Browsing by Subject "päätöksenteko"
Now showing items 1-20 of 46
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(2015)Manufacturing execution systems (MES) are computer systems which are used for controlling and automating manufacturing processes. They are increasingly adapted in pharmaceutical industry. Implementation solutions differ, however, and there is no single solution which would be the optimal one for all facilities. Each manufacturing facility has their unique properties and needs which have to be reflected in the implementation. A successful MES project will bring plenty of benefits such as more efficient use of resources and automated data transfer, but the roll out phase might turn to be problematic if the processes of the organization have not been analysed thoroughly enough at decision making. This creates the need for systematic analysis of possible to-be implementation scenarios which is based on the value-drivers of the organization and considers the decision from multiple viewpoints. This study presents a holistic value driver-based framework with a mathematical weighing method to allow for a systematic and scientifically justified decision for identification of the optimal implementation depth of equipment management (EQM) in MES. A Delphi study method was utilized in this study to create the framework. The framework was developed based on literature and brainstorming sessions with experts and validated by means of a Delphi questionnaire round with expert panel consisting of professionals representing the major stakeholders of MES system in a pharmaceutical manufacturing facility. Classical additive weighing method was applied to create a mathematical basis for valuation and comparison of the scenarios. The robustness of mathematical method was tested by means of a sensitivity analysis. A benchmarking survey was done to obtain information on current implementation solutions and decisions leading to current situation. The presented method not only addresses the costs but also takes into account intangible factors. Intangible factors include aspects such as good manufacturing practice (GMP) quality and user acceptance which are not directly transferable into quantitative units but are crucial both for pharmaceutical industry and the success of the implementation project. The framework describes the decision in the form of a value tree with three main branches, namely GMP, cost and process&organization which cover the main viewpoints important for the decision. The presented method also allows the weighing of different factors according to current needs of the facility and decision in question. Hence, the presented framework leads the decision maker through a systematic and comprehensive analysis of different to-be scenarios for EQM implementation. The benchmarking survey identified three major factors of a successful MES implementation, namely effort in design phase, well-defined processes and close discussion with production. The value drivers valued highest by the expert panelists were related to GMP quality. As a use case, the presented framework was applied in a parenterals clinical manufacturing facility to evaluate six different to-be scenarios and based on the results one of them was selected by the management to be implemented. The results from the use case indicate that the framework is a valuable tool in a decision making process, and encourage the further utilization of the framework in future implementation decisions.
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(2023)Climate change impacts can substantially vary between regions, which requires regional decision-making on how to best moderate the adverse effects and seek potential benefits. However, actors can experience multiple barriers during climate change adaptation decision-making, which need to be overcome to enable more efficient and successful regional adaptation processes. This thesis aims to increase the knowledge on how actors can approach overcoming barriers to adaptation in a regional and cross-sectoral climate change adaptation decision-making process. A qualitative case study is conducted, which focuses on inspecting a regional climate change adaptation pilot project in the Finnish region of Pirkanmaa. Various regional and local actors participated to and collaborated on the project. The study constitutes of 11 expert interviews that are subjected to directed qualitative content analysis. The thesis utilises an analytical framework which leans on institutional theory and incorporates concepts from actor-centred institutionalism and empirical literature on barriers to and opportunities for adaptation, adaptive capacity, and adaptation decision-making processes. With the use of this framework, this thesis answers the research question of: What are the perceptions, preferences, and capabilities of the involved key actors regarding the regional climate change adaptation decision-making process in Pirkanmaa, Finland? This thesis discovers that the actors perceive mainly informational and institutional barriers to impede the decision-making process, in particular the understanding phase. Nevertheless, many of the barriers can be tackled during the process with both informational and institutional opportunities, in addition to social opportunities through the improvement of networks. The actors also have several preferences with regard to how the barriers should be overcome. Such preferences include clarifying the actors’ roles and responsibilities at the start of the understanding phase of decision-making, as well as ideas yet to be tested, such as unifying regional utilisation of adaptation-related data. The study does not manage to provide conclusive answers on the initial capabilities of the actors. Still, clear indications could be detected pertaining to the increase in elements of adaptive capacity, such as information, institutions, and skills, following from the numerous opportunities that the actors experienced. The explorative and descriptive results of this thesis bring new perspectives and an empirical contribution into the field of overcoming barriers to adaptation by focusing on climate change adaptation decision-making at the Finnish regional level. These findings can be used as a basis for upcoming research, but they can also be applied by various actors in designing current and upcoming climate change adaptation decision-making processes.
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(2023)Climate change impacts can substantially vary between regions, which requires regional decision-making on how to best moderate the adverse effects and seek potential benefits. However, actors can experience multiple barriers during climate change adaptation decision-making, which need to be overcome to enable more efficient and successful regional adaptation processes. This thesis aims to increase the knowledge on how actors can approach overcoming barriers to adaptation in a regional and cross-sectoral climate change adaptation decision-making process. A qualitative case study is conducted, which focuses on inspecting a regional climate change adaptation pilot project in the Finnish region of Pirkanmaa. Various regional and local actors participated to and collaborated on the project. The study constitutes of 11 expert interviews that are subjected to directed qualitative content analysis. The thesis utilises an analytical framework which leans on institutional theory and incorporates concepts from actor-centred institutionalism and empirical literature on barriers to and opportunities for adaptation, adaptive capacity, and adaptation decision-making processes. With the use of this framework, this thesis answers the research question of: What are the perceptions, preferences, and capabilities of the involved key actors regarding the regional climate change adaptation decision-making process in Pirkanmaa, Finland? This thesis discovers that the actors perceive mainly informational and institutional barriers to impede the decision-making process, in particular the understanding phase. Nevertheless, many of the barriers can be tackled during the process with both informational and institutional opportunities, in addition to social opportunities through the improvement of networks. The actors also have several preferences with regard to how the barriers should be overcome. Such preferences include clarifying the actors’ roles and responsibilities at the start of the understanding phase of decision-making, as well as ideas yet to be tested, such as unifying regional utilisation of adaptation-related data. The study does not manage to provide conclusive answers on the initial capabilities of the actors. Still, clear indications could be detected pertaining to the increase in elements of adaptive capacity, such as information, institutions, and skills, following from the numerous opportunities that the actors experienced. The explorative and descriptive results of this thesis bring new perspectives and an empirical contribution into the field of overcoming barriers to adaptation by focusing on climate change adaptation decision-making at the Finnish regional level. These findings can be used as a basis for upcoming research, but they can also be applied by various actors in designing current and upcoming climate change adaptation decision-making processes.
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(2017)Concerning immigration and refugee issues, in politics, media and research, often the focus seems to be from an administrational point of view only the asylum process. However, especially in administration, refugee reception does not end in asylum decisions. This study examines organizational decision-making and public policy formation in the case of Finnish refugee reception, after granted residence permits. Instead of political decision-making, the focus is on how the issue is dealt with before authoritative politics, on the ministry level. The particular interest is municipal refugee resettlement, complemented with questions of ministry division of labor and connections between administrational and political levels, which emerged during the analysis. The time perspective is from the 1970s, the start of modern refugee reception, until today. The theoretical background is in the bounded rationality paradigm of organizational decision-making theories. The framework is more specifically a combination of the garbage can theory by Cohen, March and Olsen, and the agendas and alternatives approach to policy formation processes by Kingdon. The study analyses general development and 11 decision situations more closely. The ministry level documents of these situations are analyzed through interpretive content analysis, with coding and a strive to thick analysis. Based on the theories, load, effectivity, access structure, participation, agenda and the problems and solutions are looked at. After reflecting the streams and structures of this considered organized anarchy, it is concluded, that the long-term development path of refugee reception administration can not be seen as a classically rational and efficient progress, but more of a coincidental, chaotic and stalled process. Changes either go back and forth, like the responsible ministry, or stay very still, like the municipal resettlement compensation system. Even though solutions claimed to address problems and despite decisions, many problems persisted and resurfaced often. Decision-making is not only an activity of solving problems, but a collection of separate streams. There were problems looking for solutions and decision situations, but also decision situations looking for problems and solutions, and solutions looking for situations and problems. According to this analysis the process and outcomes are affected by features, such as context, load and structures. The theoretical background provided suitable concepts and definitions to examine this type of ambiguous policy field, with multiple actors, problems and solutions, and complex relations to politics. The strength of this framework is especially in distinguishing elements.
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(2020)A self-driving car must be able to observe and predict behavior of other road users in the environment where the states are only partly observable. Sensor data provides accurate identification of type, location, speed, and orientation of other road users, but predicting their intentions is difficult for artificial intelligence. The problem can be solved with partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP), which provides mathematical framework for decision making in uncertain situations. Nevertheless, the challenge for POMDP is real-time computation. Solving POMDP is mathematically intractable, therefore, POMDP solvers are used for approximations that are sufficiently accurate. Additionally, scalability for adequate number of other road users is challenging for many POMDP solvers. This master thesis is a literature survey in which four research papers are analyzed. The research papers provide solution for uncertainty in self driving cars decision making using POMDP with different solver algorithms in intersection and crosswalk scenarios.
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(2020)The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effects of the first hit in a round of mixed martial arts competition. The theoretical background comes from theories of psychological momentum. Following these theories, if the first hit is a robust starting point for positive and/or negative psychological momentum, the effect should show in the amount of hitting following the first attack. Perspectives for both self defence and combat sports are considered. Psychological momentum as a phenomenon remains controversial. It has previously been investigated in sports contexts where the opposing player’s actions have an effect on the other player. In a mixed martial arts match that effect is more immediate due to the physical proximity of the fighters to each other. Data was gathered both by viewing Ultimate Fighting Championships matches and from the Fight Metric website, which holds records for all Ultimate Fighting Championships matches. The data consists of a total of 104 matches. A series of linear mixed models is fitted to predict the first attacker’s total strikes based on the opponent’s reaction, and a contrast analysis is used to compare the conditions based on reaction. The main result is that on the third round of the match, if the fighter who hits first is blocked, he or she will hit more during that round. The conclusion is that the fighter attacking first strikes more if his or her attack is blocked, but only on the third round. While this implies that the third round is different from the first two, the reason for that is unclear. This finding can be used to inform combat sports coaches’ strategies, and should motivate further investigations to the significance of the first attack in both self defence situations and in combat sports.
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(2020)The aim of this thesis is to investigate the effects of the first hit in a round of mixed martial arts competition. The theoretical background comes from theories of psychological momentum. Following these theories, if the first hit is a robust starting point for positive and/or negative psychological momentum, the effect should show in the amount of hitting following the first attack. Perspectives for both self defence and combat sports are considered. Psychological momentum as a phenomenon remains controversial. It has previously been investigated in sports contexts where the opposing player’s actions have an effect on the other player. In a mixed martial arts match that effect is more immediate due to the physical proximity of the fighters to each other. Data was gathered both by viewing Ultimate Fighting Championships matches and from the Fight Metric website, which holds records for all Ultimate Fighting Championships matches. The data consists of a total of 104 matches. A series of linear mixed models is fitted to predict the first attacker’s total strikes based on the opponent’s reaction, and a contrast analysis is used to compare the conditions based on reaction. The main result is that on the third round of the match, if the fighter who hits first is blocked, he or she will hit more during that round. The conclusion is that the fighter attacking first strikes more if his or her attack is blocked, but only on the third round. While this implies that the third round is different from the first two, the reason for that is unclear. This finding can be used to inform combat sports coaches’ strategies, and should motivate further investigations to the significance of the first attack in both self defence situations and in combat sports.
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(2013)Perinteisissä tavoissa mallintaa dynaamista valintaa on merkittäviä puutteita; eksponentiaaliseen diskonttaukseen perustuvat mallit ovat huonosti sopusoinnussa empiiristen havaintojen kanssa, hyperbolisen diskonttauksen malleilta puolestaan puuttuu psykologinen pohja, ja ne soveltuvat dynaamisen epäjohdonmukaisuuden takia huonosti hyvinvointianalyysin perustaksi. Päätöksentekijän sisäisen konfliktin lähtökohdakseen ottavat monipersoonaiset mallit kärsivät puutteellisesta formalisoinnista, lievästä psykologisesta epätarkkuudesta sekä kyvyttömyydestä tuottaa testattavia ennusteita käyttäytymiselle. Faruk Gulin ja Wolfgang Pesendorferin kaksivaiheinen malli, jossa päätöksentekijä valitsee ensimmäisessä vaiheessa vaihtoehtojoukon ja toisessa vaiheessa tästä joukosta kulutusvaihtoehdon, mahdollistaa päätöksentekijän kokemien houkutusten eksplisiittisen mallintamisen. Tämä johtaa psykologisesti tarkempaan malliin, jossa päätöksentekijä pystyy paitsi sitoutumaan ennakolta myös kulutusajanhetkellä vastustamaan houkutuksia harjoittamalla itsekuria. Vaikka päätöksentekijä harjoittaisikin onnistuneesti itsekuria, hän saattaa silti haluta myös sitoutua suppeampaan valintajoukkoon, koska itsekurin harjoittamisesta aiheutuu kustannuksia. Niiden seurauksena päätöksentekijä valitsee vaihtoehdon, joka on kompromissi normatiivisesta hyvyydestä ja houkuttelevuudesta. Mallissa siis sitoutumisen halun syynä ovat preferenssien muuttumisen sijaan päätöksentekijän tulevaisuudessa kokemat houkutukset. Tarkastelemalla toisen vaiheen preferenssejä riittävän laajassa joukossa päätöksentekijä saadaan mallinnettua dynaamisesti johdonmukaisena, mikä mahdollistaa yksiselitteisen hyvinvointivaikutusten arvioinnin. Mallilla osoitetaan myös olevan peliteoriaan perustuva yhteys monipersoonaisiin malleihin. Gulin ja Pesendorferin malli on kuitenkin vain lähtökohta, jossa on useita yksinkertaistuksia. Eräs sellainen on, että päätöksentekijä kärsii vain yhdestä houkutuksesta kerrallaan, ja vaihtoehtojoukko vaikuttaaa hänen valintaansa vain houkuttelevimman vaihtoehdon kautta. Lisäksi päätöksentekijä tietää, minkä laatuisista ja kuinka voimakkaista houkutuksista tulee tulevaisuudessa kärsimään. Näiden ominaisuuksien seurauksena päätöksentekijän toisen vaiheen valintakäyttäytyminen on riittävän säännönmukaista toteuttaakseen paljastettujen preferenssien heikon aksiooman. Perusmallille esitetäänkin laajennuksia, jotka heikentävät oletuksia mahdollistaen vähemmän säännönmukaisen käyttäytymisen. Näihin laajennuksiin kuuluu vaihtoehtojoukosta riippuvan itsekurin malli, jossa kyky harjoittaa itsekuria heikkenee voimakkaampien houkutusten läsnäollessa. Tällä mallilla pystytään selittämään Allaisn paradoksin tyyppistä käyttäytymistä. Toinen laajennus käsittelee tilannetta, jossa päätöksentekijä ei tiedä, mitä houkutuksia tulevaisuudessa kokee tai kuinka voimakkaita nämä ovat. Malli mahdollistaa myös useamman samanaikaisen houkutuksen kokemisen. Lisäksi esitetään kaksivaiheisen mallin laajennus äärettömän monen periodin tilanteeseen, jolloin mallin sovellettavuus paranee. Esimerkki näiden sovellusten tuloksista on se, että houkutuksista kärsivien päätöksentekijöiden käyttäminen kilpailullisissa yleisen tasapainon malleissa saattaa tuottaa tasapainoja, jotka eivät ole Pareto-tehokkaita. Lopuksi kehotetaan jatkamaan tutkimussuunnan kehittämistä tarkastelemalla useita samanaikaisia psykologisia ilmiöitä yhdessä houkutusten kanssa sekä monipuolistamaan itsekurin harjoittamisen kyvyn riippuvuutta valintajoukosta. Näin voitaisiin mahdollisesti lisätä ymmärrystä muun muassa stressitilanteiden synnystä ja niiden hyvinvointivaikutuksista.
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(2023)Indirect reciprocity is a mechanism of cooperation between self-interested agents in which an individual helps another in order to gain a cooperative reputation, and is then rewarded by third-parties who conditionally help those who have helped others. Social Heuristics Hypothesis, an application of dual-process models to cooperation decisions, states that intuitive decision-making defaults to decisions that are typically beneficial in social interactions, whereas deliberative decisions are fitted more accurately to the specific features of the present situation. Drawing on these two models of social behaviour, the present studies hypothesised that promoting intuitive decision-making results in more reciprocal helping and cooperation decisions. Two pre-registered online-studies (total N = 487) did not support the hypothesis. While indirect reciprocity was observed, a time pressure manipulation designed to increase intuitive versus deliberative decision-making processes did not have the predicted effects in a Dictator game or Prisoner’s Dilemma with partners who had been either fair or selfish in an earlier Dictator game with a third-party player. Additionally, Cognitive Reflection Test scores failed to predict the reciprocity observed. Explorative analysis showed that, contrary to hypothesis, contributions to partners who had been selfish were higher in time pressure treatment versus a treatment where participants were made to wait before submitting their decisions. This finding could potentially be explained by social heuristics that promote signalling one’s cooperative qualities instead of indirect reciprocity. The predictions of Social Heuristics Hypothesis have been under active interest and dispute during the last decade, and the present studies contribute to an unstudied field of Social Heuristics Hypothesis in the domain of indirect reciprocity.
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(2023)Indirect reciprocity is a mechanism of cooperation between self-interested agents in which an individual helps another in order to gain a cooperative reputation, and is then rewarded by third-parties who conditionally help those who have helped others. Social Heuristics Hypothesis, an application of dual-process models to cooperation decisions, states that intuitive decision-making defaults to decisions that are typically beneficial in social interactions, whereas deliberative decisions are fitted more accurately to the specific features of the present situation. Drawing on these two models of social behaviour, the present studies hypothesised that promoting intuitive decision-making results in more reciprocal helping and cooperation decisions. Two pre-registered online-studies (total N = 487) did not support the hypothesis. While indirect reciprocity was observed, a time pressure manipulation designed to increase intuitive versus deliberative decision-making processes did not have the predicted effects in a Dictator game or Prisoner’s Dilemma with partners who had been either fair or selfish in an earlier Dictator game with a third-party player. Additionally, Cognitive Reflection Test scores failed to predict the reciprocity observed. Explorative analysis showed that, contrary to hypothesis, contributions to partners who had been selfish were higher in time pressure treatment versus a treatment where participants were made to wait before submitting their decisions. This finding could potentially be explained by social heuristics that promote signalling one’s cooperative qualities instead of indirect reciprocity. The predictions of Social Heuristics Hypothesis have been under active interest and dispute during the last decade, and the present studies contribute to an unstudied field of Social Heuristics Hypothesis in the domain of indirect reciprocity.
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(2015)People tend to first look evenly at both objects when they are making a decision between them. Gaze starts to get directed more to the object which is eventually chosen before selecting it consciously. One explanation for the phenomenon is the gaze cascade model, which states, that directing of gaze is related to making decisions based on preference. It also states that the gaze bias is influenced by cognitive models people have about the perceived stimulus. Gaze bias should be greater the less one has previous experience, i.e. cognitive models about the objects. This study evaluates these two assumptions by the gaze cascade model. 64 subjects participated in the experiment from which 54 subjects' data was used in the final analysis (average age 27.7, range 18–47 years). Stimuli consisted from images of cheese packages which are sold in Finland, images of cheese packages sold abroad and abstract images. The assumption was that the subjects would have most cognitive models about the packages sold in Finland, the second most about the packages sold abroad and least about the abstract images. Subjects made choices about the stimuli by preference, size and ecology. Direction of gaze during decision making was recorded with gaze tracking goggles. Likelihood that the subjects were looking at the stimulus which they chose was estimated for 53 sampling points, 1.77 seconds before the conscious decision. Likelihood scores were fitted to sigmoid functions by least square method. The amount of gaze bias during different decision making instructions and stimuli was compared with a two sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Gaze bias was greater the less subjects had previous experience about the stimuli. Large gaze bias was perceived also in other tasks than preference selection. For this reason gaze cascade model does not seem to provide a good explanation for gaze bias during decision making. There was also found an interaction between the used decision criteria and stimulus type. Earlier studies have usually focused on examining either the effect of the decision criteria or the used stimulus type to the gaze bias. This study shows that the interaction between decision criteria and stimulus type should be taken into consideration when examining the gaze bias during decision making. One possible explanation for the interaction might be the difficultness of the choice. Gaze bias during decision making might be especially related to situations where the difference between two stimuli evaluated by given criteria is very small.
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(2023)Tutkielman tavoitteena on täydentää kuvaa julkishallinnon hyödyntämistä ulkopuolisista asiantuntijoista sekä selvittää, minkälaista tietoa selvityshankkeissa tuotetaan päätöksenteon tueksi. Tutkielmaa ohjaa tutkimuskysymys ”Minkälaisena tiedontuotannon ja päätöksenteon suhde hahmottuu valtiorahoitteisessa selvitystoiminnassa?”. Tätä pääasiallista tutkimuskysymystä lähestytään kolmen alakysymyksen kautta: 1. Millaisiin tarpeisiin vastaamisella tiedontuotannon ulkoistamista perustellaan? 2. Miten ulkopuoliset asiantuntijat asemoituvat osaksi päätöksenteon valmistelua? 3. Minkälaisin menetelmin ja käytännöin ulkopuoliset asiantuntijat tuottavat tietoa julkishallinnolle? Tutkielman aineisto koostuu kuudesta puolistrukturoidusta asiantuntijahaastattelusta ja Demos Helsingin toimistolla järjestetystä keskustelutilaisuudesta. Tapausesimerkiksi valittiin valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoimintaan (VN TEAS) kuuluva hanke ”Sosiaaliturvan indikaattorit hyvinvointitaloudessa – ohjausmalli päätöksentekoon ja seurantaan”, jonka ohjausryhmän ja konsortion jäsenistä haastateltavat valittiin. Aineisto analysoitiin Atlas.ti-ohjelmalla laadullisen sisällönanalyysin keinoin. Analyysi eteni koodauksesta teemoitteluun ja neljän ulkopuolisen asiantuntijan tyypin luomiseen. Ulkopuolisten asiantuntijoiden tyypit kuvaavat eri piirteitä, tehtäviä tai työkaluja, joita ulkopuolisilla asiantuntijoilla on käytettävissään. Tutkielmassa tunnistetut neljä tyyppiä ovat Käytännön osaaja, Verkostoituja, Yhteiskunnallinen vaikuttaja ja Visionääri. Ulkopuolisten asiantuntijoiden neljä tyyppiä vastaavat neljää tiedontuotannon tavoitetta: tiedon hyödynnettävyys, tiedon sosiaalinen vankkuus, tiedon poliittinen vaikuttavuus, ja uusilla ajatuksilla herättely. Tutkielman tulosten perusteella tiedontuotannon odotetaan vastaavan monenlaisiin tarpeisiin julkishallinnossa ja tarjoavan päätöksenteon tueksi uusia ajatuksia ja osaamista, johon julkishallinnolla ei muuten olisi pääsyä. Tiedontuotannon hyödyntäminen ei ole niinkään instrumentaalista kuin käsitteellistä, vuorovaikutuksellista ja symbolista.
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(2023)Tutkielman tavoitteena on täydentää kuvaa julkishallinnon hyödyntämistä ulkopuolisista asiantuntijoista sekä selvittää, minkälaista tietoa selvityshankkeissa tuotetaan päätöksenteon tueksi. Tutkielmaa ohjaa tutkimuskysymys ”Minkälaisena tiedontuotannon ja päätöksenteon suhde hahmottuu valtiorahoitteisessa selvitystoiminnassa?”. Tätä pääasiallista tutkimuskysymystä lähestytään kolmen alakysymyksen kautta: 1. Millaisiin tarpeisiin vastaamisella tiedontuotannon ulkoistamista perustellaan? 2. Miten ulkopuoliset asiantuntijat asemoituvat osaksi päätöksenteon valmistelua? 3. Minkälaisin menetelmin ja käytännöin ulkopuoliset asiantuntijat tuottavat tietoa julkishallinnolle? Tutkielman aineisto koostuu kuudesta puolistrukturoidusta asiantuntijahaastattelusta ja Demos Helsingin toimistolla järjestetystä keskustelutilaisuudesta. Tapausesimerkiksi valittiin valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimustoimintaan (VN TEAS) kuuluva hanke ”Sosiaaliturvan indikaattorit hyvinvointitaloudessa – ohjausmalli päätöksentekoon ja seurantaan”, jonka ohjausryhmän ja konsortion jäsenistä haastateltavat valittiin. Aineisto analysoitiin Atlas.ti-ohjelmalla laadullisen sisällönanalyysin keinoin. Analyysi eteni koodauksesta teemoitteluun ja neljän ulkopuolisen asiantuntijan tyypin luomiseen. Ulkopuolisten asiantuntijoiden tyypit kuvaavat eri piirteitä, tehtäviä tai työkaluja, joita ulkopuolisilla asiantuntijoilla on käytettävissään. Tutkielmassa tunnistetut neljä tyyppiä ovat Käytännön osaaja, Verkostoituja, Yhteiskunnallinen vaikuttaja ja Visionääri. Ulkopuolisten asiantuntijoiden neljä tyyppiä vastaavat neljää tiedontuotannon tavoitetta: tiedon hyödynnettävyys, tiedon sosiaalinen vankkuus, tiedon poliittinen vaikuttavuus, ja uusilla ajatuksilla herättely. Tutkielman tulosten perusteella tiedontuotannon odotetaan vastaavan monenlaisiin tarpeisiin julkishallinnossa ja tarjoavan päätöksenteon tueksi uusia ajatuksia ja osaamista, johon julkishallinnolla ei muuten olisi pääsyä. Tiedontuotannon hyödyntäminen ei ole niinkään instrumentaalista kuin käsitteellistä, vuorovaikutuksellista ja symbolista.
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(2022)The aim of my thesis was to find out how the tray of the optional subjects was shaped in the upper secondary school and what things influenced to the process of making the tray of the optional subjects. The second aim of this thesis was to find out which reasons pupils had for choosing or not choosing home economics as an optional subject. Home economics is a subject that typically ends as a common subject in the spring of year 7. At the end of this the development of household skills at school is left to the optional home economics’ hands. The aim of this work is to help home economics teachers to find ways to motivate students to con-tinue studying home economics more often. My research questions in this thesis were: 1. How are the tray of optional subjects formed in the upper secondary school? 2. How do pupils justify their choices to choose or not to choose home economics as an optional subject in secondary school? For the first research question, I interviewed the headmaster of a school in southern Finland, who brought an education provider’s perspective to the topic. On the basis of head-master’s answers, I outlined the process of creating the tray of the optional subjects. To answer the second research question, I interviewed ten pupils from the same school. They had made elective choices in secondary school. I analysed the interview data using content analysis by making reduced expressions from the quotations and gathering different categories from them. Finally, I examined the differences between the responses of students who had chosen home economics and those who had chosen something else than home economics. The process of forming the tray of optional subjects was initiated by the need to make changes which were caused by the reform of the national curriculum. National curriculum, local policies, pupils’ interests and future competence needs guided the develop-ment process of optional subjects’ tray. Pupils’ choices of optional subjects were most influ-enced by their own interest in learning and their experience of subjects they liked. Differences between those who chose home economics and those who chose something else than home economics were found in how stressful or easy they found home economics lessons and how good they perceived their own home economics skills to be. Pupils wanted optional subjects to be relaxing and meaningful for themselves.
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(2022)The aim of my thesis was to find out how the tray of the optional subjects was shaped in the upper secondary school and what things influenced to the process of making the tray of the optional subjects. The second aim of this thesis was to find out which reasons pupils had for choosing or not choosing home economics as an optional subject. Home economics is a subject that typically ends as a common subject in the spring of year 7. At the end of this the development of household skills at school is left to the optional home economics’ hands. The aim of this work is to help home economics teachers to find ways to motivate students to con-tinue studying home economics more often. My research questions in this thesis were: 1. How are the tray of optional subjects formed in the upper secondary school? 2. How do pupils justify their choices to choose or not to choose home economics as an optional subject in secondary school? For the first research question, I interviewed the headmaster of a school in southern Finland, who brought an education provider’s perspective to the topic. On the basis of head-master’s answers, I outlined the process of creating the tray of the optional subjects. To answer the second research question, I interviewed ten pupils from the same school. They had made elective choices in secondary school. I analysed the interview data using content analysis by making reduced expressions from the quotations and gathering different categories from them. Finally, I examined the differences between the responses of students who had chosen home economics and those who had chosen something else than home economics. The process of forming the tray of optional subjects was initiated by the need to make changes which were caused by the reform of the national curriculum. National curriculum, local policies, pupils’ interests and future competence needs guided the develop-ment process of optional subjects’ tray. Pupils’ choices of optional subjects were most influ-enced by their own interest in learning and their experience of subjects they liked. Differences between those who chose home economics and those who chose something else than home economics were found in how stressful or easy they found home economics lessons and how good they perceived their own home economics skills to be. Pupils wanted optional subjects to be relaxing and meaningful for themselves.
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(2022)Aim of the study: Risk-sensitive foraging theory (RSFT) is an evolutionary-biological theory of how animals should choose in uncertain foraging situations for the choice to be beneficial for survival and reproduction. When having low energy budget, a more risky choice would be beneficial, and when having high energy budget, one should avoid a risky decision. There is no one, exhaustive model for risk-sensitive behavior, RSFT being just one of them. It has earlier been established that dependence disorders have common factors causing harm, non-specific to drug, and alcohol use is associated with gambling, both through shared genetic and environmental factors, and directly, and this association might be mediated by risk taking. Also, differences in risk taking behavior are rather individual based than species related. It has even been found that heroin-dependent individuals favor more risky choices over certain ones when in need of the drug. The aim of this study was to find out whether RSFT is suitable for describing the risk taking related to gambling. Methods: The sample was from Gambling Impact and Behavior Study survey data, which was collected by random-digit dial method in USA in 1997–1999. Economical aspect of energy budget was operationalized as household income, mental aspect of energy budget as gambling problem (measured by NODS, scale 0–10), and the decision to risk as money spent on gambling. Respondents with missing values in any of the variables were excluded resulting in a final sample size of 893 individuals. It was examined if household income and gambling problem were associated with money spent on gambling. A general linear model was fitted to the sample. Results: A general liner model seemed to fit to the sample. The income variable didn’t improve the model, but gambling problem did. Moreover, income and gambling problem had a significant interaction. Only with a few exceptions, people played more money in higher income classes and with a more severe gambling problem. People played a little money in every income class even with no gambling problem at all. On the other hand, when the gambling problem was severe, it affected the amount spent on gambling more in high income classes than in lower ones. People in the lowest income classes spent nearly the same amount with severe than with no gambling problem. Conclusions: The results give mixed implications of whether RSFT describes the risk taking related to gambling, which might be due to the unprecise definition of variables and methods of analysis, and other methodological aspects specific to gambling. The twin threshold model holds more promise than the traditional model of RSFT: when both economical and mental energy budgets are low, risk is avoided in gambling (survival threshold), but when economical energy budget is high risk is favored, which however, comes short as the definition of reproductive threshold in the context of gambling. A further examination is advised before making firm conclusions. Most importantly, gambling and gambling problems might be better understood from other perspectives.
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(2022)Aim of the study: Risk-sensitive foraging theory (RSFT) is an evolutionary-biological theory of how animals should choose in uncertain foraging situations for the choice to be beneficial for survival and reproduction. When having low energy budget, a more risky choice would be beneficial, and when having high energy budget, one should avoid a risky decision. There is no one, exhaustive model for risk-sensitive behavior, RSFT being just one of them. It has earlier been established that dependence disorders have common factors causing harm, non-specific to drug, and alcohol use is associated with gambling, both through shared genetic and environmental factors, and directly, and this association might be mediated by risk taking. Also, differences in risk taking behavior are rather individual based than species related. It has even been found that heroin-dependent individuals favor more risky choices over certain ones when in need of the drug. The aim of this study was to find out whether RSFT is suitable for describing the risk taking related to gambling. Methods: The sample was from Gambling Impact and Behavior Study survey data, which was collected by random-digit dial method in USA in 1997–1999. Economical aspect of energy budget was operationalized as household income, mental aspect of energy budget as gambling problem (measured by NODS, scale 0–10), and the decision to risk as money spent on gambling. Respondents with missing values in any of the variables were excluded resulting in a final sample size of 893 individuals. It was examined if household income and gambling problem were associated with money spent on gambling. A general linear model was fitted to the sample. Results: A general liner model seemed to fit to the sample. The income variable didn’t improve the model, but gambling problem did. Moreover, income and gambling problem had a significant interaction. Only with a few exceptions, people played more money in higher income classes and with a more severe gambling problem. People played a little money in every income class even with no gambling problem at all. On the other hand, when the gambling problem was severe, it affected the amount spent on gambling more in high income classes than in lower ones. People in the lowest income classes spent nearly the same amount with severe than with no gambling problem. Conclusions: The results give mixed implications of whether RSFT describes the risk taking related to gambling, which might be due to the unprecise definition of variables and methods of analysis, and other methodological aspects specific to gambling. The twin threshold model holds more promise than the traditional model of RSFT: when both economical and mental energy budgets are low, risk is avoided in gambling (survival threshold), but when economical energy budget is high risk is favored, which however, comes short as the definition of reproductive threshold in the context of gambling. A further examination is advised before making firm conclusions. Most importantly, gambling and gambling problems might be better understood from other perspectives.
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(2012)Tämä pro gradu -tutkimus tarkastelee Suomen lääkepolitiikan tekoa ja sitä ohjaavia tekijöitä ja toimijoita. Lääkealan nopea kehittyminen, sekä kansainvälisten lääkeyritysten kilpailu ja patenttioikeudet ovat aiheuttaneet lääkkeiden hinnoissa voimakasta kasvua. Korkean tulotason hyvinvointiyhteiskunnissa, joissa valtion tulisi pyrkiä takaamaan lääkehoidon saatavuus kaikille kansalaisille, aiheuttavat kasvavat lääkekustannukset valtiolle ristiriidan. Miten voidaan taata mahdollisimman hyvä hoito sairaille ja uusimpien lääkkeiden saatavuus kaikille niitä tarvitseville ja samalla varmistaa hoidosta saadun hyödyn kustannustehokkuus? Tutkimuksessa on tarkasteltu lääkkeiden kustannuskorvattavuuden päätösprosessia poliittisessa ja julkisessa keskustelussa. Pääasiallinen aineisto koostuu päätöksentekoprosessiin keskeisesti osallistuvien toimijoiden haastatteluista (sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön lääkkeiden hintalautakunta, potilasjärjestö, lääkeyritys). Konfliktia ja sitä kuvastavia arvomaailmoja on analysoitu tutkimuksessa käyttämällä Luc Boltanskin ja Laurent TMvenoen oikeutusanalyysiä. Päätöksentekoprosessia muokkaavia arvoja on pyritty hahmottamaan analysoimalla, mitä oikeutusten valtapiirejä ja niihin liittyviä arvomaailmoja haastateltavat käyttävät oikeuttaessaan näkemyksiään hyvästä lääkepolitiikasta. Haastateltavien tavasta oikeuttaa heidän näkemyksensä mukaan hyvää lääkepolitiikkaa ja heidän tavasta kohdistaa kritiikkiä muihin toimijoihin, voidaan nähdä toimijoiden käsitys tämänhetkisistä, yleisyhteiskunnallisesti hyväksytyistä tavoitteista ja arvoista. Analyysissä tarkastellaan, miten toimijat käyttävät strategisesti yleisyhteiskunnallisesti hyväksyttäviä arvoja ja tavoitteita oikeuttaessaan omia tavoitteitaan. Tutkimustyön perusteella voidaan todeta, että kansalaisten keskuudessa terveydenhoitoon liittyvä arvomaailma pohjautuu yhteisvastuuseen ja sairaista kollektiiviseen huolenpitoon parhain mahdollisin keinoin. Lääketeollisuutta ohjaa kuitenkin markkinaliberalismin periaatteet; lääkkeiden hinta muodostuu kysynnän ja tarjonnan pohjalta. Konflikti syntyy, kun julkisia varoja hallinnoivien toimijoiden on tasapainoteltava rajallisen julkisen hankintakapasiteetin ja hyvinvointiyhteiskunnan jatkuvuuden välillä. Lääkepolitiikkaa ja etenkin kustannuskorvattavuuksia näyttäisi ympäröivän läpinäkyvyyden puute, yleinen epäluottamus toimijoiden välillä, sekä epävarmuus toimijoiden tavoitteista. Tutkimuksen tarkoitus on lisätä lääkkeiden kustannuskorvattavuuden, ja ylipäätään lääkepolitiikkaan osallistuvien toimijoiden mahdollisuuksia ymmärtää toistensa lähtökohtia ja tavoitteita, sekä edistää toimijoiden välistä yhteistyötä.
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(2020)On paljon tutkittua tietoa siitä, miten ohjelmistotuotannossa saadaan tuotettua laatua. Korkeaan laatuun tähtääminen ei kuitenkaan ole itsestäänselvyys: tutkijan kokemuksen mukaan IT:n ja liiketoiminnan rajapinnassa tehdään toistuvasti päätöksiä, joiden myötä laadun ideaaleista joustetaan. Lisäksi laatuun saattavat vaikuttaa tiedostamatta tehdyt ratkaisut ja matkan varrella kohdatut yllätykset. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa laatua haastavia ilmiöitä ohjelmistotuotannon päätöksenteossa ja tuoda siten uutta näkökulmaa alalla laadusta käytävään keskusteluun. Konkreettisina tavoitteina oli tunnistaa ja käsitteellistää kyseisiä ilmiöitä ja selvittää niiden esiintyvyyttä valikoiduissa ohjelmistotuotannon viitekehyksissä. Tutkimuksen tietoperusta muodostettiin laatua, IT:n hallinnointia ja päätöksentekoa käsittelevästä kirjallisuudesta sekä seuraavista ohjelmistotuotannon viitekehyksistä: ISO/IEC 250nn -laatustandardisarja SQuaRE, COBIT, IT4IT, TOGAF, SWEBOK, PMBOK. Tutkimuksen menetelmälliseksi lähtökohdaksi valittiin laadullinen tutkimusote. Aineisto kerättiin haastattelemalla kuutta pitkään IT-alalla eri tehtävissä työskennellyttä asiantuntijaa. Menetelmänä hyödynnettiin teemahaastattelua, ja aineisto analysoitiin sisällönanalyysin keinoin. Analyysin tuloksena löydettiin joukko laatua haastavia ilmiöitä, jotka käsitteellistettiin ja ryhmiteltiin kahdeksaksi kokonaisuudeksi: niukkuus, tiedon määrä ja laatu, tekninen velka, ulkoisen ympäristön muutos, tietojärjestelmän kriittisyys, tulevaisuudenkestävyys, omistajuus ja proaktiivisuus sekä kognitiiviset vinoumat. Käsitteiden muodostamisessa ja tulosten syventämisessä hyödynnettiin ilmiöihin liittyvää kirjallisuutta. Jälkimmäisessä vaiheessa käsitteitä peilattiin ohjelmistotuotannon viitekehyksiin. Keskeinen tulos oli, että työn arjessa kohdataan ohjelmistotuotannon laatuun vaikuttavia ilmiöitä, joita valitut viitekehykset eivät tunnista. Erityisesti tekninen velka ja kognitiiviset vinoumat ovat laajalti tunnettuja ja tutkittuja ilmiöitä, joita tarkastelun kohteeksi valituissa viitekehyksissä ei kuitenkaan käsitellä. Tutkimus toimii yhdenlaisena alkukartoituksena laatua haastaviin ilmiöihin ohjelmistotuotannon päätöksenteossa. Sen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää IT:n ja liiketoiminnan yhteistyön tukena. Jatkotutkimusehdotuksena esitetään muun muassa löydettyjen ilmiöiden tarkastelemista syvemmin omina kokonaisuuksinaan.
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(2020)On paljon tutkittua tietoa siitä, miten ohjelmistotuotannossa saadaan tuotettua laatua. Korkeaan laatuun tähtääminen ei kuitenkaan ole itsestäänselvyys: tutkijan kokemuksen mukaan IT:n ja liiketoiminnan rajapinnassa tehdään toistuvasti päätöksiä, joiden myötä laadun ideaaleista joustetaan. Lisäksi laatuun saattavat vaikuttaa tiedostamatta tehdyt ratkaisut ja matkan varrella kohdatut yllätykset. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa laatua haastavia ilmiöitä ohjelmistotuotannon päätöksenteossa ja tuoda siten uutta näkökulmaa alalla laadusta käytävään keskusteluun. Konkreettisina tavoitteina oli tunnistaa ja käsitteellistää kyseisiä ilmiöitä ja selvittää niiden esiintyvyyttä valikoiduissa ohjelmistotuotannon viitekehyksissä. Tutkimuksen tietoperusta muodostettiin laatua, IT:n hallinnointia ja päätöksentekoa käsittelevästä kirjallisuudesta sekä seuraavista ohjelmistotuotannon viitekehyksistä: ISO/IEC 250nn -laatustandardisarja SQuaRE, COBIT, IT4IT, TOGAF, SWEBOK, PMBOK. Tutkimuksen menetelmälliseksi lähtökohdaksi valittiin laadullinen tutkimusote. Aineisto kerättiin haastattelemalla kuutta pitkään IT-alalla eri tehtävissä työskennellyttä asiantuntijaa. Menetelmänä hyödynnettiin teemahaastattelua, ja aineisto analysoitiin sisällönanalyysin keinoin. Analyysin tuloksena löydettiin joukko laatua haastavia ilmiöitä, jotka käsitteellistettiin ja ryhmiteltiin kahdeksaksi kokonaisuudeksi: niukkuus, tiedon määrä ja laatu, tekninen velka, ulkoisen ympäristön muutos, tietojärjestelmän kriittisyys, tulevaisuudenkestävyys, omistajuus ja proaktiivisuus sekä kognitiiviset vinoumat. Käsitteiden muodostamisessa ja tulosten syventämisessä hyödynnettiin ilmiöihin liittyvää kirjallisuutta. Jälkimmäisessä vaiheessa käsitteitä peilattiin ohjelmistotuotannon viitekehyksiin. Keskeinen tulos oli, että työn arjessa kohdataan ohjelmistotuotannon laatuun vaikuttavia ilmiöitä, joita valitut viitekehykset eivät tunnista. Erityisesti tekninen velka ja kognitiiviset vinoumat ovat laajalti tunnettuja ja tutkittuja ilmiöitä, joita tarkastelun kohteeksi valituissa viitekehyksissä ei kuitenkaan käsitellä. Tutkimus toimii yhdenlaisena alkukartoituksena laatua haastaviin ilmiöihin ohjelmistotuotannon päätöksenteossa. Sen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää IT:n ja liiketoiminnan yhteistyön tukena. Jatkotutkimusehdotuksena esitetään muun muassa löydettyjen ilmiöiden tarkastelemista syvemmin omina kokonaisuuksinaan.
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