Browsing by Subject "sedimentit"

The Baltic Sea is a vulnerable marine environment and susceptible to pollution. The situation is especially severe in the Gulf of Finland due to a large catchment area compared to the size of the Gulf. The north eastern Gulf of Finland has been described as one of the most contaminated areas of the entire Baltic Sea, with extensive pollution load via river Kymi in the past. Still today, the currents bring contaminants from the eastern part of the Gulf – the Neva estuary and the Bay of Viborg. The concentrations of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd, Sb, Hg, Pb, Bi and La were studied in the surface sediments and three GEMAX cores. The vertical distribution revealed the temporal change in the metal accumulation. The spike in the Cs concentration, indicating the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, enabled the estimation of the accumulation of studied elements over time. The horizontal distribution maps based on the concentrations in the surface sediments enabled the discovery of the sites with most intense metal accumulation. Correlation coefficients showed the effect of carbon and sediment grain size in the distribution of metals. The comparison of the metal concentrations to the natural background levels and the Canadian sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) enabled the estimation of the degree of contamination of the area. The metal concentrations have declined during the last decades in the north eastern Gulf of Finland, indicating lower contamination input towards present day. However, in the oxidized Ravijoki core, the decline was not that obvious, probably due to metal scavenging by Fe and Mn oxides and bioturbation. The regional metal distribution was strongly affected by the grain size and carbon – most metals showed high positive correlations with carbon and finer sediment fraction. Mn was an exception, showing negative correlations with both carbon and clay, probably due to the Mn reduction at sites with high organic matter accumulation. The regional distribution pattern suggested main Cd pollution arriving from the eastern part of the Gulf. The distribution of Hg, Mo, Cu and Zn also suggested a possible source in the east. High concentrations of Hg, Pb and Cu were discovered in the outlets of river Kymi. According to the Canadian SQGs, the sediments in the north-eastern Gulf of Finland were contaminated. The situation is especially severe in the case of Zn – the higher reference value PEL, above which adverse biological effects frequently occur, was exceeded even in the oxidized Ravijoki sediments. The highest concentrations of the elements with defined SQGs (Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu, Hg, Pb and As) exceeded the lower reference values in the surface sediments, indicating that all these metals could, at least locally, pose a severe threat to benthic species.

The ambition of the agricultural environmental programme is to reduce nutrient load, because greater part of the diffuse loading of phosphorus is caused by agriculture. A eutrophic influence of the phosphorus in water systems tends to be limited inter alia by constructed wetlands. Their main task is to allow sedimentation of eroded soil into the bottom of the wetlands. There is ambiguity on the findings of the functionality and the importance of the prevention of water loading among scientific research in Finland. The aim of this study is to examine by utilizing soil analyses what happens to the basin water eroded phosphorus in the wetland sediment and wether the sedimentary constituent of the soil be suitable for a substratum of plant production. Comparing the samples of basin soil and wetland sediments revealed that the eroded constituent of the basin soil got assorted on wetlands. The samples collected from the wetlands contained 48 % more clay than the samples collected from the basin soil. The growth of the clay concentration increased the reactive area of the sediment. In consequence, it contained 45 % more hydroxides of aluminium and iron in the samples of the sediment than the samples of the basin soil. Because of the hydroxides, the phosphorus sorption capacity was 52 % higher than in the samples of the basin soil. However, the degree of phosphorus saturation was equal in the sediment and basin soil, because the oxidized sediment contained 50 % more phosphorus extracted from hydroxides of aluminium and iron. At the time of sampling the sediment was in reduced state and the amount of its water extracable phosphorus was significantly higher compared to the oxidized sediment. Correspondingly, when the sediment became oxidized the sorption capacity for phosphorus increased significantly, therefore the phosphorus was desorbed from reduced sediment to the wetlands water. This was also proven in a pot experiment, where rye-grass that grew in the sediment suffered from a severe shortage of phosphorus. In contrast, rye-grass grown in the basin soil didn’t suffer from the deficiency of phosphorus at the same fertilization levels. After threefold extra fertilization of phosphorus, the dry matter yield, concentration of phosphorus and uptake of phosphorus on the second yield grown in sediment were equal to the results of the first yield grown in basin soil. According to the results of the pot experiment, the sediment in reduced state is weakly suitable for the substratum of plant production, because the sorption capacity of phosphorus is high. Instead, sediment suits well to be utilized in the areas wherein the soil includes plenty of easy soluble phosphorus, such as for the material of subgrade for the corral of livestock, because the sediment reduces the load of phosphorus directed to the environment.

Opinnäytetyössä tutkittiin olosuhteiden muutosten vaikutusta torjunta-ainepitosuuksiin pilot-mittakaavan sedimenttipylväissä ja suodatinpylväissä. Pilot-mittakaavan pylväissä verrattiin ilmastuksen ja veden virtauksen muutosten vaikutusta pitoisuuksiin. Suodatinpylväissä tarkasteltavina tekijöinä oli orgaanisen aineen ja nollaraudan vaikutus torjunta-ainepitoisuuksiin. Tutkittavina torjunta-aineina olivat atratsiini, simatsiini, heksatsinoni ja diklobeniili, sekä hajoamistuotteet DIA, DEA, DEDIA ja BAM. Kyseisiä torjunta-aineita esiintyy pohjavesissä useissa eri Euroopan maissa mukaan lukien Suomi, vaikka niiden käyttö on lopetettu ja kielletty EU:n alueella useita vuosia sitten. Pylväistä analysoidut ulostulovedet valmisteltiin kaasukromatografia-massaspektrometria (GC-MS) mittausta varten kiinteäfaasiuutolla. Suodatinpylväiden torjunta-aineiden puhdistuskapasiteetti vaihteli testikertojen välillä ja yhdisteet käyttäytyivät eri tavalla suhteessa toisiinsa. Ensimmäisen kuukauden jälkeen talousveden raja-arvo 0,10 µg/l ylittyi heksatsinonin osalta. Toisen kuukauden jälkeen heksatsinonin pitoisuus ylitti jälleen talousveden raja-arvon, niin kuin myös BAM:n. Sitten viimeisellä testikerralla kohonneita yli 0,1 µg/l pitoisuuksia oli atratsiinilla ja heksatsinonilla. BAM:n ja heksatsinonin kulkeutuminen oli odotettavissa yhdisteiden ominaisuuksien perusteella ja niiden hajoaminen on hidasta verrattuna muihin yhdisteisiin. Puolestaan atratsiinin kohonneet pitoisuudet voidaan selittää maaperän kiintoaineksen liikkumisella suodatinpylväästä torjunta-aineiden kanssa. Pelkän hiekan vaikutus suodatinpylväissä aliarvioitiin, mikä vaikutti erityisesti BAM:n ja heksatsinonin pitoisuuksiin.