Browsing by Subject "zoo"

Animal welfare is a multifaceted concept that encompasses the overall well-being of animals, considering their physical and psychological health, behaviour, social interactions, and ability to engage in species-specific behaviours. Though there isn't a single universally accepted definition, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) provides a widely recognized definition. According to the OIE, animal welfare refers to how well an animal copes with its living conditions. An animal is considered to have good welfare if it is healthy, comfortable, well-nourished, safe, able to express innate behaviour, and not suffering from pain, fear, or distress. In my thesis, the main objective is to identify knowledge gaps in recognizing factors that influence welfare among animal caretakers and to gather essential information that can serve as a foundation for future efforts to improve animal welfare in Korkeasaari Zoo. The project was conducted in collaboration with the zoo and involved studying and assessing the welfare of four different species. The assessments were based on scientific knowledge obtained through extensive literature research. The findings were then compared and analyzed by using a general linear model (GLM) with the zookeepers' own assessments. The results revealed that, overall, zookeepers tended to assess animal welfare more positively than the knowledge-based evaluation, although the extent of this difference varied among species. Notably, the results brought to light that certain species, especially the Asiatic lion, have specific welfare requirements that might not be fully recognized by the keepers. This implies there are opportunities for enhancing animal welfare in these cases. Furthermore, assessments varied depending on the type of question posed, with a significant observation being that nutritional requirements consistently received the highest evaluation across all species, regardless of the evaluator. This underscores the heightened attention that zookeepers pay to the nutritional well-being of the animals. This likely stems from the availability of well-documented nutritional information, in contrast to other facets of welfare in the studied species that might still be less comprehensively understood. My research is practical in nature, focusing on four specific species within one zoo. It may not primarily contribute to theoretical advancements but rather offer practical insights and applications. This marks just the starting point and indicates the need for further exploration and advancement. Shedding light on the various factors that shape animal welfare is pivotal for refining the operational protocols within the zoo setting. Such insights can pave the way for constructive measures that contribute to the betterment of the animals' well-being within the zoo environment. For instance, the notable difference in the evaluation of Asiatic lions, where the zookeepers scored them higher than the literature-based assessment, emphasizes the importance of incorporating scientific knowledge into zoo management practices. By bridging this gap and aligning assessments with well-established scientific data, we can make substantial strides in improving animal welfare in Zoos.

The wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus) is one of the two native reindeer subspecies in Finland. The other one is semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus), which is a common livestock species in Lapland. A total of 22 zoos hold wild forest reindeer in Europe. These individuals along with individuals from the wild population are the base of a reintroduction program implemented in central Finland. The objective of this thesis is to shed light on the diet of wild forest reindeer in the wild and in captivity. From individuals in the wild and in reintroduction enclosures, a total of 17 fecal samples were collected. The samples were analyzed with DNA metabarcoding technique to determine the diet. The samples were analyzed at the Institute of Biotechnology and the obtained sequences were identified as plant genera with NCBI BLAST. The data was grouped according to sampling date and snow coverage to two groups and according to sampling site to two groups. The genera were assigned under types. 17 zoos submitted their feeding guideline of wild forest reindeer for the study. These were analyzed to obtain data about the different food item types corresponding to the types of plant genera found from the fecal samples. Fecal sample results were compared as frequencies of sequence reads assigned to genera and types. The most frequent types in the whole data was forbs and shrubs (42,1 %) and deciduous trees (38,9 %). The biggest differences were in the two groups when the data was grouped according to season. Differences were less prominent in the locationally grouped data. In the feeding guidelines from zoos, most of them (94 %) stated feeding deciduous trees and almost as many (88 %) stated feeding graminoids. In the fecal sample data, graminoids accounted for only 0,5 % of the sequence reads. The wild forest reindeer diets in the wild seem to have seasonal variation and not so much locational variation. The captive forest reindeer diets could be advanced with increasing the amount of forbs and shrubs offered and decreasing the amount of graminoids. The small sample size of 17 makes the results of this study indicative at best and further research is needed.

The aim of this study was to investigate the intestinal parasite prevalence in the animals living in the Cat valley of Helsinki Zoo. The initiative for the study came from the Zoo, as the knowledge on intestinal parasite prevalence of zoo animals is fairly limited. A study on soil contamination with parasite eggs and oocyst of selected enclosures was added, as suspicions arose that the flooring might be a possible source of reinfection. Some possible parasite control methods are discussed, and how they could be used in a zoo environment. The hypothesis of this prevalence study was that the faecal samples might contain Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina eggs. The hypothesis was based on the previous findings in Helsinki zoo as well as findings in other zoos and wild animals abroad. Clinical signs had not been detected from the animals that were studied in Helsinki zoo, and intestinal parasites of big cats have not been a major problem for this particular zoo. For the study, faecal samples from the animals in Cat valley were collected and studied monthly from late May until October 2016, for a period of approximately half a year. Faecal samples from eight different animal species from 13 different enclosures were studied. The species studied included amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica), red panda (Ailurus fulgens), snow leopard (Panthera uncia), amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis), pallas cat (Otocolobus manul), Asian lions (Panthera leo persica), European lynx (Lynx lynx) and European Wild Cats (Felis silvestris silvestris). A total of 78 faecal samples was collected, of which 18 were found to be positive for parasite eggs. The faecal samples were studied with a modified MacMaster method. Additionally, soil samples from five different enclosures were studied by using modified centrifugation-flotation method. Most common finding were those of Toxascaris leonina (6 samples), followed by Toxocara cati (4 samples). Other findings included for example oocysts of coccidia and Strongyle type eggs, which were quite possibly from the herbivores that were used as food for the cats. The soil samples were found to contain Toxascaris leonina eggs with a larva inside, oocysts of coccidia, as well as one developing Toxocara cati egg. Based on the findings on both the faecal samples as well as soil samples, Helsinki zoo did not have major problem with intestinal parasites at the time of the study, but the soil flooring of the enclosures might act as a source of reinfection and maintain the parasites transmission cycle. (The thesis was written in English, as the student completed her matriculation examination in English (International Baccalaureate Diploma programme). The subject of the study might also be of interest in zoos abroad.)