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The trending of urban living during recent years can be seen both in public debate and in growth statistics of cities. The most attractive areas in addition to regions’ central cities are those surrounding municipalities which have good transportation connections to the central city and have managed to highlight their urban features. The trend can clearly be seen in the city of Järvenpää, which was, with annual population growth of 2,5 %, the fastest growing municipality in continental Finland in 2016–2017. As the popularity of urban living is growing, the focus of construction in Järvenpää has shifted from traditional single-family and low-rise housing to apartment buildings located close to train stations. This Master’s thesis looks at the pull factors of the new urban residential areas in Järvenpää as well as factors encouraging to settle down in the areas. The reasons for moving to the areas are compared to current social, demographic and migration trends. The study addresses the residents' point of view to housing phenomena. The aim is to pay attention to the connections between household decision-making processes and broader migration phenomena. In addition, the aim is to supplement the field of housing and migration studies in Finland, in which the focus has been in the dynamics between the urban areas of the regional centers and the suburbs of the surrounding municipalities, while less attention has been payed to the differing characteristics of the surrounding areas. The research problem is approached through the following questions: who are the residents of the new residential areas located near train stations in Järvenpää; which factors most significantly guide the housing choices of these residents; and how do the residents’ housing pathways form regionally and structurally. The analysis and discussion are supported by the contextual framework of housing chains, developed in the theory section of the thesis. The data was collected through a survey in spring 2018. The survey was targeted to certain new areas close to the train stations of Järvenpää and Ainola. The survey was sent to altogether 1548 residents. 400 replies were received, which makes the response rate 26 %. Based on an analysis of possible non-response bias, the data was observed to be relatively representative to the population, apart from the elderly being somewhat overrepresented. The main analysis methods where statistical analyses (frequency analysis, cross tabulation and factor analysis) as well as content analysis of the open-ended questions. The data was mainly analyzed through comparisons of different kinds of residential areas as well as demographic groups. The results of the study can be summarized in three main points. Firstly, the new residential areas located near train stations in Järvenpää reflect broader social and demographic trends as well as current trends in housing . In the areas close to the city, majority of the residents live alone and are young adults or elderly. Similar to national trends, the housing preferences included single-family housing and peaceful living environment, but at the same time, services, central location and good transportation were valued. Secondly, the attractiveness of the area in all study areas was based on central location and good transportation and in the fact that the apartments were new. However, there were differences in the importance of services and nature when comparing the apartment building areas closest to the center and the apartment building areas and detached house areas farther from the center. Thirdly, it was observed that the areas not only bring new residents to the city, but also pull a notable amount of people to move within the city. The new areas thus connect to the existing housing stock and start vacancy chains by opening vacancies in both detached houses and older apartment buildings. Various housing chains also occurred in how the social contacts outside households, the stage of family life-cycle, previous experiences and values affect housing choices. Based on the results, it can be noted that successful urban apartment building housing in the surrounding municipalities is characterized by good commercial and public services and efficient transportation, whereas in detached housing, the desired environment is centrally and transportation-wise well located but peaceful and close to nature. The significance of the services and transportation in housing satisfaction should be acknowledged early on when planning and building new areas . Also, lifestyles and situations change, and that affects housing choices. The results indicate that diverse housing options will have demand alongside the high-rise building boom. Additionally, it is important to acknowledge the interrelations between new construction and the existing housing stock to avoid making simplified interpretations about the logic of growth sustained by the trend of urban living.

Inadvertent climate modification has led to an increase in urban temperatures compared to the surrounding rural area. The main reason for the temperature rise is the altered energy portioning of input net radiation to heat storage and sensible and latent heat fluxes in addition to the anthropogenic heat flux. The heat storage flux and anthropogenic heat flux have not yet been determined for Helsinki and they are not directly measurable. To the contrary, turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat in addition to net radiation can be measured, and the anthropogenic heat flux together with the heat storage flux can be solved as a residual. As a result, all inaccuracies in the determination of the energy balance components propagate to the residual term and special attention must be paid to the accurate determination of the components. One cause of error in the turbulent fluxes is the fluctuation attenuation at high frequencies which can be accounted for by high frequency spectral corrections. The aim of this study is twofold: to assess the relevance of high frequency corrections to water vapor fluxes and to assess the temporal variation of the energy fluxes. Turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat have been measured at SMEAR III station, Helsinki, since December 2005 using the eddy covariance technique. In addition, net radiation measurements have been ongoing since July 2007. The used calculation methods in this study consist of widely accepted eddy covariance data post processing methods in addition to Fourier and wavelet analysis. The high frequency spectral correction using the traditional transfer function method is highly dependent on relative humidity and has an 11% effect on the latent heat flux. This method is based on an assumption of spectral similarity which is shown not to be valid. A new correction method using wavelet analysis is thus initialized and it seems to account for the high frequency variation deficit. Anyhow, the resulting wavelet correction remains minimal in contrast to the traditional transfer function correction. The energy fluxes exhibit a behavior characteristic for urban environments: the energy input is channeled to sensible heat as latent heat flux is restricted by water availability. The monthly mean residual of the energy balance ranges from 30 Wm-2 in summer to -35 Wm-2 in winter meaning a heat storage to the ground during summer. Furthermore, the anthropogenic heat flux is approximated to be 50 Wm-2 during winter when residential heating is important.

Lagos is the biggest city not just in Nigeria but also in the Sub-Saharan Africa. This megacity has a reputation of being the most dangerous and chaotic city in the world. Despite that Lagos is facing an infrastructural crisis and most of the city acts through informal means, it has its own way to survive and operate. The purpose of this study is to create a picture of the urban structure of Lagos Metropolitan Area and compare it with the existing urban structure models. The purpose is also to discover the possible affects of existing zoning plans on the current structure and dynamism of the city. Again, the aim of this research is to study the characteristics of the metropolis and reflect them to the postmodern concepts of Myers's that intend to explain the nature of modern African cities. This study tries to provide new perspectives on the image of the study area. However, this study tries not to draw a detailed picture of every district of the metropolis but aims at highlighting the dominant features of the city. This study adopts qualitative research methods and is descriptive by its nature. The primary data consists of researches, maps, scientific articles, project documents and different kinds of publications concerning the for example landuse and dominant features of different districts and neighborhoods of Lagos. The data collected from these sources is combined and analyzed in order to create a visualization over the urban structure of Lagos. The secondary data was collected during the field trip in Lagos in 2009 and consists of observation notes. It serves as a supportive tool in the descriptive part of the work. The study concludes that the city structure in Lagos consists much of poor residential districts and slum areas. Most of the citizen live in poverty as medium- or high-grade districts do not exist nearly at all. Lagos is often described as industrial centre of Nigeria, but in reality the industrial activity is not particularly high since the weak infrastructure and low security situation of the city does not attract investors. Again, the structural analysis discovers that the city has currently just one clear core area. The large area of the metropolis would demand several central business districts to improve the mobility and selection of public services of the city. This study suggests that Lagos can be very easily described and expressed with the concepts presented by Myers. On the grounds of his concepts, Lagos has several features typical of modern African city. Colonial era has left its fingerprints both on the city structure and dynamics. The informal sector has a remarkable role in Lagos and violence is a constant part of the streets. Despite that, Lagos has slowly found its place among the global urban centres. Its significance as a centre of trade and culture keeps growing in the future. On the basis if this research it can be argued that there is a great need for urban structure studies in Africa. Often areas that appear as disorganized shantytowns include some structures and operating models of their own. By creating updated structure models and studies it is possible to affect positively on urban planning trends and also local development.

With the new trends in advanced healthcare equipment and innovation, the healthcare industry is now focused more on efficiency and improving quality. Devices record events in event log files that represent the program or application's actual usage. The log file of the event is like an operation history which shows what occurred in the program. Since devices have the log of real-time events, real-time processes can be tracked, and data analysed from different aspects. The details about the event log file can be used to create a process model and analyse the data to know its strengths and weaknesses. This thesis aimed to develop a tool for usability analysis used for GE healthcare. The design science approach has been used as an overall research method. To achieve the research goal, ideas was taken from already developed process mining algorithms and used in making algorithms that solves the problem of software process mining. In this thesis, already used process mining algorithm techniques were examined that can be used to answer the problem of software process mining. Software process mining was used to analyse the deployed software behavior. The study focused on making the process discovery algorithm along with structured algorithm. The outcome of the thesis was the tool that was used by the GE Healthcare to do the usability analysis on log files. The tool produces the events in the form of flow chart diagram.

Henkivakuutuksia käsiteltäessä tarkastelun alla on aina vakuutetun jäljellä oleva elinaika, jota kuvaa positiivinen satunnaismuuttuja T. Usean vakuutetun henkivakuutuksen ollessa kyseessä, oletetaan, että vakuutettujen jäljellä olevat elinajat ovat toisistaan riippumattomia. Toinen henkivakuutusten käsittelyssä olennainen käsite on kuolevuus(intensiteetti), jonka avulla saadaan laskettua todennäköisyyksiä vakuutetun jäljellä olevalle elinajalle. Henkivakuutuslaskennassa vakuutuskaudet voivat olla pitkiä, jopa useita kymmeniä vuosia. Yhtiön kannalta tärkeää on, että vakuutuksen antaminen on kannattavaa. Perusperiaatteena vakuutusyhtiöllä on aina ekvivalenssiperiaate eli vakuutusmaksujen täytyy vastata vakuutetulle maksettavia korvauksia koko vakuutuskauden ajalta. Koska maksuhetkien välillä saattaa olla paljonkin eroa, täytyy vakuutuksien hinnoittelussa ottaa huomioon korkoutuvuus. Usean vakuutetun elämänvaravakuutuksessa korvaus S maksetaan vakuutuskauden lopussa hetkellä n. Korvauksen suuruus riippuu siitä, ketkä vakuutetuista ovat tällöin elossa. Yleensä ensin tiedetään halutun korvauksen suuruus S. Vakuutusmaksun P suuruus saadaan laskemalla hetkeen nolla diskontatun korvauksen S odotusarvo. Usean vakuutetun kuolemanvaravakuutuksessa korvaus maksetaan aina kuoleman sattuessa ennen hetkeä n. Korvaushetkiä voi siis olla yhtä monta kuin on vakuutettujakin. Kuolemanvaravakuutuksen osalta periaate on sama kuin elämänvaravakuutuksessakin, mutta käytännössä laskeminen on paljon haastavampaa, johtuen nimenomaan maksuhetkien lukumäärästä ja ajankohdista. Riskien hallitsemiseksi yhtiölle tärkeä käsite on vastuuvelka, joka on määritelmän mukaan tulevien korvausten ja tulevien vakuutusmaksujen nykyarvojen erotus. Vastuuvelka kertoo siis sen, kuinka paljon yhtiöllä pitää olla varallisuutta, jotta se selviäisi tulevaisuudessa tapahtuvien vakuutustapahtumien seurauksena maksettavista korvauksista. Usean vakuutetun henkivakuutuksia käsiteltäessä vastuuvelan suuruuteen vaikuttaa erityisesti se, missä tilassa prosessi on tarkasteluhetkellä eli ketkä vakuutetuista on elossa ja ketkä kuolleet. Tärkeä apuväline vastuuvelan suuruuden ennustamisessa on Thielen yhtälö, joka kuvaa vastuuvelan muutoksia. Thielen yhtälöä muodostettaessa tarkastellaan virtauskaavion avulla millaisia muutoksia vakuutettujen tiloissa mahdollisesti tapahtuu pienellä aikavälillä. Mahdollisten tapahtumien seurauksena maksettavien korvausten ja maksujen suuruus painotetaan vastaavan tapahtuman todennäköisyydellä, jolloin summasta saadaan muodostettua Thielen differentiaaliyhtälö. Usean vakuutetun henkivakuutuksia on mahdollista lähestyä myös Markov -prosessin näkökulmasta. Tällöin oletetaan, että prosessi siirtyy tilasta toiseen intensiteeteillä, joka vastaa vakuutettujen kuolevuuksia. Nyt prosessin siirtymätodennäköisyydet saadaan laskettua näiden avulla ja vakuutuksen nettokertamaksua laskettaessa sovelletaan samaa periaatetta kuin aikaisemminkin. Markovilainen lähestymistapa helpottaa erityisesti kolmen tai useamman hengen vakuutuksien käsittelyä.

In the case of remote inspection and maintenance operations, the quality and amount of information available to the operator on demand plays a significant role. In knowledge-intensive tasks performed remotely or in a hazardous environment, augmented and virtual reality technologies are often seen as a solution capable of providing the required level of information support. Application of these technologies faced many obstacles over the years, mostly due to the insufficient maturity level of their technical implementations. This thesis contains a description of the research work related to the usage of augmented and virtual reality in remote inspection and maintenance operations, and is aimed at solving some of the most common problems associated with the application of these technologies. During the project, an optical see-through augmented reality glasses calibration method was developed, as well as a virtual reality application for robotic teleoperation. The implemented teleoperation system was tested in two different simulated scenarios, and the additional questions of the immersive environment reconstruction, spatial user interface, connection between virtual and real worlds are addressed in this thesis report.

Catechol is widely produced platform chemical, and many fine chemicals, including pharmaceuticals and pesticides, contain catechol moieties. Catechols are nucleophilic, but their polarity can be reversed by oxidizing them into electrophilic o-benzoquinones (OBQs). OBQs are highly reactive and react readily with nucleophiles but also with dienes, dienophiles and ylides. However, OBQs have many reactive sites, which often leads to lack of selectivity in reactions. In the literature review of this thesis, the methods to control selectivity in nucleophilic additions, cycloadditions and Wittig reactions of OBQs are reviewed. Selectivity is often increased by blocking undesired reactive sites by substituents. If substituents can’t be altered, it is possible to control selectivity by choice of catalysts and substrates as well as stoichiometric ratios of substrates. In addition, the literature review will also focus on how the use of o-benzoquinones have been utilized in organic synthesis. In the experimental part, nucleophilic additions of amino acids and silyl enol ethers to o-benzoquinones are studied in practice. Reactions of amino acids with OBQs resulted only in polymerization despite the efforts to control the selectivity. However, ZnCl2 catalysed addition of silyl enol ethers into OBQs yielded only 1,4-addition products. The method was then optimized with two model reactions after which 30 different 1,4-addition products were successfully synthesized. For most of these products this method is the only proven synthesis route.

Zooplankton are an important link in marine pelagic food webs as they transfer energy from primary producers to higher trophic levels such as planktivorous fish. They migrate vertically in the water column, ascending to feed near the surface at night and descending to hide from visual predators for the day (diel vertical migration, DVM). Zooplankton are detected with Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs). These devices were developed for measuring water currents using acoustic pulses, a technique which requires particles such as zooplankton in the water column to scatter the sound. As a by-product of the velocity measurements, it provides information of these scatterers as echo intensity. This method has been used in researching zooplankton DVM, however, not in the northern Baltic Sea prior to this study. In this thesis, the data processing steps required to analyze echo intensity were examined for the specific environment of the Finnish Archipelago Sea. A one-year-long time-series was processed and averaged seasonally to investigate different patterns in zooplankton DVM. Vertical velocity data were used in estimating migration speed, and available reference measurements were combined to the data to examine the environmental factors affecting zooplankton DVM. Synchronized DVM was observed especially in autumn, however, indications of other migration patterns such as unsynchronized and reverse migration were detected during summer and winter, respectively. The primary cue behind zooplankton DVM was light, but additional contributing factors such as phytoplankton and currents were identified and discussed. The maximum migration speeds detected were approximately 10 cm/s downwards and 4 cm/s upwards. ADCP data are a good indicator of zooplankton migration in the northern Baltic Sea and in the future, it could prove beneficial in zooplankton monitoring and biomass estimates.

The Internet of Things is a proliferating industry, which is transforming many homes and businesses, making them smart. However, the rapid growth of these devices and the interactions between these devices, introduces many challenges including that of a secure management system for the identities and interactions of the devices. While the centralized model has worked well for many years, there is a risk of the servers becoming bottlenecks and a single point of failure, thereby making them vulnerable to Denial-of-Service attacks. As a backbone of these interactions, Blockchain is capable of creating a highly secure, independent and distributed platform. Blockchain is a peer to peer, distributed ledger system that stores all the transactions taking place within the network. The main purpose of the servers that form a part of the distributed system is to provide a consensus, using various consensus algorithms, on the state of the blockchain at any given time and to store a copy of all the transactions taking place. This thesis explores the Blockchain technology in general and investigates its potential with regard to access management of constrained devices. A proof of concept system has been designed and implemented that demonstrates a simplified access management system using Ethereum Blockchain. This was done to check whether the concept can be applied at a global level. Although the latency of the network depends on the computing power of the resources participating in the Blockchain, an evaluation of the proof of concept system has been made, keeping in mind the smallest device that can be involved in the consensus process. Docker containers have been used to simulate a cluster of the nodes participating in the Blockchain, in order to examine the implemented system. An outline of the various advantages and the limitations of Blockchains in general, as well as the developed proof of concept system, has also been provided.

Tropes are storytelling devices or conventions that can be found in storytelling media, for example in movies. DBTropes is an RDF-dataset with media-trope connections extracted from Tv Tropes, which is a community-edited wiki listing tropes for various creative works. This study investigates whether the tropes of films can be used to cluster similar movies. First, we extracted film-trope connections from the DBTropes dataset. We then took four samples from the dataset, three for clustering films, and one for clustering tropes. We used the film–trope connections to calculate euclidean and cosine distances between movies and for the last sample between tropes. Then we clustered the samples with hierarchical clustering using complete and ward linkage. Our results show that hierarchical clustering can group similar films together using this dataset. For calculating distances the cosine distance method works significantly better than euclidean distance. Both hierarchical clustering methods complete and ward work well. It depends on the chosen sample, which of them results in a clearer and more interpretable output. We conclude that the data works well for clustering similar films or similar tropes.