showed behaviours of all the feeding styles and thus it could not be categorized as strictly responsive, laissez-faire or controlling. During illnesses breastfeeding was reduced as well as giving liquids and other foods. After illnesses only about a fifth of the mothers reported increasing complementary feeding. Hygienic practices could be improved as few mothers washed their own or child’s hands before eating. A good example of some mother’s hygienic practices was, however, washing the child before the meal.

Häkkiporsitus on yleisesti käytetty porsitusmuoto Suomessa. Porsitushäkki kuitenkin rajoittaa merkittävästi emakon liikkumista, ja rajoittaa siten sen luontaista käyttäytymistä. Luontaisissa oloissa emakko vieroittaa porsaansa hitaalla prosessilla, joka alkaa jo porsaiden ensimmäisten elinviikkojen aikana. Vieroituksen aikana emakko vähentää pikkuhiljaa porsaiden kanssa viettämäänsä aikaa ja imetystiheyttä. Porsitushäkissä emakko on koko imetyskauden tiiviisti yhdessä porsaidensa kanssa. Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvittää, voidaanko porsitushäkissä pidettävän emakon hyvinvointia parantaa porsaille tarjotun virikemateriaalin avulla. Hypoteesina oli, että porsaille tarjottu virikemateriaali tyydyttäisi porsaiden luontaista tonkimistarvetta, ja siten vähentäisi porsaiden emakkoon kohdistamaa manipulatiivista kosketusta. Tämä puolestaan vähentäisi emakon kokemaa stressiä. Tutkielman tutkimusosuus perustui suomalaisessa porsastuotantosikalassa emakoista ja porsaista kuvattuihin videoihin. Videoita oli yhteensä 58 emakosta pahnueineen, ja ne oli kuvattu porsaiden ensimmäisellä, toisella ja kolmennella elinviikolla. Osa videoista oli kuvattu karsinoissa, joissa porsaille tarjottiin virikkeeksi luonnonkuituköysiä ja sanomalehteä, osa karsinoissa, joissa porsaille tarjottiin vain lakisääteiset virikkeet. Kaikkia emakoita pidettiin porsitushäkeissä. Videoista kerättiin tietoa emakon asennoista ja käyttäytymisestä sekä emakon ja porsaiden välisistä kontakteista. Lisäksi tutkimuksen aineistona käytettiin emakoiden utarevauriosta, nisävaurioista ja mastiittimuutoksista, kerättyjä tietoja. Tilastollinen analyysi tehtiin Mann-Whitneyn riippumattomien otosten testiä ja Spearmanin korrelaatiokerrointa käyttäen, ja videoaineistoa tarkasteltiin kolmessa ikäryhmässä porsaiden iän mukaan (0-7 vrk, 8-14 vrk ja 15 vrk ja sitä vanhemmat). Emakon käyttäytymistä sekä utarevaurioiden määrää verrattiin virikkeellisten ja virikkeettömien karsinoiden kesken, ja emakon ja porsaiden välisen kontaktin määrää verrattiin emakon käyttäymiseen. Käyttäytymismuuttujiksi valittiin käyttäytymiset, joiden voidaan kirjallisuuden perusteella ajatella kertovan emakon alentuneesta hyvinvoinnista. Virikkeen tarjoaminen vaikutti vähentävän emakon oronasaalimanipulaatiota ja sternaalista makaamista niin ajallisesti kuin lukumääräisesti vanhimmassa ikäryhmässä eli porsaiden kolmannella elinviikolla. Virikkeen tarjoaminen vähensi tässä ikäryhmässä myös emakon istumiskertoja, syömis- tai juomiskertoja ja asennonvaihtojen lukumäärää. Virikkeellisissä karsinoissa todettiin vähemmän nisävaurioita kuin virikkeettömissä karsinoissa. Porsaiden emakkoon kohdistamalla manipulatiivisella kontaktilla havaittiin yhteys emakon oronasaalimanipulaation kokonaisaikaan nuorimmassa ikäryhmässä ja istumisen kokonaisaikaan ja istumiskertojen lukumäärään muissa kuin vanhimmassa ikäryhmässä. Tutkimuksesta saadut tulokset antavat viitteitä siitä, että porsitushäkissä pidettävän emakon hyvinvointia voidaan mahdollisesti parantaa porsaille tarjottavan virikkeen avulla erityisesti myöhäisemmissä imetyskauden vaiheissa. Tulosten tulkinnassa on kuitenkin otettava huomioon se, että emakon käyttäytymiseen vaikuttavat oletettavasti virikkeen lisäksi myös monet muut karsina-, emakko- ja pahnuekohtaiset muuttujat, joita tässä tutkimuksessa ei huomioitu. Näin ollen tutkimuksen aineistoa olisi hyvä analysoida jatkossa monimuuttujamallinnuksen avulla. Myös vastaavien tutkimusten toistaminen on tärkeää

Humans all over the world are selecting food items from a larger pool of potentially edible foods and are creating prohibitions and preferences for certain foods. These are called food beliefs and they are an important part of the local culture. Reasoning to them often lies in health or social respect. Many food beliefs still exist in Africa and pregnant and breastfeeding women and children are often the target of these beliefs. Under the suboptimal nutritional status or food insecurity the possible food beliefs might considerably affect the nutritional status and health of these vulnerable groups. Malnutrition is still a major problem in Africa and other developing countries. The aim of this thesis was to study whether and what types of food beliefs concerning pregnant and breastfeeding women can be found in the rural area of the Zambezia province, Mozambique. Furthermore, the aim was to evaluate their possible significance on nutritional status. Five group interviews in three villages and 10 individual interviews in two villages were done. Interviewees were women of 12 to 78 years of age and all together 27 women were interviewed. Interpretation, sensitivity of the topic and the inexperience of the interviewer caused challenges in conducting the interviews. Because of this the method was altered and changed from group interview to individual interview during the study. Food beliefs differed between villages and within villages but some common characteristics can be found. There are several food beliefs concerning pregnant and breastfeeding women in the study area. Pregnant women were advised not to eat protein rich foods such meat and fish but were recommended to eat vegetables, fruits and cereal foods during pregnancy. Eggs were both recommended and forbidden during pregnancy. In addition, there was an intentional habit for pregnant women to eat less cassava porridge or less food in general („eating down?). During breastfeeding nothing was forbidden in general but coconut and vegetables were recommended. Most of the reasonings were related to the health of a mother and a child. The reasonings can be divided into the following groups: enhances breast milk production, causes stomach pain, maintains fitness and prevents stomach growth, mother will be strong and healthy and she?ll get vitamins, the child?s appearance changes, child will be strong and healthy, child?s behaviour changes, causes miscarriage, causes easy or difficult delivery. Food beliefs were partly mixed with education from health authorities. Almost all women said that they do follow these beliefs. Few women expressed their concerns about following the beliefs on recommended foods since food availability makes it sometimes difficult. Food belief that forbids good protein sources from pregnant women can increase the risk of protein deficiency. Eating down increases the risk of having not enough energy during pregnancy. The recommended foods are mainly nutritious and likely promote health. It can be stated that when starting a research in a foreign culture, it is necessary to have a flexible research method. It is be very important that the method can be adjusted during the study. The conclusion of this thesis was that individual interviews would have been the most suitable method when studying food beliefs in this area. Individual interviews should have only one interviewer, interviewee and interpreter if needed. All should be the same sex and the age group. From the health and nutrition viewpoint it is vital to be aware of the food beliefs in the society under investigation and to study these specifically in the area because these can vary markedly even in the same village or community.

Background and aim Complementary feeding is defined as the period during which there is a progressive reduction of breastfeeding or formula while the infant is gradually introduced to solid foods at 4-6 months of age. Improper complementary feeding practices, such as introducing solid foods beyond 6 months of age or having a low dietary diversity could lead to negative infant health outcomes. Therefore, it is important to identify factors that might detrimentally affect complementary feeding, such as maternal stress. This thesis aimed to study the associations between maternal stress indicators, the age of solid food introduction, and dietary diversity during complementary feeding within a Finnish birth cohort. Methods The Health and Early Life Microbiota (HELMi) is a longitudinal birth cohort study. Participants of the HELMi cohort included 1055 healthy infants and their parents, mainly residing in the capital region of Finland. Pre-collected data from the HELMi study were used. The data collection occurred between 2016-2018. The main variables used in this thesis were collected via extensive online questionnaires. Binomial logistic regression analyses were used to study whether prenatal and postpartum stress indicators were associated with the age of solid food introduction and/or the infant’s dietary diversity during complementary feeding. Results Late introduction of solid foods (> 6 months) was less likely among infants whose mothers reported moderate or high prenatal stress (moderate prenatal stress OR=0.66, 95%CI 0.45-0.97, high prenatal stress OR 0.62, 95%CI 0.39-0.98), when compared to infants whose mothers reported low prenatal stress. Maternal stress indicators were not associated with low dietary diversity (0-3 food groups introduced) at 6 months of life. Among infants with a low dietary diversity at 9 months of age, mothers were more likely to report high levels of prenatal stress (OR=4.88, 95%CI 1.27-18.79), when compared to mothers with low levels of prenatal stress. Further, infants with a low dietary diversity at 9 months were less likely to have mothers report low to moderate levels of life satisfaction (OR=0.25, 95%CI 0.06-1.02) when compared to mothers with very high life satisfaction. They were also less likely to report moderate levels of infant health worry (OR=0.18, 95%CI 0.05-0.67) when compared to mothers with no infant health worry. Conclusions This is the first study to look at the associations between maternal stress indicators and dietary outcomes during complementary feeding. Maternal stress indicators were associated with the age of solid food introduction and the infant’s dietary diversity at 9 months, but not at 6 months. In future studies on this topic, a more socio-demographically representative sample should be recruited, and validated tools should be used to collect dietary and psychological data. Health practitioners and family clinic workers should be made aware of the possibly long-lasting effects of prenatal stress and consider its possible effects on dietary outcomes during complementary feeding.

The feeding of sows is restricted during late gestation that they would not be overweight when they are farrowing. Overweight of sows during farrowing can be fatal to piglets and make farrowing more difficult. Restricted feeding causes hunger and stress to sows. High-fiber feed has many positive effects. High-fiber feed offers an opportunity to chew, promotes bowel functions, keeps sows full longer and reduce stereotypical behaviour. Luonnonvarakeskus and A-Tuottajat organised feeding-experiment where the effect of two diets with different fibre content were compared on production resultst. It was studied how the diets effected on production results like sows feeding amounts, weights, constipations and the number and weights of born piglets. Our hyphotesis was that sows who ate high-fiber feed would eat more, their bowel would work better and their piglets would grow more. There were 80 sows who were divided into two groups in pairs. The pairs were as similar as possible. The pairs were placed in the farrowing ward. Group differences were analysed by analysis of variance with SAS. The test feed contained more fiber than the control feed. The test feed had crude fiber 138g/kg DM when the control feed had crude fiber 94g/kg DM. The test feed had NDF-fiber 305g/kg DM and ADF-fiber 124g/kg DM. The control feed had NDF-fiber 153g/kg DM and ADF-fiber 71g/kg DM. The test feed had more both soluble and insoluble fiber than the control feed. The amino acid composition and energy content did not differ between feeds. The results of 75 sows were analysed. No significant differences were found between treatments in the feeding test. The test group who ate the high-fiber diet did not have constipation after 5 days of farrowing unlike some of the control group sows. All the sows lost significantly weight during lactation. Piglets in both groups were even size ang grew steady. There was a great deal of dispersion in the results and the amount of data was too small to find differences. It is possible that differences between diets were too small. It is possible that larger data and more divergent feeds could have led to large differences.

Porsaiden ja emakon välinen toimiva vuorovaikutus on edellytys porsaiden normaalille fyysiselle ja henkiselle kehitykselle. Imetyskäyttäytyminen on keskeinen osa tätä vuorovaikutusta. Emakoiden pitäminen porsitushäkissä imetyskaudella rajoittaa emakon käyttäytymistä. Porsitushäkissä olevan emakon olosuhteita pystytään muuttamaan vain rajallisesti, mutta porsaiden karsina-aluetta voidaan virikkeellistää. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on saada lisää tietoa siitä, kuinka syntymästä lähtien tarjottu virikemateriaali vaikuttaa porsaiden ja emakon vuorovaikutukseen porsitushäkkikarsinassa. Tutkimukseen on valittu helposti saatavia sekä nykyisiin sikalarakenteisiin soveltuvia virikemateriaaleja. Hypoteesina on, että porsaille tarjottu virikemateriaali vähentää emakon utareeseen ja kehoon kohdistuvan manipulatiivisen kosketuksen määrää. Oletamme, että virikemateriaali lisää porsaiden synkronista käyttäytymistä ja siten onnistuneiden imetysten määrä kasvaa. Oletamme myös, että virikemateriaalit lisäävät emakon ja porsaiden sosiaalisten kontaktien määrää. Tutkimus toteutettiin suomalaisessa porsitushäkkejä käyttävässä porsastuotantosikalassa. Tutkimukseen valittiin 58 tervettä, tiinettä emakkoa. Emakot jaettiin satunnaisesti kahteen ryhmään: kontrolli- sekä virikeryhmään. Molempien ryhmien porsitushäkkikarsinat täyttivät lainsäädännön minimivaatimuksen virikkeiden tarjoamisesta. Virikeryhmän porsaille tarjottiin lisäksi kuituköysiä sekä sanomalehteä. Kuituköydet olivat karsinoissa pysyvästi. Sanomalehteä jaettiin kahdesti päivässä. Emakoiden porsittua molempia ryhmiä videoitiin porsaiden ensimmäisellä, toisella ja/tai kolmannella elinviikolla. Yhteensä saatiin 92 neljän tunnin mittaista videota. Havainnoimme videoista, kuinka paljon porsaat kohdistivat kosketusta emakon kehoon ja utareeseen. Laskimme myös onnistuneiden imetysten määrän. Lisäksi havainnoimme porsaiden ja emakon välisten sosiaalisten kontaktien määrää. Aineistoa tarkasteltiin kahdessa ikäryhmässä: alle 14 vuorokauden ja yli 14 vuorokauden ikäisten porsaiden ryhmissä. Tulosten perusteella molemmissa ikäryhmissä virikepahnueet manipuloivat emakon utaretta ja kehoa enemmän kuin kontrollipahnueet. Yli 14 vuorokauden ikäisillä virikeryhmän pahnueilla oli enemmän onnistuneita imetyksiä kuin kontrolliryhmän pahnueilla. Ryhmien välillä ei havaittu eroja vieroituspainossa. Tulokset tukevat oletusta siitä, että virikkeet lisäävät porsaiden tutkivaa käyttäytymistä. Tuloksia on vaikeampi tulkita porsaiden- ja emakon vuorovaikutuksen kannalta: virikkeiden mahdollisesti aktivoimat porsaat saattavat yksinkertaisesti liikkua enemmän ja olla siksi kontaktissa emakkoonkin enemmän. Lisäksi aktiiviset porsaat voivat olla nälkäisempiä ja tämän takia manipuloida utaretta enemmän. Jotta porsaiden ja emakon vuorovaikutusta voidaan arvioida luotettavammin, tarvitaan tietoja myös emakon käyttäytymisestä ja terveydestä, esimerkiksi asennonvaihdoksista ja utareen kunnosta.