Browsing by Subject "kehitysmaat"
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(University of HelsinkiHelsingin yliopistoHelsingfors universitet, 2016)Työn tarkoituksena oli kirjallisuuskatsauksen muodossa tutustua kehitysmaiden lihan tuotantoon, laatuun ja turvallisuuten, sekä pohtia keinoja tilanteen parantamiseksi. Työssä käsitellään myös eläinten hyvinvointia lihantuotantoketjussa. Lihan turvallisuudessa käsitellään erilaisia, lihassa mahdollisesti esiintyviä, zoonoottisia taudinaiheuttajia. Elintarvikevälitteiset infektiot ovat merkittävä taloudellinen ja kansanterveydellinen ongelma niin kehitysmaissa kuin kehittyneissä maissa. Liha on yksi potentiaalisista lähteistä elintarvikevälitteisille infektioille. Kehitysmaissa ongelmat ovat vakavia koskien koko lihantuotantoketjua. Tilannetta pahentaa terveydenhuollon kehittymättömyys. Monet kehitysmaista sijaitsevat trooppisella vyöhykkeellä, mikä luo hyvät olosuteet mikro-organismien kasvulle lihassa ja loisten kiertokululle. Tästä syystä puutteet teurastushygieniassa, lihantarkastuksessa ja lihan säilytyksessä aiheuttavat merkittävän terveysriskin. Lihantuotanto kasvaa nopeasti kehitysmaissa urbanisation lisääntyessä ja ihmisten elintason noustessa. Vuonna 2020 jo arviolta 63 % mailman lihankulutuksesta kulutetaan kehitysmaissa. Lihantuotantoon käytettävät eläinlajit vaihtelevat uskonnosta, kulttuurista ja ilmasto-oloista riippuen. Teurastuspaikat voidaan kehitysmaissa jakaa kolmeen ryhmään: uudenaikaiset teurastamot, perinteiset teurastamot ja teurastuspisteet, sekä tilapäiset teurastuspaikat. Näistä teurastamoissa ja teurastuspisteissä tehdään lihantarkastusta, mutta teurastushygienia, varsinkaan perinteisissä teurastamoissa ja teurastuspisteissä, ei ole riittävää. Uudenaikaisia teurastamoita ei ole läheskään kaikissa maissa. Teurastusta ohjaavat usein kulttuurilliset perinteet tai uskonto. Tästä johtuen eläimet teurastetaan usein ilman tainnutusta. Tämä aiheuttaa eläimille kärsimystä ja tuskaa. Lisäksi eläimet joutuvat kärsimään kuljetusten aikana, sekä kovakouraisesta käsittelystä teurastamolla. Lihassa esiintyviä zoonoottisia taudinaiheuttavia ovat muun muassa kystikerkoosi, toksoplasmoosi, bruselloosi, tuberkuloosi, Q-kuume ja Rift Valley-kuume. Jotkin taudeista aiheuttavat vaaraa lihaa syövälle ihmiselle ja toiset ovat vaarallisia eläintuotannossa tyskenteleville, kuten teurastamotyöntekijöille ja eläinlääkäreille. Teurastus tapahtuu usein epähygieenisissä oloissa, jolloin liha kontaminoituu bakteereilla. Tämä aiheuttaa lihan laadun heikkenemistä ja myös mahdollisesti terveysriskin kuluttajille. Tilanteen parantamiseksi ei ole olemassa yksinkertaisia keinoja. Tautipainetta tulisi yrittää vähentää, teurastushygieniaa parantaa ja lihantuotantoketjussa toimivia, sekä tavallisia ihmisiä tulisi kouluttaa lihahygieniaan liittyen. Lisäksi eläinten hyvinvointiin tulisi kiinnittää huomiota. Lainsäädäntöä ja sen valvontaa tulisi myös kehittää.
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(2012)The European Union has agreed on implementing the Policy Coherence for Development (PCD) principle in all policy sectors that are likely to have a direct impact on developing countries. This is in order to take account of and support the EU development cooperation objectives and the achievement of the internationally agreed Millennium Development Goals. The common EU migration policy and the newly introduced EU Blue Card directive present an example of the implementation of the principle in practice: the directive is not only designed to respond to the occurring EU labour demand by attracting highly skilled third-country professionals, but is also intended to contribute to the development objectives of the migrant-sending developing countries, primarily through the tool of circular migration and the consequent skills transfers. My objective in this study is to assess such twofold role of the EU Blue Card and to explore the idea that migration could be harnessed for the benefit of development in conformity with the notion that the two form a positive nexus. Seeing that the EU Blue Card fails to differentiate the most vulnerable countries and sectors from those that are in a better position to take advantage of the global migration flows, the developmental consequences of the directive must be accounted for even in the most severe settings. Accordingly, my intention is to question whether circular migration, as claimed, could address the problem of brain drain in the Malawian health sector, which has witnessed an excessive outflow of its professionals to the UK during the past decade. In order to assess the applicability, likelihood and relevance of circular migration and consequent skills transfers for development in the Malawian context, a field study of a total of 23 interviews with local health professionals was carried out in autumn 2010. The selected approach not only allows me to introduce a developing country perspective to the on-going discussion at the EU level, but also enables me to assess the development dimension of the EU Blue Card and the intended PCD principle through a local lens. Thus these interviews and local viewpoints are at the very heart of this study. Based on my findings from the field, the propensity of the EU Blue Card to result in circular migration and to address the persisting South-North migratory flows as well as the relevance of skills transfers can be called to question. This is as due to the bias in its twofold role the directive overlooks the importance of the sending country circumstances, which are known to determine any developmental outcomes of migration, and assumes that circular migration alone could bring about immediate benefits. Without initial emphasis on local conditions, however, positive outcomes for vulnerable countries such as Malawi are ever more distant. Indeed it seems as if the EU internal interests in migration policy forbid the fulfilment of the PCD principle and diminish the attempt to harness migration for development to bare rhetoric.
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(2019)Laos is one of the poorest countries in South-East Asia. Rural people’s livelihoods are mostly reliant on rice production and collection of forest products. There is very little research available about large-scale tree plantations and agroforestry in Laos. However, there is a clear need for information about the livelihood of the local people affected by companies that lease land from the local rural population for large-scale plantations in Laos. Stora Enso (SE) has trial plantations in Laos that combine tree-growing and food production. The Stora Enso Village Program (SEVP) focuses on sustainability that includes community engagement and helping local villagers to farm in safe conditions. The main aim of this study was to assess the productivity of taungya agroforestry systems in the SEVP trial plantations, and to measure the socioeconomic impacts at the village and household level. The following research questions are addressed: 1. To describe the Stora Enso Village Program in Laos, 2. To evaluate the conditions of the plantations established by SE in six villages in Saravan and Savannakhet Provinces, 3. To evaluate the socioeconomic impacts of the village program at the household and village levels in terms of: i) What kind of incomes do the local families get? ii ) How have the agricultural activities, which are part of the taungya agroforestry system, affected plantation productivity? iii) Who is benefiting from Stora Enso’s “village program” and how? Six research villages were selected, including five villages where Stora Enso operates and one where the company does not operate. Biophysical plantation measurements were done in 28 study plots in five villages. Plantation production was measured from the trees in the taungya agroforestry areas in each village. In each trial village, the Village Head was interviewed about basic village information such as population, livelihood and geographic information. Two Focus Group Discussions were conducted in each village, with information about villagers’ livelihoods and changes to livelihoods after the SEVP was started in the village. Participatory mapping exercises were carried out to determine the location of the households in the villages for random household selection. Interviews were conducted in 15 households in each village (90 households in total) to gather household-specific information such as incomes, livelihood activities and experiences of the taungya agroforestry sites. Village crop production in the taungya agroforestry sites were estimated at the household level. Results showed that employment opportunities increased in the village mostly in the first years of plantation cycle. The villagers were pleased with the land preparation carried out by Stora Enso and the crop yield in agroforestry areas, however, this was limited to when the plantation trees were smaller. Lack of labour, shade from plantation trees, and long distances to the plantation areas were the main reasons why villagers did not use the plantation areas for crop production. Plantations were generally in good condition, however, there were some insect and other stem damages. Lack of agricultural machinery and big distances from households to the agroforestry areas led to variation between villages´ crop production. There was limited work available for the villagers who wanted to work. The key findings of this thesis highlight the benefits of extra incomes and work opportunities for the local people in the villages and the positive outcomes in terms of the SEVP funds being used to build infrastructure and schools for the villages. The result of the study shows that the location of the villages affected negatively on villages that were far away from the market place and had limited possibilities to sell surplus crops. Cash crop production only occurred in the villages near the main roads and markets. Long distance to the taungya agroforestry area also limited the usage of the areas. This study has shown how the SEVP provides some benefits at both the village level and the household level. At the village level - positive impacts from village fund include improved infrastructure such as roads, water systems and electricity, while at the household level, positive impacts include employment opportunities and support to grow crops in the taungya agroforestry system. However, there are also challenges and limitations, such as agroforestry potential for producing crops between tree rows are not fully utilized during tree rotation, and most of the plantation employment opportunities are only available in the first years of plantation establishment. The SEVP is a trial program that attempts to integrate local communities’ needs by producing food and cash crops in the plantation area. The concept needs further development, more trials and research to improve the system, but has potential to be replicated in other places. It needs to be designed to suit the specific context of the local communities according to local culture and needs.
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(2019)Laos is one of the poorest countries in South-East Asia. Rural people’s livelihoods are mostly reliant on rice production and collection of forest products. There is very little research available about large-scale tree plantations and agroforestry in Laos. However, there is a clear need for information about the livelihood of the local people affected by companies that lease land from the local rural population for large-scale plantations in Laos. Stora Enso (SE) has trial plantations in Laos that combine tree-growing and food production. The Stora Enso Village Program (SEVP) focuses on sustainability that includes community engagement and helping local villagers to farm in safe conditions. The main aim of this study was to assess the productivity of taungya agroforestry systems in the SEVP trial plantations, and to measure the socioeconomic impacts at the village and household level. The following research questions are addressed: 1. To describe the Stora Enso Village Program in Laos, 2. To evaluate the conditions of the plantations established by SE in six villages in Saravan and Savannakhet Provinces, 3. To evaluate the socioeconomic impacts of the village program at the household and village levels in terms of: i) What kind of incomes do the local families get? ii ) How have the agricultural activities, which are part of the taungya agroforestry system, affected plantation productivity? iii) Who is benefiting from Stora Enso’s “village program” and how? Six research villages were selected, including five villages where Stora Enso operates and one where the company does not operate. Biophysical plantation measurements were done in 28 study plots in five villages. Plantation production was measured from the trees in the taungya agroforestry areas in each village. In each trial village, the Village Head was interviewed about basic village information such as population, livelihood and geographic information. Two Focus Group Discussions were conducted in each village, with information about villagers’ livelihoods and changes to livelihoods after the SEVP was started in the village. Participatory mapping exercises were carried out to determine the location of the households in the villages for random household selection. Interviews were conducted in 15 households in each village (90 households in total) to gather household-specific information such as incomes, livelihood activities and experiences of the taungya agroforestry sites. Village crop production in the taungya agroforestry sites were estimated at the household level. Results showed that employment opportunities increased in the village mostly in the first years of plantation cycle. The villagers were pleased with the land preparation carried out by Stora Enso and the crop yield in agroforestry areas, however, this was limited to when the plantation trees were smaller. Lack of labour, shade from plantation trees, and long distances to the plantation areas were the main reasons why villagers did not use the plantation areas for crop production. Plantations were generally in good condition, however, there were some insect and other stem damages. Lack of agricultural machinery and big distances from households to the agroforestry areas led to variation between villages´ crop production. There was limited work available for the villagers who wanted to work. The key findings of this thesis highlight the benefits of extra incomes and work opportunities for the local people in the villages and the positive outcomes in terms of the SEVP funds being used to build infrastructure and schools for the villages. The result of the study shows that the location of the villages affected negatively on villages that were far away from the market place and had limited possibilities to sell surplus crops. Cash crop production only occurred in the villages near the main roads and markets. Long distance to the taungya agroforestry area also limited the usage of the areas. This study has shown how the SEVP provides some benefits at both the village level and the household level. At the village level - positive impacts from village fund include improved infrastructure such as roads, water systems and electricity, while at the household level, positive impacts include employment opportunities and support to grow crops in the taungya agroforestry system. However, there are also challenges and limitations, such as agroforestry potential for producing crops between tree rows are not fully utilized during tree rotation, and most of the plantation employment opportunities are only available in the first years of plantation establishment. The SEVP is a trial program that attempts to integrate local communities’ needs by producing food and cash crops in the plantation area. The concept needs further development, more trials and research to improve the system, but has potential to be replicated in other places. It needs to be designed to suit the specific context of the local communities according to local culture and needs.
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(2011)Tutkielmassa tarkastelen Euroopan unionin (EU) kehityspoliittisen johdonmukaisuuden periaatetta, eli kehitysyhteistyön tavoitteiden huomioonottamista muilla politiikanaloilla. Tutkimuskohteeni on EU:n maatalous- ja kauppapoliittisten toimenpiteiden ja EU:n kehityspolitiikan yhteisvaikutus neljässä Lomén sopimuksen sokeripöytäkirjaan kuuluneessa Afrikan, Karibian ja Tyynenmeren (AKT) valtiossa: Fidzissä, Guyanassa, Malawissa ja Tansaniassa. Sokeripolitiikka avaa politiikkajohdonmukaisuuteen mielenkiintoisen näkökulman, koska siinä yhdistyvät EU:n kauppa- ja maatalouspoliittiset intressit ja koska se on ollut tärkeässä osassa EU:n ja AKT-maiden välisissä suhteissa. Sokeripöytäkirja oli keskeinen osa EU:n etuuskohtelujärjestelmää, joka piti Afrikan, Karibian ja Tyynenmeren valtiot unionin etuoikeutetuimpana kumppanimaaryhmänä. 1990-luvulla alkaneet kehityspolitiikan alueellisten ja sisällöllisten painotusten muutokset johtivat lopulta myös sokeripöytäkirjan purkamiseen. EU:n sokeripolitiikan uudistukset ovat vaikuttaneet tapausmaihin eri tavalla. EU:n aiemmasta sokeripolitiikasta hyötyneet sokeripöytäkirjamaat joutuvat jatkossa avoimeen kilpailuun toistensa ja muiden vähiten kehittyneiden maiden ja AKT-maiden kanssa. Fidzille ja Guyanalle uusi tilanne voi koitua kohtalokkaaksi, mutta Malawille ja Tansanialle markkinoillepääsyn helpottuminen avaa uusia mahdollisuuksia. EU:n sokeripolitiikasta ja kehitysyhteistyöstä muodostuva interventio tapausmaissa osoittaa, että EU on ottanut huomioon sen sokeripolitiikan aiheuttamat vaikutukset kaikissa tapausmaissa. Intervention perusteella kehitysyhteistyön instrumentteja voidaan käyttää kumoamaan muiden EU:ssa vahvempien politiikka-alojen kielteisiä vaikutuksia ja auttamaan kehitysmaita sopeutumaan uusiin olosuhteisiin. Interventio näyttäisi EU:n omaksuneen enemmän tai vähemmän johdonmukaisen lähestymistavan tapausmaita kohtaan. Lähempi tarkastelu kuitenkin osoittaa intervention edustavan johdonmukaisuutta ennemmin kauppapoliittisten tavoitteiden kuin kehitysyhteistyön tavoitteiden näkökulmasta. Päätelmieni mukaan kehityspoliittista johdonmukaisuutta voidaan tulkita osana EU:n laajempia kauppapoliittisia pyrkimyksiä. Määrittelemällä tiettyjä politiikkoja kehityspoliittisen johdonmukaisuuden periaatteen mukaiseksi, EU on voinut hakea oikeutusta pääasiassa vapaakauppaa tukeville aloitteilleen. Tutkielmassa osoitan, kuinka politiikkojen välistä kehitystä tukevaa johdonmukaisuutta voidaan arvioida ottamalla samaan aikaan huomioon sekä kehitysyhteistyön että muiden politiikanalojen vaikutukset yhden intervention osina. Valitsemani näkökulman perusteella kehityspoliittisen johdonmukaisuuden edistämisessä voitaisiin antaa enemmän vastuuta kehitysyhteistyölle ja kehityspolitiikalle.
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(2014)The aim of this study was to examine what relevance a research and development project about the educational use of information and communication technology (ICT) had in Ukombozi school, a public primary school in rural Tanzania. Introducing ICT in a school organization can result in many changes through various change mechanisms. The changes can be observed at the classroom level, school level or the school’s surrounding community level. Especially in developing countries, ICT projects are often targeted to facilitate changes on various levels of a school’s development. This research was conducted by interviewing teachers and collecting field notes during a project conducted at Ukombozi school. The research data were collected between November 2010 and March 2012. Thematic interviews were conducted among teachers of Ukombozi school and with one of the parents of a pupil at Ukombozi school. Three individual interviews and one group interview with three teachers were conducted by utilizing a thematic interviewing technique. The interviews were conducted in March 2011, January 2012, and February 2012. The collected data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The results show that the relevance of the educational use of ICT in this research and development project included improvements in the school’s work culture and changes in the classroom dynamics. Improvements in the school’s work culture included establishing co-operation with new partners and networks, clarification of the school’s ICT vision, and increased support to help the work of the school’s management. Changes at the classroom level involved teachers’ capacity-building, pupils’ new active role in classroom interaction, and changes in the dynamics of communication in the classroom. The results of this study show that supporting the educational use of ICT can have many effects in school organizations in developing countries. The results also show that more research and development activities are needed in order to gain a better understanding of the aspects of the educational use of ICT in schools in developing countries.
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(2014)The aim of this study was to examine what relevance a research and development project about the educational use of information and communication technology (ICT) had in Ukombozi school, a public primary school in rural Tanzania. Introducing ICT in a school organization can result in many changes through various change mechanisms. The changes can be observed at the classroom level, school level or the school's surrounding community level. Especially in developing countries, ICT projects are often targeted to facilitate changes on various levels of a school's development. This research was conducted by interviewing teachers and collecting field notes during a project conducted at Ukombozi school. The research data were collected between November 2010 and March 2012. Thematic interviews were conducted among teachers of Ukombozi school and with one of the parents of a pupil at Ukombozi school. Three individual interviews and one group interview with three teachers were conducted by utilizing a thematic interviewing technique. The interviews were conducted in March 2011, January 2012, and February 2012. The collected data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The results show that the relevance of the educational use of ICT in this research and development project included improvements in the school's work culture and changes in the classroom dynamics. Improvements in the school's work culture included establishing co-operation with new partners and networks, clarification of the school's ICT vision, and increased support to help the work of the school's management. Changes at the classroom level involved teachers' capacity-building, pupils' new active role in classroom interaction, and changes in the dynamics of communication in the classroom. The results of this study show that supporting the educational use of ICT can have many effects in school organizations in developing countries. The results also show that more research and development activities are needed in order to gain a better understanding of the aspects of the educational use of ICT in schools in developing countries.
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