Browsing by Subject "work"

Tiivistelmä Tiedekunta: Helsingin yliopisto lääketieteellinen tiedekunta Koulutusohjelma: Lääketieteen koulutusohjelma Opintosuunta: Lääketieteen lisensiaatti Tekijä: Suvi Tolonen Työn nimi: Ammattialtistus suunielun syövän riskitekijänä -kirjallisuuskatsaus Työn laji: Syventävä tutkielma Kuukausi ja vuosi: 12/2021 Sivumäärä: 22, liitteet 5 Avainsanat: oropharyngeal neoplasm, oropharynx, neoplasm, occupation, work Säilytyspaikka: E-thesis Muita tietoja: Tiivistelmä: Suunielun syöpä oli vuonna 2018 maailmanlaajuisesti 24. yleisin syöpätyyppi ja uusia suunielun syövän diagnooseja tehtiin yhteensä 92 887. Suunielun syövän tärkeimmät riskitekijät ovat nykytiedon mukaan tupakointi, runsas alkoholin käyttö sekä krooninen papilloomavirusinfektio suunielun alueella. Suunielun syövän ilmaantuvuus on lisääntynyt tasaisesti viimeisten vuosikymmenten aikana. Syytä tälle ei täysin tunneta, vaikkakin lisääntyneiden suunielun papilloomavirusinfektioiden ja niiden aiheuttamien suunielun syöpien on ajateltu selittävän osittain ilmaantuvuuden lisääntymistä. Tässä kirjallisuuskatsauksessa haluttiin selvittää ammatin ja työperäisten altisteiden vaikutusta suunielun syövän syntyyn. Kirjallisuuskatsausta varten etsittiin huhti-toukokuussa 2021 PubMed tietokannasta aihetta koskevat artikkelit. Yhteensä PubMed tietokannasta löydettiin 479 artikkelia, joista jäi karsimisen jälkeen jäljelle 18 ammatin ja suunielun syövän yhteyttä käsitelevää artikkelia. Kirjallisuuskatsauksen perusteella löytyi viitteitä siitä, että eräät ammatit, joissa altistutaan työuran aikana suurelle määrälle erilaisia kemikaaleja, viruksia, orgaanisia yhdisteitä tai erilaisia karsinogeenisiä yhdisteitä saattavat lisätä suunielun syövän syntymisen riskiä. Tällaisia riskiammatteja olivat artikkelien perusteella esimerkiksi asfaltti- ja asbestityöntekijän sekä automekaanikon ammatit. Joissain tapauksissa artikkelien tulokset ammatin ja suunielun syövän yhteydestä olivat ristiriitaisia. Esimerkiksi maataloudessa työskentelevien ja puupölylle altistuvien työntekijöiden kohdalla oli eriäviä näkemyksiä suunielun syöpään sairastumisen riskistä. Altistuminen radonille tai hitsauskaasuille työssä ei näyttänyt kirjallisuuskatsauksen perusteella lisäävän suunielun syövän synnyn riskiä. Suunielun syövän ja ammattialtistuksen välistä yhteyttä on tutkittu vielä melko vähän. Jatkossa tarvitaan lisää tutkimusta, jotta voidaan sanoa, onko tietyillä ammattiryhmillä kohonnut riski sairastua suunielun syöpään.

This thesis explores what characteristics and expectations are associated with work and workers in contemporary North Korea and how those representations differ from other socialist countries and North Korea’s own past. The theoretical background demonstrates how different thinkers have conceptualized modern work as an ideological tool, specifically under socialism. Using workers as the nominal subjects in their legitimization narratives, state socialist regimes have utilized various practices to mix the reality and the ideal, praising workers as heroes while maintaining exploitation. The literary review covers previous research on the policy and propaganda about work across the Soviet Union, China, and North Korea, showing how the image of the ideal worker has developed according to material conditions and political goals of each place and period. As contemporary North Korean work has received less attention in studies, this thesis explores the depictions of work and workers in North Korea in 2012–2020. The analysis is conducted by using qualitative content analysis on North Korean English-language media. The data consists of magazines, newspaper articles and two films. Through analysing this sample of journalistic writings, photos and fictional films and texts, repeating patterns of representations about workers emerge as four major categories of characteristics: technological skill and innovativeness, unity and collectivism, correct morals and ideology, and self-reliance. Together these qualities make up the image of the contemporary ideal worker in North Korea. These findings suggest some shifts in North Korean ideology in the last decade compared to the past. The categories mostly follow familiar themes but from new perspectives and with different emphasis. The collectivist tendency and family metaphors are stronger, and the roles between different workers are minimized. The workers are increasingly shown as highly educated innovators and scientists. Despite the rising narratives on science, the revolutionary spirit is equally maintained as an important feature.

Changing work as well as changing expertise requirements are an often discussed topic in our current public discussion. In this study, the main interests were the conceptions of expertise and experiences of changing work and expertise requirements. The participants of the study (n=12) were a group of professionals working in a company providing language services. The aim of the study was to analyse how the participants understand expertise and what kind of changes and new expertise requirements they have experienced at their work. The main analytical concept of the study is expertise, and the theoretical framework consists of research literature on expertise on individual and collective dimensions which were compared to the conceptions of expertise among the sample group. The changes the research subjects have experienced at work were thematically analyzed by mirroring their views against some viewpoints on changing work and the historical work types. The study is based on a qualitative research strategy and the material was analysed by applying phenomenographic content analysis. The material was collected through one-to-one interviews. The work related expertise as described by the participants is presented through examples, whereas the phenomenographic analysis focuses on the participants’ conceptions of expertise and on experiences of changes of work. To conclude, the results of the study were collected to categories of description. The results clearly showed that the contextual dimension of expertise as experience in the professional field was considered as one of the most important element of expertise. In addition to knowledge, skills, self-awareness and education, expertise was also related to learning new things as a prerequisite for expertise development. Also, knowing the customer was seen as expertise. In addition, respect from others was also seen as part of being an expert. In this material, expertise was portrayed more as an individual rather than a collective quality, even though the work was considered a team effort. The changes at work were related to increasing customer demands, changing technology and financial pressures. Despite these changes, the underlying nature of work was seen as unchanged and overall, the changes were not considered to lead to any completely new expertise requirements.

This thesis examine young college student's consumption resources and consumption. I study how consumption resources are related to college student's consumption. The research has been carried out qualitative, phenomenography research method, where object of examination are student's views of consumption, use of time, student loan use and themes between essential and luxurious consumption. I used interviews as a method of collecting data, which suits for a phenomenography research. The empirical material consist of 13 student's interviews. I analysed material by using content analysis and typecasting. Available resources, such as income, are important for consumers. Students who took part research have low income level compared to the rest population. Financial aid to students consist of student grant, housing benefit and student loan. Majority of interviewees drew student loan in addition to student grant. Nearly all interviewees received financial support from their parents. Housing cost took the majority of interviewees money. The students lived mainly in apartment building. Time is addition to money other household's central resources, because it analyse household daily action. When examine meaning of time in young college students' consumption appear that many students have four sector in regard to the use of time. This sectors are work, study, housework and free time. As a result of study student's temporal resources are scanty, because working is secondary. Due to small incomes and temporal resources young college student's consumption is emphasized to essential consumption as food, housing costs and bills. Young's weak economic situation cause that young use consumption credit or loan to essential consumption or luxurious consumption. This may lead to get into debt if the use of money not control. Students spend money on luxurious consumption, as bars, restaurants and student parties. They also spend their money on hobbies, different events and journeys too. Students draw student loan in order to achieve better standard of living.

Aims. The purpose of this study is to describe how entrepreneurial women with children experience parenting. The theoretical background is based on the parenting role map (Helminen and Iso-Heiniemi, 1999), as well as the cultural aspects of motherhood (Berg, 2008). The point of view regarding entrepreneurship and parenting coordination is derived from a model (Salmi 2004c) with work and family, as the point where three fields intersect. The fields consist of working life and politics, family life and social policy, as well as the constructive processes of gender and equality politics. Experiences of parenting by self-employed women examined three broad thematic areas: parenting experience, entrepreneurship and parenting coordination, and parenting and entrepreneurship, as positioned in the careers of the interviewees. The main research questions are: 1. How is parenting experienced in the everyday life by female entrepreneurs with children? 2. What types of coping strategies and solutions have women entrepreneurs created to coordinate entrepreneurship and parenting? 3. How have parenthood and entrepreneurship positioned themselves in the life cycle of women entrepreneurs? Methods. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews involving eight 30 to 55-year-old female entrepreneurs in the Uusimaa region. In addition to the interview, the subjects produced their own life stories, where they recorded the important stages of family life and entrepreneurship. The data were analysed using content analysis. The experiences of self employed women were approached through phenomenological understanding without attempting to remove them from the general social context. Results and conclusions. The parenthood of self employed women parentage was purely gender based and expressed as maternity in their daily lives. The role of maternity appeared in their everyday care of children, household tasks, and basic needs. Closeness and presence were also strong factors. A safety net involving the grandparents was present. Also, use of time and bringing the child to the work were functions of the coordination solutions. The life stories of female entrepreneurs appeared as individual stories, with maternity as the common denominator. The use of time included exceptional creativity and resourcefulness in addressing the needs of the family. The way female entrepreneurs schedule their time in everyday life provides an interesting perspective in the discussion regarding coordination of work and family.