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Browsing by Subject "patentit"

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  • Rasijeff, Moona (2017)
    Traditional economics theory argues that competitive markets are unable to enhance innovation incentives. This is based on the claim that it is not possible for an inventor to earn profit for his invention in the face of unlimited imitation. Traditional theory calls for intellectual property for innovators, such as patents, to guarantee effective innovation production. The economic safety provided by patents creates innovation incentives, enhancing research levels and product quality. However, the increasing popularity of patents combined with the current, extensive patenting systems can create economic inefficiencies. The monopolistic competition arising from patent-provided rights may weaken innovation incentives in small as well as quickly developing industries. In addition, derived high prices and legal barriers to entry granted by intellectual property can distort competition and may even suppress the patent holder’s innovation tactics. Traditional economic theory also fails to explain why firms may choose not to utilise formal intellectual property in favour of informal protection methods which hold high importance to firms, such as secrecy, high wages, and increasing production complexity. My thesis examines whether competitive markets are able to enhance innovation incentives, and if so, under what conditions. I will also aim to enlighten why firms may favour other protective measures for their inventions over patents. Henry and Ponce (2011) and Henry and Ruiz-Aliseda (2015) expand our understanding of these topics in the form of game theory. A key factor in our analysis is the assumption that free spillovers are non-existent. Instead, endogenous knowledge must be purchased. As a result, potential imitators prefer to wait for the cost of knowledge to decrease, and delay their market entry. Such a delay, and the possibility to participate in knowledge trading, secure positive rents for the inventor, which compensates his innovation costs. These results are achieved even in unfavourable circumstances, where competition is high or the inventor incurs additional costs to protect their invention by other means than patenting. In fact, in such circumstances, we expect the inventor’s profits to approach monopolistic profits. In conclusion, competitive markets attain efficiency and improved levels of social welfare, and therefore, innovation levels can persist in the market. These results are nonetheless sensitive in relation to the elasticity of demand. Market imperfections such as the indivisibility of an idea, moral hazard and adverse selection pose additional problems in the modelling within a competitive market. My thesis weighs in on the ever-crucial patenting debate: Is the modern, extensive patent system obsolete? High prices and risen monopolistic competition can lead to severe consequences on social welfare, and limit the exchange of knowledge. New innovation models in competitive markets and its ability to encourage innovation incentives pose an important argument against the expansion of the current patent system. These models also provide an explanation for the popularity of informal protection methods for innovations, emphasising the value of firm strategizing above legal procedures. Such patent criticism and empirical evidence could be utilised in the development of the current patent system.
  • Heinonen, Lauri Matias (2023)
    Innovation is an important theme in economics and economic history because modern societies with sustained economic growth are based on constant creation and employment of new technology. This thesis studies the role of individuals and organisations in creating innovations in Finland in the period 1880-1940. A debate in economic history of innovation concerns the notion that innovation was driven by individual inventors without support of formal training and an organisation around them until late 19th century. The alleged transition from independent to dependent innovation created by formally trained inventors within firms in the early 20th century implies that innovation activities would have intensified in the period and, using more of state-of-the-art knowledge, would have produced more innovations of a higher quality. The novelties of this thesis are its focus on independent inventorship in Finland and exceptional focus on inventor careers through biographical or prosopographic data. Finland is an interesting object of study due to a research gap. Finnish technological development has been studied before in literature. However, earlier literature has not addressed the question of independent and dependent innovation in Finland. Literature using historical Finnish patent data has addressed other themes such as patenting by foreigners before the First World War and technology markets. The major data source in this thesis is the Finnish patent database created in a research project at the University of Helsinki. It contains data on patents registered in Finland in 1842-1940 of which I use data on years 1880-1940. I measure this increased quality and complexity of inventing through a quantitative measure, the duration of patents. The variable is used often in quantitative historical literature to measure the quality of patents. As an additional indicator of patent quality, I check the distribution of technological International Patent Classifications (IPC) of patents. I study the distributions by looking at individual and organisation patentees from Finland, Sweden, Germany and the rest of the world’s countries to assess the role of technology and human capital transfer from abroad to Finland. I also use additional prosopographic or biographical data on 93 Finnish inventors with patents in the Finnish patent database between 1910 and 1940 except for two inventors with biography patents prior to 1910. I take the biographical data from two biography databases of Finnish Literature Society (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura), the National Biography of Finland and Talouselämän vaikuttajat. I match the data in biographies with patent data in Finnish patent database. I use these biographies to assess in more detail the formal training, career paths, international connections, economic sectors of work and social background of inventors. The main contribution of this thesis is showing that most inventors worked in organisations when inventing in Finland in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Besides independent inventors actually being dependent, the official patent data seems to show that firms, particularly foreign firms from Sweden and Germany, were important drivers of innovation and economic growth in Finland since the early 1920s. Foreign firms were particularly important in high-tech sectors like chemistry. Independent innovation was rare in Finland already in the late 19th century and early 20th century as innovation was largely carried out by firms and, when studied through prosopographic data, allegedly independent inventors were actually working in or for firms in some way. The results of this thesis are similar to earlier literature on other Nordic countries. The results on biography patents reveal that the official patent data understate the professional and social background of inventors. Even though many inventors were presented in official patent records as engineers, most of the inventors in the biography sample, around 50-60 per cent, were managers, board members or owners of firms when inventing. Inventors had clear occupational continuity in their career. Most inventors had a lot of formal training as over 60 per cent of biography patent inventors had an academic education. Many inventors had education and work experience from abroad, mostly from Germany, Sweden, the USA and Russia. Most inventors had worked most of their career or the second longest term of their careers in someone else’s firm or their own firm. However, there is speculative evidence in this thesis that work history in the public sector or the academia can help inventors to provide high quality technology. The social mobility of inventors was low as most inventors had an upper middle-class or high social background: most inventors were either engineers, managers or non-technical experts and so were their fathers.
  • Heinonen, Lauri Matias (2023)
    Innovation is an important theme in economics and economic history because modern societies with sustained economic growth are based on constant creation and employment of new technology. This thesis studies the role of individuals and organisations in creating innovations in Finland in the period 1880-1940. A debate in economic history of innovation concerns the notion that innovation was driven by individual inventors without support of formal training and an organisation around them until late 19th century. The alleged transition from independent to dependent innovation created by formally trained inventors within firms in the early 20th century implies that innovation activities would have intensified in the period and, using more of state-of-the-art knowledge, would have produced more innovations of a higher quality. The novelties of this thesis are its focus on independent inventorship in Finland and exceptional focus on inventor careers through biographical or prosopographic data. Finland is an interesting object of study due to a research gap. Finnish technological development has been studied before in literature. However, earlier literature has not addressed the question of independent and dependent innovation in Finland. Literature using historical Finnish patent data has addressed other themes such as patenting by foreigners before the First World War and technology markets. The major data source in this thesis is the Finnish patent database created in a research project at the University of Helsinki. It contains data on patents registered in Finland in 1842-1940 of which I use data on years 1880-1940. I measure this increased quality and complexity of inventing through a quantitative measure, the duration of patents. The variable is used often in quantitative historical literature to measure the quality of patents. As an additional indicator of patent quality, I check the distribution of technological International Patent Classifications (IPC) of patents. I study the distributions by looking at individual and organisation patentees from Finland, Sweden, Germany and the rest of the world’s countries to assess the role of technology and human capital transfer from abroad to Finland. I also use additional prosopographic or biographical data on 93 Finnish inventors with patents in the Finnish patent database between 1910 and 1940 except for two inventors with biography patents prior to 1910. I take the biographical data from two biography databases of Finnish Literature Society (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura), the National Biography of Finland and Talouselämän vaikuttajat. I match the data in biographies with patent data in Finnish patent database. I use these biographies to assess in more detail the formal training, career paths, international connections, economic sectors of work and social background of inventors. The main contribution of this thesis is showing that most inventors worked in organisations when inventing in Finland in the late 19th century and early 20th century. Besides independent inventors actually being dependent, the official patent data seems to show that firms, particularly foreign firms from Sweden and Germany, were important drivers of innovation and economic growth in Finland since the early 1920s. Foreign firms were particularly important in high-tech sectors like chemistry. Independent innovation was rare in Finland already in the late 19th century and early 20th century as innovation was largely carried out by firms and, when studied through prosopographic data, allegedly independent inventors were actually working in or for firms in some way. The results of this thesis are similar to earlier literature on other Nordic countries. The results on biography patents reveal that the official patent data understate the professional and social background of inventors. Even though many inventors were presented in official patent records as engineers, most of the inventors in the biography sample, around 50-60 per cent, were managers, board members or owners of firms when inventing. Inventors had clear occupational continuity in their career. Most inventors had a lot of formal training as over 60 per cent of biography patent inventors had an academic education. Many inventors had education and work experience from abroad, mostly from Germany, Sweden, the USA and Russia. Most inventors had worked most of their career or the second longest term of their careers in someone else’s firm or their own firm. However, there is speculative evidence in this thesis that work history in the public sector or the academia can help inventors to provide high quality technology. The social mobility of inventors was low as most inventors had an upper middle-class or high social background: most inventors were either engineers, managers or non-technical experts and so were their fathers.
  • Lehtinen, Sofi (2021)
    Teknologiavetoisessa ja alati muuttuvassa maailmassa yritykset ovat havahtuneet aineettoman omaisuuden merkitykseen liiketoimintansa yhtenä kasvu- ja menestystekijänä. Pelkän sisäisen kehitystyön ohella myös yhtiön ulkopuoliset teknologian lähteet ovat usein kiinnostuksen kohteena. Näitä voidaan havitella esimerkiksi yritysostoin. Usein viimeistään yrityskauppaprosessissa havahdutaan pohtimaan kunnolla sitä, mistä eri varallisuuseristä yrityksen käypä arvo muodostuu. Aineettoman omaisuuden muodostaessa yhä merkittävämmän osan yritysten liikearvosta on sen rooli myös yrityskaupoissa korostunut. Ostajan yhä vahvempana pyrkimyksenä on kaupan kohteena olevien patenttien ja muiden immateriaalioikeuksien tilan huolellinen kartoittaminen sekä niihin liittyvien mahdollisten riskien tunnistaminen ja analysointi. On myös myyjän intressissä antaa edellä mainituista mahdollisimman kattava ja todenmukainen kuva riskien toteen käydessä mahdollisesti aiheutuvan vastuunsa kaventamiseksi. Eri näkökulmien tai potentiaalisten ongelmien sivuuttaminen kaupan kohteen tarkastuksessa on katsottu yhdeksi yleisimmistä epäonnistuneiden yrityskauppojen syistä, ja se voi käydä ostajalle kalliiksi. Edellä esitetyt näkökohdat korostavat paitsi kaupan kohteen kunnollisen tarkastamisen merkitystä, myös sitä, kuinka tärkeää osapuolten olisi sopia niiden välisistä vastuista mahdollisimman yksityiskohtaisesti välttyäkseen tilanteilta, joissa esimerkiksi kaupan yhtenä kohteena oleva patenttisalkku ei kaikilta ominaisuuksiltaan vastaakaan sitä, mitä ostaja on olettanut. Vaikka aineettomaan omaisuuteen liittyvien näkökohtien huomioiminen sopimuksissa on viime vuosina parantunut, voi eteen yhä tulla tilanteita, joissa virhevastuun määräytymisestä ei ole sovittu riittävällä tarkkuudella. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan patenttiin liittyviä virhetilanteita yrityskauppakontekstissa. Tavoitteena on selvittää, miten virhevastuu määräytyy siinä tapauksessa, että osana kauppaa myytävä patentti ei täytä ostajan odotuksia. Tutkimuskysymystä lähestytään ennen kaikkea tahdonvaltaisen lainsäädännön näkökulmasta mutta osin myös vakiintuneita yrityskauppakäytäntöjä tarkastelemalla. Tarkoituksena on kartoittaa, mitä virheen potentiaalisesti aiheuttavia riskejä patentteihin voi liittyä ja mitkä tekijät osapuolten välisen vastuun muotoutumiseen vaikuttavat. Myyjän kauppakirjassa antamat vakuutukset sekä muut yrityskaupan yhteydessä vakiintuneesti suoritettavat toimet kuten kaupan kohteen tarkastaminen vastaavat tietyiltä osin kauppalain sääntelyä vastaavista toimista. KL 18–19 §:ssä säädetään myyjän ennen kaupantekoa tavarasta antamista tiedoista ja KL 20 §:ssä tavaran tarkastuksesta ennen kauppaa.
  • Lehtinen, Sofi (2021)
    Teknologiavetoisessa ja alati muuttuvassa maailmassa yritykset ovat havahtuneet aineettoman omaisuuden merkitykseen liiketoimintansa yhtenä kasvu- ja menestystekijänä. Pelkän sisäisen kehitystyön ohella myös yhtiön ulkopuoliset teknologian lähteet ovat usein kiinnostuksen kohteena. Näitä voidaan havitella esimerkiksi yritysostoin. Usein viimeistään yrityskauppaprosessissa havahdutaan pohtimaan kunnolla sitä, mistä eri varallisuuseristä yrityksen käypä arvo muodostuu. Aineettoman omaisuuden muodostaessa yhä merkittävämmän osan yritysten liikearvosta on sen rooli myös yrityskaupoissa korostunut. Ostajan yhä vahvempana pyrkimyksenä on kaupan kohteena olevien patenttien ja muiden immateriaalioikeuksien tilan huolellinen kartoittaminen sekä niihin liittyvien mahdollisten riskien tunnistaminen ja analysointi. On myös myyjän intressissä antaa edellä mainituista mahdollisimman kattava ja todenmukainen kuva riskien toteen käydessä mahdollisesti aiheutuvan vastuunsa kaventamiseksi. Eri näkökulmien tai potentiaalisten ongelmien sivuuttaminen kaupan kohteen tarkastuksessa on katsottu yhdeksi yleisimmistä epäonnistuneiden yrityskauppojen syistä, ja se voi käydä ostajalle kalliiksi. Edellä esitetyt näkökohdat korostavat paitsi kaupan kohteen kunnollisen tarkastamisen merkitystä, myös sitä, kuinka tärkeää osapuolten olisi sopia niiden välisistä vastuista mahdollisimman yksityiskohtaisesti välttyäkseen tilanteilta, joissa esimerkiksi kaupan yhtenä kohteena oleva patenttisalkku ei kaikilta ominaisuuksiltaan vastaakaan sitä, mitä ostaja on olettanut. Vaikka aineettomaan omaisuuteen liittyvien näkökohtien huomioiminen sopimuksissa on viime vuosina parantunut, voi eteen yhä tulla tilanteita, joissa virhevastuun määräytymisestä ei ole sovittu riittävällä tarkkuudella. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan patenttiin liittyviä virhetilanteita yrityskauppakontekstissa. Tavoitteena on selvittää, miten virhevastuu määräytyy siinä tapauksessa, että osana kauppaa myytävä patentti ei täytä ostajan odotuksia. Tutkimuskysymystä lähestytään ennen kaikkea tahdonvaltaisen lainsäädännön näkökulmasta mutta osin myös vakiintuneita yrityskauppakäytäntöjä tarkastelemalla. Tarkoituksena on kartoittaa, mitä virheen potentiaalisesti aiheuttavia riskejä patentteihin voi liittyä ja mitkä tekijät osapuolten välisen vastuun muotoutumiseen vaikuttavat. Myyjän kauppakirjassa antamat vakuutukset sekä muut yrityskaupan yhteydessä vakiintuneesti suoritettavat toimet kuten kaupan kohteen tarkastaminen vastaavat tietyiltä osin kauppalain sääntelyä vastaavista toimista. KL 18–19 §:ssä säädetään myyjän ennen kaupantekoa tavarasta antamista tiedoista ja KL 20 §:ssä tavaran tarkastuksesta ennen kauppaa.