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Browsing by Subject "insects"

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  • Lahti, Tuomas (2014)
    The purpose of this master's thesis was to study environmental impacts of nature-based tourism on vegetation, insect communities, birds and soil nitrogen levels in Käsivarsi wilderness area in the Finnish Lapland. Tourism is the largest industry in the world and nature-based tourism is the fastest growing segment of it. Nature-based tourism takes place in areas that holds great nature values. These areas are often protected to preserve significant nature values from negative impacts of human activities. This controversy creates disharmony between nature tourism and nature conservation. Most popular nature tourism destinations in Finland are state owned national parks and wilderness areas. Wilderness areas are not within strict nature conservation. They are areas defined by law for preserving the typical character of the remaining wilderness areas, preserving native Saami culture and for preserving and developing recreational use of these areas. Studies have shown that nature-based tourism has caused changes by erosion and human disturbance to vegetation, mammals and birds. The key study question was to examine if there are changes in the soil nitrogen levels around huts used by hikers. I was also a point of interest to discover what kind of bird, insect and plant communities occur around these huts. Main interest was to see if there are changes in these communities on a gradient from high human impact areas around the huts to more pristine mountainous areas. The study was performed around five huts with three study lines, which had study points 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 and 960 meters away from the hut. Birds were observed from the same lines but with 200 meter point counting intervals. It was also studied whether the abundance of graminoids was affected by the soil nitrogen levels and if soil nitrogen levels or the abundance of graminoids influenced changes in insect or bird communities. Results show that nature-based tourism has an impact on soil ammonium and nitrate levels. This impact was visible in increased nitrate and ammonium levels on a 30 meter radius area around the huts. The observed fauna and flora around the huts were typical for the mountainous region in the northern Finland. There were no observed invasive species. No species was discovered to have a negative impact from nature-based tourism. Abundance of graminoids increased near the huts whereas plant species richness and vegetation biomass did not. The insect community was more diverse and abundant near the huts. Especially Amara brunnea ground beetle and rove beetles showed a clear increase in numbers near the huts. Birds were also more abundant and species rich near the huts. Especially insect eating bird species as a group were more abundant close to the hut compared to the surrounding study areas. The increased level of ammonium in the soil correlated with the increased graminoid and insect abundances. The increased graminoid abundance correlated also with the observed insect abundance. The influence between nature-based tourism and the changes in soils nitrogen levels and in the insect communities were scientifically demonstrated for the first time in this study. This thesis provides a comprehensive view of the effects that nature-based tourism has in the northern Finnish nature. The generalization of the result was weakened by the fact that the study was conducted only around five different huts and that the studied plant and animal communities were relatively diverse between these huts. The results are still substantial for the nature tourism in Käsivarsi wilderness area. The results can be useful for developing nature tourism infrastructure for the plausible new national park in the area.
  • Kohonen, Ilmari (2020)
    Global biodiversity continues to decline. Recent reports of decline in insect abundance and biomass are concerning, given the crucial roles insects play in multiple ecosystem processes, such as pollination, nutrient cycling and as a food resource for higher trophic levels. Based on the current state of the literature, it appears that total insect abundance and biomass are in decline, but there is considerable variation in trajectories in different regions and taxa. Many studies report on either aggregated community abundance or biomass, but few have examined how closely these two variables are correlated. For example, declining trends in large-bodied species could have disproportionately large effects on total biomass, even if total abundance remained stable. This, in turn, could have substantial consequences for predators dependent on insect biomass for food. Whether studying total abundance or biomass, long-term monitoring data are essential for robust estimation of temporal trends. In my thesis, I investigated trends in macro-moth abundance and biomass using data from the Finnish moth monitoring scheme (Nocturna) over a period of 24 years (1993-2016). My main objectives were to explore whether total abundance and biomass have changed over the timeframe examined, and to estimate the degree of correlation between the two variables in these data. As is typical for monitoring programs, only counts of moth individuals have been recorded. In order to obtain information on biomass, I created a predictive model for converting the recorded abundance counts to dry biomass based on species mean wingspan and body robustness. I weighed museum collection specimens of common moth species of variable sizes, and used these data for fitting the model. Additionally, I also investigated how local weather (thermal and precipitation) conditions during the growing season and winter relate to interannual variation in total abundance. Finally, I analysed potentially informative species traits (e.g., wingspan, voltinism, overwintering stage) in relation to population trends of individual species, because such associations could be underlying change in total abundance or biomass. There was no long-term change in total macro-moth abundance or biomass over the 24-year monitoring period. Abundance and biomass were very highly correlated (r > 0.9). In terms of interannual variation, total moth abundance and biomass showed a distinctive pattern suggestive of periodicity, with peaks at approximately 10-year intervals. Local weather conditions were very weakly associated with annual change rates of total abundance, leaving the interannual pattern unexplained. Lichen-feeding and multivoltinism (multiple generations per year) were positively related to population trends, supporting earlier findings. Especially relevant to potential trends in biomass, wingspan showed no relationship with positive or negative trends, which is in line with the high correlation between abundance and biomass in this dataset. My results imply that the total abundance and biomass trends in boreal Europe diverge from those commonly reported from temperate Europe. Further research is required to shed light on factors underlying total insect abundance and biomass trends. The method I developed for converting moth abundance to biomass is applicable to similar work elsewhere.
  • Kohonen, Ilmari (2020)
    Luonnon monimuotoisuus köyhtyy hälyttävää tahtia. Viimeaikaiset hyönteiskantojen vähenemiseen viittaavat tulokset ovat huolestuttavia, sillä hyönteiset ovat keskeisessä osassa useissa tärkeissä ekosysteemiprosesseissa. Hyönteiset ovat mm. tärkeitä pölyttäjiä, ravinteiden kierrättäjiä ja petoeläinten ravintoa. Tämänhetkisen tutkimuskirjallisuuden perusteella hyönteisten kokonaisrunsaus ja –biomassa vaikuttaa olevan laskussa, mutta tuloksissa on myös paljon vaihtelevuutta mm. alueittain ja eliöryhmittäin. Useat tutkimukset raportoivat kokonaisrunsauden tai –biomassan muutoksesta, mutta harva tutkimus on suoraan paneutunut siihen, kuinka suuresti nämä kaksi muuttujaa korreloivat. Jos esimerkiksi yhteisön suurikokoiset lajit vähenevät, tämä voi vaikuttaa paljon kokonaisbiomassaan, vaikka yksilömäärissä ei tapahtuisi muutosta. Tällä taas voi olla suurta merkitystä eliöille, jotka käyttävät hyönteisiä ravintonaan. Sekä kokonaisyksilömäärän että –runsauden kehitystä tutkittaessa tärkeässä roolissa ovat pitkän aikavälin seuranta-aineistot, joiden pohjalta voidaan luotettavasti estimoida trendejä. Pro gradu –työssäni tutkin yöperhosten kokonaisrunsauden ja –biomassan kehityskulkuja kansallisen yöperhosseurannan (Nocturna) aineistoa hyödyntäen. Käytössäni oli 24 vuoden aineisto vuosilta (1993-2016). Päätavoitteeni oli selvittää, onko runsaudessa ja biomassassa tapahtunut muutosta kyseisellä ajanjaksolla. Yöperhosseurannan aineistossa on tietoja lajikohtaisista yksilömääristä, mikä on tyypillistä hyönteisten seuranta-aineistoille. Jotta pystyin tutkimaan biomassaa, loin mallin, jolla muunsin aineiston yksilömääriä biomassaksi. Tämä malli perustui lajin keskimääräiseen siipikärkiväliin ja kehon rotevuuteen. Tarvitsin empiiristä aineistoa yöperhosten kuivapanoista kyseisen mallin sovittamiseen. Punnitsin tähän tarkoitukseen Suomessa yleisten perhoslajien museokokoelmiin säilöttyjä yksilöitä. Tutkielmassani tarkastelin myös, miten kasvukauden ja talven aikaiset lämpötila- ja sateisuusolosuhteet suhteutuvat yksilömäärien vuosien väliseen vaihteluun. Kokonaisrunsauden ja –biomassan kehityskulut koostuvat viime kädessä yksittäisten lajien kannankehityksistä, minkä vuoksi tarkastelin myös lajikohtaisten elinkiertopiirteiden (kuten siipikärkiväli, voltinismi, talvehtimismuoto) suhdetta lajitrendeihin. Tulosteni perusteella yöperhosten kokonaisrunsaudessa ja –biomassassa ei tapahtunut pitkän aikavälin muutosta tarkastellulla aikavälillä. Kokonaisrunsaus ja –biomassa korreloivat hyvin vahvasti (r > 0.9) aineistossani. Kokonaisrunsauden ja –biomassan vuosien välisessä vaihtelussa ilmeni (vähintään näennäistä) jaksollisuutta, jossa oli kolme huippuvuotta noin kymmenen vuoden välein. Aikasarjan pidentyessä nähdään, onko kyse todella säännönmukaisesta jaksollisuudesta. Paikalliset sääolosuhteet olivat hyvin heikosti yhteydessä runsauden vaihteluun, joten kyseisen tuloksen taustatekijät jäivät avoimiksi. Lajipiirteiden osalta havaitsin, että jäkälänsyönti ja vuotuinen monisukupolvisuus olivat yhteydessä runsastuvaan kannankehitykseen. Tämä yhteys on havaittu jo aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa. Kokonaisrunsauden ja –biomassan välisen suhteen kannalta erityisen kiinnostava muuttuja on siipikärkiväli (joka edustaa ruumiin kokoa). Siipikärkiväli ei ollut yhteydessä lajitrendeihin, mikä sopii hyvin yhteen sen havainnon kanssa, että biomassa ja runsaus olivat hyvin korreloituneita keskenään. Yöperhosten kokonaisrunsauden –ja biomassan kehitys boreaalisella vyöhykkeellä vaikuttaa poikkeavan Länsi-Euroopan vastaavista kehityskuluista. Hyönteisten runsaus- ja biomassatrendien taustatekijöissä on vielä perustavanlaatuista epäselvyyttä, joten lisätutkimusta tarvitaan muutenkin kuin seurantamielessä. Kehittämäni menetelmä runsauden muuntamiseen biomassaksi voi olla apuna aihepiirin tutkimisessa.
  • Tahvanainen, Meeri (2022)
    The ongoing growth and densification of urban areas is threatening biodiversity in cities. Previously continuous habitats are reduced and fragmented into smaller areas, which increases the edge effect and changes the qualities of the original habitat. Urban greenspaces are frequently used by people, and disturbances, such as trampling, and understorey management are increasing the similarity of habitat patches (i.e. homogenisation). In this study, I investigated the effects of small-scale homogeneity in forests produced by urbanisation on the distribution patterns and trait composition of carabid beetles. Sampling was done with pitfall traps during the summer of 2021 and altogether 21 study sites were selected in the City of Lahti, Finland. The study sites represented three different environments: 1) structurally complex (heterogenous) habitat in remnant spruce forests in the city, 2) structurally simple (homogenous) habitat in remnant spruce forests in the city, 3) structurally simple habitat under spruce trees in managed urban parks. In addition to the beetles, a set of environmental variables was collected to quantify the complexity of the three habitat types. As expected, habitat homogeneity affected carabid beetle species composition so that the proportion of generalist and open-habitat species was greater in homogenous sites, including homogenous forest remnants and highly homogenous urban parks, whereas the proportion of forest specialists was greater in heterogenous forests. Species richness was higher in the homogenous sites due to species-rich open-habitat genera in the carabid beetle family. Trait distribution at the community level showed clear differences between the three studied habitat types. As expected, the proportions of large and heavy species were higher in the forest habitats than in the parks, whereas homogenous habitats, especially highly homogenous park sites consisted of a higher proportion of flight capable species than heterogenous forests. At the species level, individual beetles were generally smaller in the parks, whereas the results between the two forest types varied and a clear difference between habitat specialists and generalists could not be detected. As cities grow, keeping the management of greenspaces moderate, selecting native vegetation, and preserving decaying woody material are ways to increase habitat heterogeneity, which according to this study, can support biodiversity and life of different organisms in urban areas.
  • Tahvanainen, Meeri (2022)
    The ongoing growth and densification of urban areas is threatening biodiversity in cities. Previously continuous habitats are reduced and fragmented into smaller areas, which increases the edge effect and changes the qualities of the original habitat. Urban greenspaces are frequently used by people, and disturbances, such as trampling, and understorey management are increasing the similarity of habitat patches (i.e. homogenisation). In this study, I investigated the effects of small-scale homogeneity in forests produced by urbanisation on the distribution patterns and trait composition of carabid beetles. Sampling was done with pitfall traps during the summer of 2021 and altogether 21 study sites were selected in the City of Lahti, Finland. The study sites represented three different environments: 1) structurally complex (heterogenous) habitat in remnant spruce forests in the city, 2) structurally simple (homogenous) habitat in remnant spruce forests in the city, 3) structurally simple habitat under spruce trees in managed urban parks. In addition to the beetles, a set of environmental variables was collected to quantify the complexity of the three habitat types. As expected, habitat homogeneity affected carabid beetle species composition so that the proportion of generalist and open-habitat species was greater in homogenous sites, including homogenous forest remnants and highly homogenous urban parks, whereas the proportion of forest specialists was greater in heterogenous forests. Species richness was higher in the homogenous sites due to species-rich open-habitat genera in the carabid beetle family. Trait distribution at the community level showed clear differences between the three studied habitat types. As expected, the proportions of large and heavy species were higher in the forest habitats than in the parks, whereas homogenous habitats, especially highly homogenous park sites consisted of a higher proportion of flight capable species than heterogenous forests. At the species level, individual beetles were generally smaller in the parks, whereas the results between the two forest types varied and a clear difference between habitat specialists and generalists could not be detected. As cities grow, keeping the management of greenspaces moderate, selecting native vegetation, and preserving decaying woody material are ways to increase habitat heterogeneity, which according to this study, can support biodiversity and life of different organisms in urban areas.