Browsing by Subject "justice"

The intersections of climate change and sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) have increasingly received attention from international organisations but also from academia. For some, establishing these intersections is about reducing human pressure on the Earth systems, while for others it is about the human rights of vulnerable individuals and communities. Many have lauded these connections for providing a win-win solution for both. While these benefits are championed, there has been little reflection on the underlying motives and justifications for establishing these connections in the first place. Given the problematic past of population control policies, understanding these justifications is necessary to break away from the neo-colonial practices of the past. This thesis investigates the motives and justifications for establishing such intersections between SRHR and climate change. Specifically, the thesis addresses two questions, namely: 1) In what ways are the interconnections between SRHR and climate change justified in academic literature? 2) What are the implications of the ways in which these interconnections are justified? By drawing on a postcolonial feminist theoretical framework rooted in understanding this nexus critically, and carefully reflecting on the implications of these discourses, the thesis answers these questions by systematically drawing on a sustained body of research. The data consist of 88 academic publications that are systematised through discourse analysis. The findings identify six distinctive intersectional discourses which reflect the ways in which SRHR, and climate change are justified, namely: public health, population dynamics, reproductive rights, critical, sustainable development and environment discourses. Largely reflecting adherence to liberal feminist and populationist frameworks, these findings imply that the discourses, justifications, and motives do not sufficiently address the neo-colonial practices and structural inequalities that shape intersections between SRHR and climate change. Analytically, therefore, this thesis suggests that postcolonial feminism offers a more effective way for understanding intersectional discourses because it recognises how power inequalities manifest in the discourses, while contributing towards more justice-based approaches to sustainability.

Prosocialt beteende, som alltså syftar till beteende som främjar andras väl, har länge varit av stort intresse inom flera vetenskapsområden. Ett flertal olika förklaringar har föreslagits för varför människor beter sig prosocialt eller antisocialt. En möjlig förklaring är de olika rättviseperspektiv som individen kan tillämpa när hen försöker avgöra om en situation är rättvis. De olika perspektiven delas ofta in i egoistiska, självcentrerade, empatiska och annan-orienterade. I denna avhandling granskas samband mellan individens rättviseperspektiv och prosocialt beteende. Syftet är att replikera tidigare resultat gällande dessa samband. Det empiriska data som används i denna studie samlades in i Kölns universitet år 2012. Tyska universitetsstuderande (N = 58) fyllde först på internet i Justice Sensitivity Inventory-mätinstrumentet (JSI). Ett halvt år senare bjöds de in till universitetet för en synbart orelaterad studie där de spelade en omgång av det så kallade diktatorspelet. I spelet fick de dela en åt dem given summa pengar (10 €) mellan sig själva och en annan deltagare. Andelen pengar deltagarna delade med sig indikerade prosocialt beteende. Faktoranalys visade att JSI mätte rättviseperspektiv på ett förväntat och pålitligt sätt. Men i regressionsanalys, där JSI användes för att förutspå prosocialt beteende, uppstod det problem med multikollinearitet; de ovan uppräknade fyra JSI faktorerna korrelerade för starkt med varandra för att kunna användas samtidigt som oberoende variabler i regressionsanalys. Modellen förenklades därför till två faktorer: offerkänslighet och annan-orienterad känslighet. Den förenklade modellen undvek problemet med multikollinearitet. Resultaten visade att annan-orienterad känslighet förutspådde prosocialt beteende. Resultaten tydde på att individers rättviseperspektiv kan bidra till att förklara skillnader i prosocialt beteende. Resultaten stöder även tankegången om empati som en av drivkrafterna för prosocialt beteende. Ett annan-orienterat rättviseperspektiv har i tidigare studier visats ha en stark koppling till affektiv empati. Detta är naturligt eftersom en central del av detta perspektiv är individens förmåga att föreställa sig hur andra känner sig i orättvisa situationer. Men det är även värt att påpeka att nästan hälften av deltagarna valde att inte alls dela med sig, vilket tyder på vikten av egoistiska motiv. Individer kan ta olika perspektiv angående rättvisefrågor i olika situationer. Ett mycket annan-orienterat rättviseperspektiv betyder alltså inte att individen alltid kommer att bete sig empatiskt eller prosocialt i situationer där andra möter orättvisa.

The mediation of intimate partner violence (IPV) has been statutorily regulated in Finland since year 2006. Earlier IPV was mediated around Finland to different extents. The mediation of IPV has been very controversial from the very beginning. Status of victims has been considered bad, there have been doubts about her/his voluntariness and it has been seen that the suspect is too slightly affected. On the other hand there has been a lot good experiences of mediation and the parties have been instructed to further services. This thesis studies perceived justice and voluntariness in the mediation of IPV and perceived mediation procedures of mediation parties and mediators. As a control group in the study there were mediation parties and mediators of cases with other violence than IPV. The study was cross-sectional and the survey aimed to cover all parties and mediators of IPV and non-IPV violence mediation cases managed by three service providers in Finland during 12 months period. Measure of perceived justice was based on results by Colquitt (2001) and Gramatikov et al (2009), measure of voluntariness was based on self-regulation questionnaires of self-determination theory and measure of mediation procedure was based on the metamodel of Alexander (2008). The survey was tested by employees of mediation service providers and by voluntary mediators. After a short period it was found that the response rate is very low. As a corrective action the survey was truncated but despite survey simplification response rate did not achieve target level. Data (n = 169) was analysed with R software using illustrative figures, factor analysis, non-parametric test, linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis. Based on study data mediation parties perceive mediation as more fair than mediators. Parties also perceive that mediators control more the process than mediators assess but parties are more satisfied with the mediation than mediators assess. There are no differences of perceived voluntariness and justice between IPV mediation and other violence than IPV mediation. Facilitative mediation style is in positive relation with perceived justice in IPV cases but in control group no relation was seen between the constructs. Almost all mediation parties are very satisfied with the mediation and their perceived justice is very positive. Even the parties see that they are voluntarily in mediation, they might feel guilty if they were not aiming to reconciliation, or they might think that their refusal to participate mediation could upset the other party. Study data supports that it’s reasonable to continue IPV mediation but attention should be drawn to the genuine desire and capacity of the parties to participate mediation. In the thesis there are some recommendations how to develop mediation activities. Further studies are needed to understand better IPV mediation effectiveness and how the parties and mediators perceive the mediation. In the thesis a study design is presented to get valid and reliable data for continuous development of IPV mediation activities.