Browsing by Subject "personhood"

This thesis examines the sociality between mushroom pickers and mushrooms in the Greater Helsinki region of Southern Finland. The focus of the thesis is on interspecies social relations and interaction, and there is an emphasis on the role of place in the material mediation of these relationships. Examining these relationships, a discussion then follows about whether these observations are enough to suggest a “mushroom personhood” in the cultural thought of mushroom enthusiasts. The thesis endeavors to further the understanding of the social interconnections of different lifeforms by examining how mushroomers and mushrooms engage with each other as well as their surroundings in the forest. The thesis is positioned within current debates over the possible causes and fixes for the global environmental crisis. The aim of the thesis is to shed light on the importance of context in mediating relationships between humans and other-than-humans, as well as to consider whether this interspecies sociality might have implications on understandings of personhood in the West. Fungi are a distinct kingdom of organisms, which include mushrooms. In this thesis, the term “mushroom” is used to refer to the visible fruiting bodies of a larger subterranean organism called the mycelium. Mushrooms are picked for sale, consumption, and various other purposes in many countries, and mushroom picking is a common hobby in Finland. The ethnographic data for this thesis was gathered through fieldwork among recreational mushroomers from the Greater Helsinki region over the period of two autumns in 2019 and 2020. This fieldwork comprised of participant observation with sixteen mushroom enthusiasts, supplemented by four recorded unstructured interviews. The ethnographic focus of the thesis is on how humans who engage in mushroom picking express their knowledge of the connections between different lifeforms, and how things like emotion, memory and experience inform their movement and decision-making in the forest. There is a special emphasis on how mushroomers speak about and to mushrooms, and how they describe their appearance and behavior. The primary theoretical framework for the thesis builds on Tim Ingold’s work in environmental anthropology, with a focus on the notion of dwelling. The dwelling perspective is employed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the interconnectedness of different lifeforms within their material environments. Special consideration is given to how the concept of “place” is created by—and conversely mediates—human–mushroom relationships. In this thesis, place is seen as a temporal concept fundamentally emergent in practice, created by an interplay of human and other-than-human activity in a material environment over time. The ethnographic evidence presented in this thesis points to significant sociality, respect, personification, and care between human mushroom pickers and mushrooms. Examples of such sociality range from the use of respectful and caring language in describing mushrooms, to directly speaking to the mushrooms themselves. Furthermore, the ethnographic data include examples of how mushroom pickers perceive mushroom behavior, appearance, and intentionality, and commonly use anthropomorphic language to describe them. The question of other-than-human personhood is discussed in relation to these observations, and the thesis suggests that mushrooms may indeed be considered relational persons within these highly social contexts. Sociality between humans and other species is often overlooked in research on Western societies, especially when it comes to fungi and other non-animals. The thesis presents an example of an attentive and respectful relationship between humans and other lifeforms within a contemporary Western sociocultural context and is thus positioned against the prevalent idea of a hyperseparation between nature and culture in the West.

This thesis focuses on the understandings of the body among contemporary dancers in the western post-modern scene. In doing so, it aims to describe the ways contemporary dancers experience thinking, mind language and agency in their bodies. Further, the aim of this thesis is to understand how this affects experiences of self and being. Examining ethnographical examples and the discussions on the body-mind relations, this thesis endeavours to further the understanding of experienced relationships between body, mind and thinking in the West. Additionally it looks at the ways through which embodied knowledge is produced, shared, and evaluated among contemporary dancers. As such, it takes a critical stance towards dualistic notions of mind and body; rational and sensed; culture and nature. In this thesis, contemporary dancers are approached as a professional category. The ethnographic data was gathered during a two and a half month fieldwork period in Berlin in the summer 2021. The fieldwork comprised of participant observation in rehearsals, festivals, workshops and weekly professional dance classes, supplemented by seven semi-structured interviews with contemporary dance artists. The field notes and interviews were accompanied by auto-ethnographic description. Further, importance for the authotrs own bodily experience and understanding was granted in building analytical understanding The theoretical framework of this thesis draws from phenomenology, discussions of body and mind, and theories of personhood. Phenomenological discussions and theories of bodily practice and sensorial anthropology are used to examine how information is embodied in dance practices, and how the idea of embodied knowledge is constructed and shared. The ethnographical evidence suggests that contemporary dancers use strategies of embodiment to articulate, transmit, and integrate meaning and language. In the second part of the analysis, the focus lies on the experiences and conceptualizations of body, mind, thinking and their relations. The experiential concept of “observing while doing” is described and discussed. Finally, this thesis considers what kinds of notions of self, personhood and agency are attained in the experience of dancing. Here, theories on dividual subjects are used to examine ethnographical findings. The analysis and ethnographical evidence in this thesis suggest that the experience of a dancing body is multiple and can be altered using strategies of embodiment. The multiplicity of the body, as well as the multiplicities of thinking and mind, are sensed through somatic modes of attention. Further, the expansion of experiential understandings of the body has led to conceptual multiplicity of the body and mind. Finally, this thesis argues that the dancing subjects are dividual in the way that their experiences and expressions are constituted by distinct embodied knowledges from their training, education, dance work, and other environments. The findings of this thesis call for reflection of the body-mind relation and notions of thinking in the West, utilizing knowledge produced by contemporary dancers attending specific perceptual awareness and notions of bodily knowledge and thinking in their work.

The thesis deals with discourses and experiences of positive parenting and ‘mother love’ in Somaliland within the context of Save the Children’s development intervention called the Parenting without Violence common approach and its parenting advising component, the positive-parenting sessions, aiming at reducing violent and humiliating punishment that children may face in their homes. The study aligns with the anthropological approaches to global development that emphasise the importance of paying attention to the multiple ideas, identities, social roles and social relations of different development actors. Through the theories of caregiving of children, motherhood, human development, personhood, governmentality, social orders and social change, the study explores the Save the Children’s policy discourses and the experiences of different development actors as they encounter and interact in some real-life situations and negotiate the diverse meanings around positive parenting and ‘mother love’, what they mean and how they are achieved. This study rests on discourse analysis of the Save the Children’s policy material as well as ethnographic fieldwork carried out in the space and facilities of the Save the Children’s country office in Hargeisa, Somaliland, during the period of one month in August 2021. Predominately, the study is based on semi-structured interviews of eight Somali mothers who had taken part in the positive-parenting sessions and three Somali community mentors who facilitated the sessions. By looking into the Somali mothers’ experiences of motherhood, the thesis contributes to the anthropological discussion about the intertwined concepts of mind, body, self and emotions. Furthermore, it seeks to point out how the emotional and embodied experiences of motherhood connect with the wider social structure in Somali context. The study suggests that the approach to human development and caregiving of children that Save the Children reproduces might be quite different from the ideas, morals and norms of the local communities, where the positive-parenting sessions are implemented. By the means of parental self-reflection, self-control and parenting advising, the positive-parenting sessions play out as a form of governmentality in a neo-liberal world, attempting to shape subjectivities and to manage the conduct of caregivers. The Somali mothers’ accounts indicate that their concept of the self is much more socially related than the Western individual concept of the self, upon which the ideological and theoretical foundations of the positive-parenting sessions are built on. Save the Children’s positive-parenting sessions, as a form of parenting advising, reflect individual mentality and they attempt to intervene with the patterns of human development, parental behaviour and emotional expression. The study argues that the Save the Children’s positive-parenting sessions’ development ideas are transferred into practice instrumentally by using Somali culture and Islam as resources for the project aims. However, when the Save the Children’s policy discourses are negotiated by the different development actors at the grassroots level, the ideas of positive parenting and ‘mother love’ achieve quite ambiguous and multiple meanings, along with the complex theorisations of culture and religion. The study shows that people live among multiple social orders and people can resist, appropriate and adopt different caregiving approaches. However, the core idea of the study is that the cultural construction of personhood, and how an individual is oriented and related with social relationships and structure must be considered in development thinking and practice if the development interventions aim at understanding the diverse approaches to human development and caregiving of children in different cultural contexts.