Browsing by Subject "tekstuuri"
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(2003)The use of remote sensing imagery as auxiliary data in forest inventory is based on the correlation between features extracted from the images and the ground truth. The bidirectional reflectance and radial displacement cause variation in image features located in different segments of the image but forest characteristics remaining the same. The variation has so far been diminished by different radiometric corrections. In this study the use of sun azimuth based converted image co-ordinates was examined to supplement auxiliary data extracted from digitised aerial photographs. The method was considered as an alternative for radiometric corrections. Additionally, the usefulness of multi-image interpretation of digitised aerial photographs in regression estimation of forest characteristics was studied. The state owned study area located in Leivonmäki, Central Finland and the study material consisted of five digitised and ortho-rectified colour-infrared (CIR) aerial photographs and field measurements of 388 plots, out of which 194 were relascope (Bitterlich) plots and 194 were concentric circular plots. Both the image data and the field measurements were from the year 1999. When examining the effect of the location of the image point on pixel values and texture features of Finnish forest plots in digitised CIR photographs the clearest differences were found between front-and back-lighted image halves. Inside the image half the differences between different blocks were clearly bigger on the front-lighted half than on the back-lighted half. The strength of the phenomenon varied by forest category. The differences between pixel values extracted from different image blocks were greatest in developed and mature stands and smallest in young stands. The differences between texture features were greatest in developing stands and smallest in young and mature stands. The logarithm of timber volume per hectare and the angular transformation of the proportion of broadleaved trees of the total volume were used as dependent variables in regression models. Five different converted image co-ordinates based trend surfaces were used in models in order to diminish the effect of the bidirectional reflectance. The reference model of total volume, in which the location of the image point had been ignored, resulted in RMSE of 1,268 calculated from test material. The best of the trend surfaces was the complete third order surface, which resulted in RMSE of 1,107. The reference model of the proportion of broadleaved trees resulted in RMSE of 0,4292 and the second order trend surface was the best, resulting in RMSE of 0,4270. The trend surface method is applicable, but it has to be applied by forest category and by variable. The usefulness of multi-image interpretation of digitised aerial photographs was studied by building comparable regression models using either the front-lighted image features, back-lighted image features or both. The two-image model turned out to be slightly better than the one-image models in total volume estimation. The best one-image model resulted in RMSE of 1,098 and the two-image model resulted in RMSE of 1,090. The homologous features did not improve the models of the proportion of broadleaved trees. The overall result gives motivation for further research of multi-image interpretation. The focus may be improving regression estimation and feature selection or examination of stratification used in two-phase sampling inventory techniques.
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(2009)The purpose of this study was to investigate the usability of aerial images and Landsat TM in estimating Scots pine defoliation. Estimation methods tested were unsupervised classification, maximum likelihood method, mixed model and linear regression model. Image features for needle loss detection were selected with stepwise linear regression and mixed model technique. As a part of the study the relationship between needle loss and leaf area index (LAI) was examined. The relationship between image features, needle loss and leaf area index was also examined. Numerical aerial images and Landsat TM satellite images were used. Textural features were calculated from aerial images and spectral vegetation indices from the satellite image. The study site was located in Ilomantsi, Finland. 71 field sample plots were measured and located with GPS. Field plots were circular plots. Trees with diameter brest height (dbh) over 13,9 cm were measured from 13 meter radius and trees with dbh 5,0 - 13,8 cm were measured from 7 meter radius. Needle loss of all pines was estimated. Needle loss for the plot was calculated as an average weighted by tree height. Four different class combinations were tested in classification. Plots were divided in 2, 3, 4 and 9 classes depending on their needle loss. Different image feature combinations and classification methods were tested. Classification was done by cross validation. Classification results were compared with original classes. The reliability of the classification was tested using accuracy matrix and kappa value. A mixed model was also used for aerial image features. The best image feature combination with all classification methods was the aerial image feature combination selected with stepwise selection method. Both spectral and textural features were included in the stepwise selection result. Classification accuracy varied between 38,0 % (9 classes) and 88,7 % (2 classes). The best explanatory variable for needle loss was the aerial image NIR channel maximum radiation (r2=0,69). However, unsupervised and supervised classification might have produced too positive results because of correlation in the data. Mixed model technique was used to select the variables for the linear model. Mixed model was used to reduce the effects of the correlation. The model classification accuracy varied between 35,2 % (9classes) and 87,3 % (2classes). According to mixed model selection result no textural features were significant predictors for needle loss. Classification results with Landsat image features were slightly poorer than with the best aerial image feature set (accuracy between 25,4 % and 88,7 %). The relationship between needle loss and LAI was poor (r2=0,27). Needle loss and LAI also correlated with different image features. LAI correlated slightly better with textural features than needle loss. Spectral vegetation indices calculated from Landsat TM correlated moderately with both needle loss and LAI. Indices VI3 (r2=0,56), MIR/NIR (r2=0,51) and RSR (r2=0,44) had the strongest connection to needle loss. Spectral vegetation indices could be a potential way for large area needle loss detection.
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(2017)Tutkielman tavoitteena on löytää uutta tietoa musiikin rakenteen ja esittämisen suhteesta. Musiikin tekstuurin sisäistä vuorovaikutusta tarkastellaan Tomi Mäkelän analyysimetodia soveltaen. Tutkielmassa analysoidaan neljän ranskalaisen pianokvarteton ensimmäiset osat. Niistä etsitään tekstuurin sisäisiä vuorovaikutustilanteita. Analysoitavat teokset ovat Vincent d’Indyn pianokvartetto vuodelta 1878, Gabriel Faurén pianokvartetto vuodelta 1879, Ernest Chaussonin pianokvartetto vuodelta 1897 ja Reynaldo Hahnin pianokvartetto vuodelta 1946. Teosten säveltäjät esitellään lyhyesti. Tutkielmassa luodaan katsaus ranskalaisen musiikin tyylipiirteisiin. Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan myös Pariisin salonkien ja kansallisen musiikkiyhdistyksen historiaa ja merkitystä musiikkielämälle. Kamarimusiikin ja pianokvarteton historiaa ja olemusta tarkastellaan lyhyesti. Teosanalyyseissä tehdään havaintoja erityisesti tekstuurin kerrosten muuntuvuudesta ja musiikin jaksojen välisistä siirtymistä. Tekstuurin kerroksisuutta ja siirtymissä esiintyviä välittäviä elementtejä luokitellaan analyysimetodin käsitteistön avulla.
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