Browsing by Subject "pedagogiikka"

Suomalaisessa varhaiskasvatuksessa on ollut alusta alkaen pedagoginen painotus. Kuitenkin alle kolmivuotiaiden varhaiskasvatuksessa pedagogiikasta alettiin puhumaan vasta 1980-luvun lopussa. Tästä huolimatta, vuonna 2019, Karvin arvioidessa varhaiskasvatussuunnitelmien toteutumista, havaittiin, että pedagogiset puutteet korostuivat erityisesti alle kolmivuotiaiden lasten varhaiskasvatuksessa. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, mitä alle 3-vuotiaiden pedagogiikka on sekä minkälaiset tekijät korostuvat alle kolmivuotiaiden pedagogiikassa varhaiskasvatuksessa. Lisäksi selvitettiin, minkälaisilla tekijöillä saattaa olla vaikutusta siihen, toteutuuko pedagogiikka alle kolmivuotiailla vai ei. Tavoitteena oli kuvata, ajankohtaistaa sekä tiivistää aiempaa tieteellistä tutkimustietoa. Tämä tutkimus toteutettiin kuvailevana narratiivisena kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Tutkimuksen aineisto muodostui viidestä tieteellisestä, mahdollisimman tuoreesta, vertaisarvioidusta julkaisusta, eri puolilta maailmaa. Artikkelien julkaisuajankohdat ajoittuivat vuosien 2013–2022 väliin. Tutkimuksen aineistoa analysoitiin sisällönanalyysin keinoin, mukaillen yhdysvaltalaista perinnettä, jossa pelkistetystä aineistosta luodaan alaluokkia, yläluokkia sekä pääluokkia, eli teemoja. Tutkimusaineiston analysointi tuotti alle kolmivuotiaiden pedagogiikassa korostuvien tekijöiden alle neljä erilaista teemaa; lapsen ja kasvattajan välisen vuorovaikutussuhteen kehittymisen tärkeän merkityksen, kasvattajan moniulotteisen roolin, johon kuului kasvattajan jatkuva fyysinen ja emotionaalinen läsnäolo, aktiivinen lasten havainnointi, kasvattajan ammattitaito sekä kasvattajan moniulotteinen toiminta, hoidon, kasvatuksen ja opetuksen kolminaisuuden nivoutuminen yhteen erottamattomasti, jokaisen hetken sisältäessä pedagogiikkaa sekä suunnitelmallisen ja tavoitteellisen toiminnan toteuttaminen, jossa korostuivat pienryhmätoiminnan ja rutiinien merkitys. Analysoinnin avulla havaittiin, että alle kolmivuotiaiden pedagogiikkaa estävien tekijöiden alle muodostui kolme erilaista teemaa; henkilöstön koulutus ja taidot, jolla oli suuri vaikutus siihen, osattiinko pedagogista toimintaa toteuttaa, lapsiryhmien koko sekä tilat saattoivat myös vaikuttaa siihen, ettei pedagoginen toiminta ollut mahdollista lapsiryhmien ollessa suuria tai tilojen epäsopivia pienille sekä työelämän erilaisilla haasteilla, kuten henkilöstövajeella tai kiireellä, saattoi olla vaikutusta siihen toteutuiko pedagogiikka lainkaan.

Previous research has shown that there is deficiency in the quality of early childhood education of children under the age of three. The purpose of this study is to describe with discourse analysis what kind of meanings teachers give to successful pedagogy in their narratives. In addition to discourse analysis, I reason the meanings given to successful pedagogy with National Evaluation Center’s (Karvi) process factors of quality (Vlasov ym., 2018). The main question of this study is how teachers working with children under the age of three speak about successful pedagogy. The material of the study was collected with a questionnaire that was shared in two early childhood education related Facebook groups. The material consisted of 32 narratives where teachers that work with children under the age of three talk about a pedagogically successful day. The material was analyzed with discourse analysis. The analysis and interpretation were strongly based on social constructionism that emphasizes the material as the object of the study. Four larger interpretative repertoires were found from the narratives of the teachers. These repertoires were: Adult meets child, Learning is holistic, Everyone knows what they are doing and The repertoire of insufficiency. These interpretative repertoires represented the most crucial meanings given to successful pedagogy. The repertoires performed in the narratives partly overlapped and parallel. The teachers of early childhood education emphasized sensitive and individualized encounter and interaction that takes a child's interests into account. Learning was seen holistic, and it was typically placed in situations of basic care and small group action. In the aspect of Karvi’s process factors of quality there is still need for improvement in the quality of early childhood education of children under the age of three. The lack of goal-directed pedagogy and support of peer interaction in the narratives arouses a question whether the concept of participation is understood inadequately.

Tiivistelmä - Referat - Abstract The father of kindergarten Friedrich Fröbel and his pedagogic views have not been a popular research study during the recent years. However, the history of Finnish kindergarten has been studied. According to these studies, Fröbel had a strong influence in Finnish kindergartens up until the 1980’s. Since the 1980’s there have been some changes in the Finnish kindergartens, e.g. in the operational culture and the eligibility criteria of the staff The emphasis has shifted from social pedagogy to early education with emphasis on pedagogy. Kindergarten teachers were trained according to Fröbel’s pedagogy until the late 1970’s. Therefore, many of the kindergarten teachers still working have received education that emphasizes Fröbel’s pedagogy. The hypothesis of this study is that Fröbel's pedagogy is still visible also in the Early childhood and Pre-school curricula. Part of the hypothesis is that the Fröbel’s pedagogy has changed compared to the early days’ Finnish kindergarten. This study aims to find out what is Fröbel’s pedagogy is and how it is reflected in the Early childhood education and Pre-school curricula. This study is a descriptive content analysis. The material used in this study includes Fröbel's textbook (in Swedish) Människans fostran and thereto related preface. The pedagogics described in Fröbel's textbook is later compared with the pedagogy described in Pre-school curriculum 2014 and Early childhood education curriculum 2016. In order to provide a comprehensive view of Fröbel’s pedagogy in Finland I have included also Elise Lujala's PhD Lastentarhatyö, kansanopetuksen osa ja kotikasvatuksen tuki – toiminnan päämäärät ja toteutuminen Pohjois-Suomessa 1800-luvun lopulta vuoteen 1938 and Maija Meretniemi's PhD Hyvä koti ja henkinen äitiys lastentarhatyön esikuvina: Aate- ja käsitehistoriallinen tutkielma Suomen varhaiskasvatuksen taustasta. To understand the shift of education criteria of kindergarten teachers I have studied an article by Eeva-Leena Onnismaa, Marjatta Kalliala and Leena Tahko-Kallio Koulutuspoliittisen paradoksin jäljillä – Miten varhaiskasvatus muotoutui sosiaalialan koulutuksia suosivaksi. In addition, the material also includes lectures by Marjatta Kalliala and Nina Sajaniemi at the University of Helsinki in 2016 and 2018. According to this study, some parts Fröbel's pedagogics agreed with the Early childhood education curriculum and the Pre-school curriculum. Fröbel concept and importance of childhood, play as part of learning, the developmental psychological view of child growth and development were also reflected in the Early childhood curriculum and Pre-school curriculum. Additionally, the idea kindergarten or early childhood education as a first part of life long education was visible in Fröbel’s textbook and the above-mentioned curricula. There were differences as well, Fröbel’s theological philosophy was not part of the curricula. There were also differences in the weighting of subjects in teaching. It goes without saying that Fröbel's pedagogy does not include media or technology education. Both the curricula and Fröbel’s textbook are works of their time. This study also helped me to understand the current state of early childhood education in Finland and the varying emphasis between social pedagogy and pedagogy during the recent years, and the contradiction between these in history and today.

Opettajan ja oppilaan välillä vallitsee pedagoginen vuorovaikutussuhde, joka on Johan Herbartin didaktisessa kolmiossa esitetty kasvatettavan ja kasvattajan välinen suhde. Tämä määritelmä toimii tämän tutkimuksen pohjana. Aiemmat tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet tämän suhteen olevan monisävyinen ja merkityksellinen. Sitä rakentaa monet opettajuuden ominaispiirteet sekä pedagogiset toimintamallit. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selittää opettajan ja oppilaan välisen pedagogisen suhteen luonnetta sekä sen rakentumista. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan myös suhteen vaikutusta opettajan ja oppilaan elämän konteksteissa. Tutkielma toteutettiin kuvailevana kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Tämä tutkimusmuoto antoi mahdollisuuksia valita aineistoa ilman merkittäviä metodisia sääntöjä ja kuvata tutkittavaa aihetta laaja-alaisesti. Aineiston koonnissa hyödynnettiin elektronisia tietokantoja. Lopulta tutkielmaan valikoitui kahdeksan eri opettajan ja oppilaan välistä pedagogista vuorovaikutusta käsittelevää tutkimusta. Aineiston tulkinnassa hyödynnettiin abduktiivista sisällönanalyysiä, jossa teorian muodostumista sekä havaintojen tekoa johtaa jokin johtoajatus. Tässä tutkimuksessa johtolankana toimii opettajan ja oppilaan välinen pedagoginen suhde. Opettajan ja oppilaan välistä pedagogista suhdetta luonnehti luottamus, kunnioitus, kiinnostus sekä aito kohtaaminen subjektien välillä. Pedagogisen vuorovaikutussuhteen merkittäviksi rakennuspalikoiksi nousi opettajan taito toimia kannustavasti, helposti lähestyttävästi, aidosti sekä pedagogisesti perustellusti. Tämän vuorovaikutussuhteen nähtiin vaikuttavan moninaisesti sekä opettajan ja oppilaan elämissä. Voidaan siis tulkita, että opettajan ja oppilaan välinen suhde on tärkeä ja sen laatua sekä rakentumista tulisi tarkastella ja tukea tietoisin keinoin.

(Objective.) Earlier studies have indicated, that reading can improve and refine one’s ability to empathise. Whilst completing my bachelor’s thesis, I indicated critically with research and studies surrounding the exploration on the effect reading and literature can have on human empathy. Four important matters were found and concluded in researches: transportation, narrativity, identifying with a positive character and customs of reading. The research purpose in this thesis is to explore the concept of preventing bullying through literary tools, based on the evidence of these four important matters. The aim of this study was to design, put into practise and evaluate pedagogical application, which is designed to use literature and these four important matters to prevent bullying. In pedagogical application, designed in this thesis, literature, narrativity, identifying with a positive character and customs of reading was used to help children accomplish experiences of transportation and perezhivanie. In the following thesis I propose to introduce and analyse the pedagogical application as an example to use literature as a concise example on how teachers and pedagogical staff can utilise literature as a measure of preventing bullying in schools. (Method.) I accomplished this study using methods of qualitative and action research. The participants of this study were eleven second-graders from an elementary school in Helsinki. As a study material I used interviews and collected textual material created by children, who took part in the pedagogical application. In the application I used drama and literature as a means as of which to work with our subject – bullying. We read one story of Pekka Töpöhäntä -book series written by Gösta Knutsson. I analysed the collected material by discursive analysis and researched the verbal content created by children. (Results and conclusions.) The results of this study attribute with experiences of transportation and perezhivanie. However, the results are by no means fully conclusive, as the research did not consider all means and circumstances surrounding the collection of data. The results give small indications of what may have created a feeling of transportation and perezhivanie amongst children responding at the time, it is however not possible to make generalized conclusions based on this evidence. The pedagogical application I have created is a partly successful tool, which aims to develop and improve understanding of how literature can be used as a successful method and tool to prevent bullying. By following research, it is possible to examine those parts of the pedagogical application, which have or have not shown effect on progressing the perceptions bullying in amongst children.

The interest in the use of games in education is increasing and game-based learning is seen as an effective way to teach knowledge and skills and to motivate students. Nowadays, the amount of games designed especially for teaching and learning purposes, the learning games, is growing and research on the impact of their use is increasing. However, the existing research data on the use of learning games is still inadequate and a pedagogical model for their use has not yet been developed. This study aims to give an overview of the research on learning games and show gaps in the research field. Furthermore, it focuses on the pedagogical use of the learning games. The research method used was qualitative meta-analysis, which allowed both the qualitative as well as quantitative studies to be synthesized. A systematic model was used to collect the research data. Prior to the data collection, key words and databases were defined. Moreover, the articles had to meet predefined inclusion criteria. Finally, the research data consisted of 35 empirical studies on learning games, which were published between 1998 and 2013 and examined the use of learning games of students under 18 years old. A special coding matrix was developed in order to code both quantitative and qualitative information. At the synthesizing stage, the coded information was grouped and compared. Based on the results of this study, the learning game research focuses on the use of learning games of over seven year old students. The studies, especially, concentrated in mathematics and were mostly single teaching experiments. From the pedagogical point of view, teacher’s role was highly important when integrating learning games into teaching. Moreover, evidence supporting the use of learning games in small groups was found to enhance learning and joint knowledge creation. The pedagogical models of learning games found in the research data were often ambiguous. Thus, in the future, the research of learning games should pay more attention to the underlying pedagogical models of learning games. In addition, it should focus more on developing a pedagogical model where playing the game is merely part of the greater teaching process.

Tämän laadullisen tutkimuksen aiheena on kohteliaisuuden eri ilmausten ja muotojen opettaminen espanjan vieraan kielen oppiaineessa suomalaisissa kouluissa. Kohteliaisuus on kulttuurisidonnaisuutensa vuoksi tärkeä osa opetusta, jotta oppilaiden ja opiskelijoiden kommunikatiiviset ja pragmaattiset taidot kehittyvät kohdekielessä. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään, mitä kohteliaisuuden muotoja ja ilmaisuja espanjan vieraan kielen oppiaineessa opetetaan, kuinka paljon ja miten kohteliaisuutta opetetaan. Lisäksi tarkastellaan sitä, kuinka tärkeänä kohteliaisuuden opettamista pidetään sekä kohteliaisuuden opettamisen tämänhetkistä tilaa espanjan vieraan kielen opetuksessa. Tutkimukseni taustalla on muun muassa Leechin (1983) sekä Brownin ja Levinsonin (1987) kohteliaisuusteoriat ja Searlen (1969) teoria puheakteista. Tutkimukseni pohjautuu aiempaan tutkimukseen kohteliaisuuden opettamisesta ja oppimisesta (Landone 2009; Paloranta 2019; Brodersen 2020). Lisäksi tarkastelen, miten perusopetuksen ja lukion opetussuunnitelmien perusteet (POPS 2014; LOPS 2019) määrittävät kohteliaisuuden opettamisen osana vieraiden kielten opetusta, tavoitteita ja sisältöjä. Tutkimuksen aineisto on kerätty strukturoidun kyselylomakkeen avulla. Kyselyyn osallistui 16 espanjan vieraan kielen opettajaa. Tutkimus osoittaa, että espanjan opettajat keskittyvät opettamaan eniten pyyntöjä, anteeksipyyntöjä, tervehdyksiä, kiittämistä sekä espanjan kielen tunnuksenomaista por favor -pyynnön käyttöä. Näiden lisäksi opetetaan muun muassa myös kohteliaiden lauseiden muodostamista erilaisilla strategioilla sekä kohteliaisuuden kulttuurisidonnaisia eroavaisuuksia, kuten tervehdysten monipuolista käyttöä espanjan kielessä. Vastauksista selviää, että kohteliaisuutta opetetaan paljon ja monipuolisesti käyttäen erilaisia aktiviteetteja ja menetelmiä, joista eniten korostuvat suulliset ja kirjalliset aktiviteetit sekä kuullun ymmärtäminen. Tuloksista ilmenee, että vastaajat kokevat kohteliaisuutta opettavan tarpeeksi ja he pitävät kohteliaisuuden opettamista tärkeänä, sillä se on osa viestintää ja viestintätaitoja, kieltä ja kulttuuria. El tema de esta investigación cualitativa es la enseñanza de diferentes formas y expresiones de cortesía en el español como lengua extranjera (ELE) en escuelas y colegios finlandeses. Debido a su naturaleza cultural, la cortesía forma una parte fundamental de la enseñanza para que los aprendices desarrollen sus habilidades comunicativas y pragmáticas en la lengua meta. En este trabajo investigamos qué formas y expresiones de cortesía se enseñan, cómo y cuánto se enseña la cortesía en ELE. Asimismo, investigamos también cuánta importancia la cortesía tiene en la enseñanza y cuál es su estatus actual, con el propósito de ganar un mejor entendimiento sobre la enseñanza de la cortesía en la enseñanza de ELE. Basamos nuestra investigación en las teorías de la cortesía de Leech (1983) y Brown y Levinson (1987), y también en la teoría de los actos de habla de Searle (1969), entre otros. La investigación también se basa en los estudios anteriores sobre la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la cortesía (Landone 2009; Paloranta 2019; Brodersen 2020). Además, estudiamos cómo el Currículo nacional de educación de Finlandia (POPS 2014; LOPS 2019) define y destaca la enseñanza de la cortesía como parte de la enseñanza, los objetivos y contenidos de las lenguas extranjeras. Los datos de nuestro estudio han sido colectados mediante una encuesta estructurada. 16 profesores de español como lengua extranjera participaron en la investigación. Los resultados muestran que los profesores de ELE enseñan más peticiones, disculpas, saludos, agradecimientos y el uso de por favor. Además de estas, los participantes también enseñan, entre otros, la formación de oraciones y enunciados corteses mediante diferentes estrategias, y las diferencias culturales en cuanto a la cortesía, como el uso de los saludos en el español. Las respuestas de los participantes muestran que la cortesía se enseña mucho y a través de diversas maneras mediante el uso de diferentes actividades y métodos, de los cuales se pueden destacar las actividades orales y escritas y la comprensión de escucha. Los resultados revelan que los participantes consideran que se enseña la cortesía de manera suficiente y consideran la enseñanza de la cortesía como importante, dado que forma parte de la comunicación y las habilidades comunicativas, de la lengua y de la cultura.

The experiences of an individual build and shape his or her personality. Experiences of nature contribute considerably to the development of children’s self-esteem and self-image. It is worth bearing in mind that the children of today will become the builders and decision-makers of tomorrow and, therefore, their education is of great importance. Their attitudes and values will define the development and well-being of our society. Children’s experiences of their daily lives are a key element of this study. The study explored 5–6-year-old kindergarten children’s (n = 98) experiences of garden activities. The garden was examined as a physical, psychological, social and cognitive environment for growth and learning. The study concentrated on the children’s emotional responses that were aroused by garden activities and on the function of the garden as a social meeting place for children. A further aim of the study was to follow the development of the 5–6-year-old participants’ knowledge of the garden and nature. The children’s experiences were assessed with a drawing task, Me as a Gardener, that was supplemented with individual interviews, conducted between 2014–2015. The children’s emotional experiences and knowledge of nature were enhanced as a result of the garden activities. The activities contributed to an increase in positive experiences and self-image, especially in the case of boys, and to the development of an understanding of the effects of gardening. Based on this study can be expected to, an intentional use of the garden as a growth and learning environment encourages the growth of children in early-childhood education settings.

Objectives. The core of early childhood education activities is the interaction between early childhood education staff and toddlers, i.e., children under 3 years of age. The relevance of the interaction is especially emphasized in the basic functions. According to previous research, a child has a need to interact with other children as well as adults. The basic functions are realized in an interaction that makes it a pedagogical event. Singing can be used as a method of pedagogical interaction in basic functions. For example, singing can activate a child as a part of activities and it is also an important goal of early childhood education. The goal of this study was to find out how singing could be used as a method of pedagogical interaction in dressing and undressing situations in a toddler group. Research questions were: (1.) How does singing appear as a method of pedagogical interaction in dressing and undressing situations in a toddler group? (2.) What are the goals of singing in the usual dressing and undressing situations of pedagogical interaction in a toddler group? (3.) What are the consequences of singing as a method of interaction in dressing and undressing situations in a toddler group? Methods. This study was a qualitative interaction study. The total quantity of the video material was 1 hour 35 minutes and 1 second. The video featured moments of singing moments before and after the actual event of singing. These moments were reduced to 24 episodes which total duration was 23 minutes and 34 seconds. Multimodal interaction analysis was used in the study of the episodes. After transcribing the material, I reviewed the material in turn and did a theory-guided content analysis. Results and conclusions. Singing as a method of pedagogical interaction appeared as a diverse method. The study found four categories describing the pedagogical goal of singing: singing as a method of entertaining, a method of soothing, a method of connecting participants in pedagogical interaction, and giving undivided attention to one child. The study emphasized the pedagogical purpose of singing to entertain a child. The research revealed the diversity of singing as a method of pedagogical interaction. In the future, it should be considered what other pedagogical goals can be achieved in early childhood education through the interaction method of singing.

Goals. The aim of this study was to clarify the concept of classroom atmosphere and specify the ways how teacher can improve the classroom atmosphere. The classroom atmosphere is a multidimensional phenomenon and can be difficult to define as a concept, but which nevertheless affects everyday schoolwork. The classroom atmosphere is essential to the success of schoolwork from the point of view of both pupils and teachers. Improving the classroom atmosphere is an important part of the teachers work, so in this study I focused on the ways in which teachers can improve the classroom atmosphere. Methods. This study is a descriptive literature review. Research data consisted of seven teachers’ handbooks which introduce different ways to improve classroom atmosphere. The data was analyzed by thematizing the ways of improving the classroom atmosphere. These categories were used to discuss what kind of ways a teacher can use to improve the classroom atmosphere. Results and conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the ways to improve the classroom atmosphere are diverse and extend beyond the classroom. The data shows that teachers’ handbooks provide a variety of ways to improve the classroom atmosphere, which are in line with each other. The classroom atmosphere can be improved by managing the classroom, influencing schoolwide practices and policies, investing in school-home collaboration, practising functional exercises and games, and by advance planning. Improving the classroom atmosphere happens in similar context than social and emotional learning and it aims to similar skills than social and emotional learning.