Browsing by Subject "lokit"

Kampylobakteereita pidetään yhtenä yleisimmistä suolistotulehduksen aiheuttajista maailmassa. Ihminen on herkkä erityisesti Campylobacter jejunin, Campylobacter colin, Campylobacter upsaliensin sekä Campylobacter larin aiheuttamille enteriiteille. Yleensä tartunnat ovat sporadisia ja peräisin ruoasta tai juomavedestä. Kampylobakteereiden vastustaminen on vaikeaa, koska tartuntareittien tunteminen eläimistä ihmisiin on vielä puutteellinen. Kampylobakteereita esiintyy yleisesti eläinkunnassa sekä terveillä että sairailla yksilöillä. Kampylobakteereita esiintyy myös yleisesti järvi- ja jokivesissä, sekä muissa pintavesissä. Yhtenä mahdollisena tartunnanlähteenä vesivälitteisissä epidemioissa pidetään lintuja, jotka ulosteillaan saastuttavat vesiä. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää kuinka paljon Helsingin alueen lokeissa esiintyy kampylobakteereita kesä- ja heinäkuussa, sekä mitä lajeja ne ovat. Tutkimukseen kerättiin kesä- ja heinäkuussa yhteensä 202 lokkien ulostenäytettä eri puolelta Helsinkiä. Ulostenäytteet tutkittiin sekä suoraviljelyä (CCDA-agar, Oxoid Ltd, Basing Stoke, Englanti), että rikastusmenetelmää käyttäen (LabM-rikastusliemi, LabM, Bury, Englanti). Positiiviset näytteet lajitunnistettiin käyttäen seuraavia biokemiallisia testejä: gra-värjäys, katalaasitesti, oksidaasitesti, hippuraatin hydrolyysitesti, indoksyyliasetaattitesti sekä nalidiksiinihapporesistenssitesti. Positiivisia näytteitä löydettiin yhteensä 42 kappaletta (21 %), ja näistä 26 kpl (62 %) oli Campylobacter jejunia, ja 16 kpl (38 %) Campylobacter laria, muita lajeja ei löydetty. Tutkimuksen tuloksena todettiin, että lokit voivat toimia yhtenä kampylobakteereiden reservoaarina.

One of the leading bacterial causes of diarrhea in humans are campylobacters (Campylobacter spp). The more common species infecting humans are Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli. The symptoms can vary from mild intestinal infection to severe, bloody, producing diarrhea. Improperly prepared poultry, contaminated drinking and swimming water are the leading causes of infection. Campylobacters are present in the intestines of many mammal and bird species. They generally do not cause disease in the birds, thus they are regarded as asymptomatic carriers. Birds and mammals can also infect swimming areas through defecation. This contamination is generally studied with the help of a fecal indicator bacteria. Examples of this type of bacteria are Escherichia coli, fecal enterococci, and Clostridium perfringens. Since the 1990s Campylobacter has become increasingly resistent to antibiotic treatments, such as fluoroquinolones, and it has become an escalating public health threat. The antibiotic resistance of E. coli can be used to illustrate that of gram-negative bacteria. Fecal samples of 125 birds were collected for the qualitative study of Campylobacter and E. coli. 41 Barnacle geese and 84 gulls were studied. The presence of Campylobacter was studied by a cultivation. The enrichment was processed in Bolton broth and then cultured with CCDA (modified charcoal-cefoperazone-deoxycholate agar). Campylobacters were identified with typical colonies and gram-staining. The E coli was cultured directly from the sample swabs to the mFC agar. The typical blue growing colonies were interpreted as E. coli. This was confirmed introducing the E coli's β-glucuronidase enzyme into Colilert solution. In addition, 18 fecal samples were collected (13 Barnacle geese and 5 gulls) for quantitative analysis. The cfus of fecal enterococci, E. coli, C perfringens and Campylobacters were determined using a tenfold dilution method. Water samples were gathered three times during the summer from five different swimming areas in Helsinki. These samples were studied for counts of fecal enterococci, E.coli, C perfringens and the presence of Campylobacter by membrane filtration method the. The quantity of E. coli was studied using the commercial MPN method, Colilert test. The E. coli and Campylobacter were isolated from the fecal and water samples and were examined for antimicrobial resistance. To ampicillin, ciprofloxasin, and tetracycline. The erythromycin resistance of Campylobacter was studies as well. The method used were agar dilution and MIC values were determined.. Campylobacter was detected in 23 fecal samples (18%). It was found in 8 gull fecal samples (10%) and in 15 Barnacle geese samples (37%). Seven of the isolated strains (31%) were C. jejuni. It was noticed in the quantitative studies that there were more E. coli and fecal enterococci in the gull fecal samples (collected from the Ämmässuo landfill) than the Barnacle geese fecal samples. The bacteria levels found in the Helsinki beach areas were not above the legal reference levels. Campylobacters were identified once at two beach areas. Almost all of studied Campylobacter isolates were sensitive to the antibiotics used in the experiment. Two strains were resistance to the ampicillin. Of the 76 E. coli strains 5 were resistant to ampicillin and 4 to tetracycline. The other strains were sensitive. One multiresistant E. coli strain was detected in a swimming water sample. Campylobacters were detected in fecal samples of birds suggesting that wild birds may be the source of the Campylobacter infection in humans. Escherichia coli fecal enterococci were not suitable fecal indicator bacteria for fecal contamination of Barnacle geese in bodies of water in nature. The quality of water in Helsinki's swimming areas appeared to be good. Resistance to antibiotics seems to be quite rare in bacterium isolated from birds feces and swimming waters. Probably, birds are not remarkable spreaders of antibiotic resistance.