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Browsing by master's degree program "Geologian ja geofysiikan maisteriohjelma"

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  • Jokela, Eetu (2020)
    The Sukseton area is located in the northern part of Kittilä municipality, Central Lapland Greenstone Belt, approximately 15 km N from Suurikuusikko gold mine and 5 km NW from Iso-Kuotko orogenic gold deposit, between several large crustal scale thrust and shear zones. This area is a mix of different volcanic formations of Kittilä suite, felsic intrusion of Vuotso Complex and Paleoproterozoic intrusive rocks in the north. In addition to this, several porphyry dykes cut the Kittilä suite volcanic rocks around the area. Exploration work in this area started in the 1980’s when Outokumpu Oy found two minor gold and gold-copper mineralizations. In 2017, Agnico Eagle Finland Oy continued exploration in this area, intending to define the regional geology and the extent of the mineralizations. As a result of this exploration work, this study investigates more closely the regional geology, geochemistry, metamorphism and structural geology of the Sukseton area, as well as the geochronology of associated porphyry dykes. To understand and define the geology of the area, the following methods were used: geological bedrock and exploration trench mapping, interpretation of drill core loggings and several geophysical surveys, optical studies of polished thin sections and U–Pb dating a porphyry dyke sample. The metamorphic conditions of the area were studied through thorough petrological studies. In addition, an extensive geochemical and geotectonic classification of the rocks in the area was conducted. The Sukseton area composes mainly of different tholeiitic basalts and pyroclastic rocks with minor sulphide rich graphitic volcanic sediment and chert sections. Based on this study, these volcanic rocks originate from island arcs and mid-ocean ridges. With the help of geophysical surveys and field measurements, a couple of large fold structures were identified from the eastern part of the study area as well as a large shear zone in the middle of the area striking NE–SW. Porphyry dykes cut the volcanic rocks all around the area giving the minimum age of 1940±18 Ma for the volcanic rocks. Composition of porphyry dykes vary from rhyolites to basalt and they have similar geochemical characteristics with Nyssäkoski type felsic veins. The peak metamorphic conditions in the area represent high-P amphibolite facies metamorphism. Also, hydrothermal alteration is common in Sukseton and it can be metamorphic and magmatic in origin.
  • Georgi, Jaakko (2019)
    This study consists of a comprehensive characterization of the geology, geochemistry, alteration, and mineralization at the Ronaldo prospect as well as an evaluation of its ore potential. Previous mapping campaigns of the prospect, which lies in the Central Andes in Peru at an elevation of 4300 metres, have identified intrusions overlain by a volcanic package. The intrusions are crosscut by silicified ridges that host epithermal mineralization. Satellite imagery reveals that the topographically elevated areas exhibit strongly altered rocks identified as an advanced argillic-altered lithocap. The methods used to define and better understand the geology and the evolution of the hydrothermal system included reconnaissance field mapping, whole-rock geochemistry, short-wave infrared spectroscopy, petrography, and geochronology. Previous studies have shown that only high-sulfidation epithermal mineralization can be spatially and temporally linked to porphyry Cu mineralization, and therefore this study investigates – among other aspects – what type of epithermal mineralization is present at Ronaldo in order to evaluate the potential for concealed at-depth porphyry Cu mineralization. Two separate lower Miocene intrusive units were identified, a porphyritic diorite and a porphyritic granodiorite, whose average age difference is 1.79 Ma. The intrusive units display intermediate argillic alteration. The overlying extrusive units are Sacsaquero Formation basaltic andesites and ignimbrites that are either unaltered or display propylitic alteration. The basaltic andesite roof pendants observed at Ronaldo indicate that the tops of the intrusions are preserved. At high elevations, advanced argillic alteration composed of pyrophyllite, kaolinite, and dumortierite was observed. This area is the remnant, deeper zone of a larger lithocap. The steeply dipping silicified ridges that display sericitic alteration were inferred to be the root zone of this lithocap. Elevated values of trace elements such as Te, Bi, As, and Sb suggest that the Ronaldo prospect is mostly situated in a sericitic alteration zone related to a porphyry-like magmatic-hydrothermal source located at greater depth. Isolated magnetite aggregates were observed in magmatic-hydrothermal breccia, which indicates that the sericitic alteration may have overprinted potassic alteration. A few intermediate-sulfidation epithermal veins and porphyry-related veins, including a banded molybdenite quartz vein, were observed in the creek near the major fault. At Ronaldo, high silica content and sericitic alteration correlate well with elevated concentrations of Ag, Au, and Mo, whereas Cu concentration does not correlate well with any alteration type or with silica content. Quartz veinlets in the silicified ridges that host abundant Ag and Au mineralization were interpreted to have formed at a slightly later stage and to be unrelated to the magmatic-hydrothermal system. This mineralization was interpreted to be low-sulfidation epithermal in origin due to features such as abundant adularia, lattice-textured bladed calcite replaced by quartz, crustiform banding, banded quartz-chalcedony veins, druse-lined cavities, and high Ag/Au ratios. In conclusion, the Ronaldo prospect comprises a hydrothermal system in which the deep, root zone of an advanced argillic lithocap is exposed. The exploration potential for low-sulfidation epithermal mineralization in the silicified ridges is rather significant, whereas the potential for porphyry Cu mineralization is minor due to the lack of appreciable Cu and Mo mineralization, typically shallow-depth porphyry-related hydrothermal alteration, and the lack of high-sulfidation epithermal mineralization.
  • Juvonen, Katriina (2021)
    Etelä-Pohjanmaalla Kurikassa maaperän rakennettavuusominaisuudet ovat hankalat maaperän mittavien hienoaineskerrostumien vuoksi. Näiden kerrostumien alueellista jakautumista ei tiedetä, joten tämän työn tarkoituksena on toteuttaa maaperästä geoteknisiin pohjatutkimuksiin perustuva alueellinen 3D-malli Kurikan kaupungin rakennuslupaa-arkiston pohjatutkimusaineistoja käyttäen. Pohjatutkimukset koostuvat yksittäisiin rakennuskohteisiin toteutetuista maaperäkairauksista. Aineistona käytettäviä tutkimuskohteita on yhteensä kymmenen ja kairauksia 3D-mallissa on käytössä 112. Pohjatutkimusaineistoista digitoitiin kohde ja kairaus kerrallaan maalajitieto sekä kairauksen kuormitusominaisuudet. Digitointiin käytettiin suomalaisen 3D-Systemsin 3D-Win –ohjelmistoa. 3D-malli toteutettiin Leapfrog Geo® -ohjelmistolla. Mallin ensimmäisessä vaiheessa maaperä jaettiin kahdeksaan yksikköön. Lopullisessa yksinkertaistetussa mallissa maaperän hienoainesyksiköt yhdistettiin yhdeksi yksiköksi. Saatuja malleja verrattiin alueelta olevaan tyyppileikkaukseen. Malleilla arvioidaan millä aineiston resoluutiolla saadaan mallille paras ennustusvoima. 3D-mallien toteutus onnistui. Mallin mukaan alueella on kahdeksan maalajiyksikköä (vanhimmasta nuorimpaan): moreenit, hiekat, siltit, savet, liejusavet, siltit 2, savet 2 sekä pinnassa humus- ja täyttömaat. Useilla mallin yksiköistä (siltit, savet ja liejusavet) on samankaltaiset geotekniset ominaisuudet, joten ne yhdistettiin yhdeksi hienoainesyksiköksi. Yksinkertaistetun mallin yksiköitä verrattiin alueelta olevaan tyyppileikkaukseen. Tyyppileikkauksen sedimenttisarja ja mallin hienoainesyksikkö vastaavat hyvin toisiaan. Tämän työn tulosten perusteella geoteknisiin pohjatutkimuksiin perustuvassa maaperän 3D-mallinnuksessa hienoainesyksiköiden osalta yksinkertaistettu malli on ennustettavuuden kannalta luotettavampi kuin kompleksinen malli.
  • Teräs, Oliver (2022)
    This MSc thesis is built on drill core and outcrops data at the Haukivuori area where fluorite bearing granitoids cut sharply the country rocks (mafic volcanic rocks). This thesis presents new whole-rock geochemical and zircon uranium-lead age data for Haukivuori granitoids in southeast Finland, which provide insights into the distribution of post-collisional granitoids in this region. The purpose of this thesis is to classify a granitoids in Haukivuori and to determine the conditions of their formation. Tectonic evolution of the central and southern Finland is also reviewed and the relationships between Haukivuori whole-rock geochemical data and already published whole-rock data from southern Fin-land post-collisional granitoids are discussed. In the present thesis, the focus is on the 1.815–1.77 billion years post-collisional granitic magmatism across the southern Finland. Haukivuori granitoids modal compositions vary from quartz-monzonite through granite to granodiorite. The contents of quartz, K-feldspar and plagioclase remain consistent all in all, covering about 95 % of the mineral assemblage. The accessories are biotite, muscovite, fluorite, calcite, apatite and zircon as well as oxides. Granitoids show high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic affinities and are metaluminous to weakly peraluminous with enrichment in light rare earth elements (example lanthanum normalized to chondrites shows ratios between 93 to 4263) and granitoids lack significant europium anomalies. Granitoids show enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements such as barium (1359–10000 ppm) and strontium (827–8318 ppm), and they display negative anomalies on chondrite normalized spider diagrams in high field strength elements such as niobium, tantalum, zirconium, and titanium. Concordia-intercept age from zircons uranium-lead data of 1794 ± 13 million years is the best crystallization age estimate for the Haukivuori granitoids. Haukivuori granitoid’s age, their undeformed nature, and the fact that granitoids cut country rocks clearly put granitoids into the post-collisional group. Thus, Haukivuori granitoids can be classified as post-collisional granitoids. Haukivuori granitoids display all features of typical high Barium-Strontium granitoids. Thus, granitoids are interpreted to represent a high-level expression of the mantle magmatism that was derived from depleted mantle source which was enriched during an earlier subduction episode.
  • Turtiainen, Harri (2020)
    A promising Cu-Ni-PGE containing sulphide ore deposit was discovered in 2009 by Anglo American and since the company has continued studies aiming towards utilisation of the deposit. The discovered deposit lies underneath a Natura 2000 protected mire complex, Viiankiaapa, in Sodankylä municipality in Finnish Lapland. The research and exploration activities in the area are performed with mitigation and preventing actions in order to minimize the deterioration impact to the delicate ecosystem. The more detailed understanding of the hydrogeochemistry of the mire environment in its current state can assist: in monitoring, mitigating and preventing of potential environmental effects due to future mining operations as well as planning the monitoring program. Hydrogeochemical studies, consisting of water and peat sampling at eight sampling points, were carried out along a 1.6 km long study line. Water samples were collected from the surface of the mire as well as within the peat layer and the bottom of the peat layer. Water samples were collected using a mini-piezometer. The analyses for the water samples involved: major components, trace elements and δ18O & δ2H. Groundwater influence in the different sampling points as well as different sections of the peat was investigated using the mentioned chemical and isotopic properties. Peat sampling focused on finding samples which would have different hydraulic properties in order to find the influence of peat in the hydrology in the mire. Hydraulic conductivity of peat samples was determined using rigid wall permeameter test setup. The chemical and physical methods were supplemented by a ground penetrating radar survey completed with 30 and 100 MHz antennas. Studies of peat showed that the hydraulic conductivity varies substantially even inside the rather small study area. Widely recognized correlation between hydraulic conductivity and depth was not observed statistically, but the sampling sites individually show a clear connection with depth and hydraulic conductivity. The influence of the hydraulic properties of peat on to the flow of water in the mire was observed to be significant. In cases where the hydraulic conductivity of peat was very low, water flow may be prevented altogether. This was confirmed with the use of chemical analyses. With higher hydraulic conductivity, groundwater influence was seen more or less throughout the peat profile.
  • Charlesworth, Timothy (2024)
    The hydrogeochemical conditions of post mining environments can be complex and influenced by a range of impacts, both natural and anthropogenic. The geochemical composition of groundwater and surface water samples in the old Outokumpu mining area and the Ruutunjoki catchment area in Eastern Finland were determined. Preliminary estimations on the groundwater and surface water interactions and potential contaminant transport pathways are formulated based on the analysed water samples. Field measurements (n=35) and sample collections (n=22) were taken at various locations in the study area, primarily along the Ruutunjoki river. Groundwater samples were collected using mini piezometers in soft sediments and from one groundwater observation bore. Spring and surface water samples were collected directly using HDPE sampling bottles. Samples were laboratory analysed for ion composition, soluble trace elements and stable water isotopes δ18O and δD. Statistical analysis of the analysed samples such as Pearson correlation, PCA and HCA were undertaken to better understand the relationship between samples and interpret hydrogeochemical processes and potential sources. Results showed the dominant water type in the area was CaMgSO4 as opposed to the CaHCO3 water type, which is typical of groundwater in Finland, indicating the effect of sulphate minerals. The low pH and high trace element concentrations are reflective of acid rock drainage which can occur naturally as a result of the weathering of black shales in the area, as well as from the exposure of sulphide minerals in waste rock and tailings. Stable isotopes of water composition distinguished between groundwater and surface water by the evidence, or lack thereof, of evaporation and indicated mixing at various locations. The hydrogeochemical characteristics of the waters have broad similarities with those of post-mining environments and areas affected by black shales, specifically, pH was strongly acidic in most samples, electrical conductivity was high and elevated Fe, Ni, Cu, Co, and Zn concentrations were present in many samples. However, unexplained complexity exists in the spatial distribution of high metal concentration samples and unimpacted cleaner samples. Groundwater and surface water exchange was observed whereby groundwater was seeping into the Ruutunjoki river. In some locations the groundwater contained elevated trace metals, increasing metal concentrations in the river, and in other locations, clean, natural groundwater from quaternary deposits entered the Ruutunjoki river.
  • Lahermaa, Petri (2022)
    Kimberlites are a primary source of diamonds. However, not all kimberlites contain diamonds, let alone in the abundance that enable economically profitable exploitation. To assess the diamond potential of kimberlites, the study of kimberlite/diamond indicator minerals (i.e. mantle-derived xenocrysts) can be utilized. In this study the diamond potential of Liqhobong kimberlite cluster in Lesotho, Southern Africa, was studied. Indicator mineral grains (chromian diopside, garnet, chromite, ilmenite) from Liqhobong kimberlites were analysed for major and minor elements using electron microprobe. Results were used to examine formation conditions (P/T) and chemical characteristics of indicator minerals, to define local geotherm and diamond window and to provide general overview to diamond potential of the Liqhobong kimberlite cluster. Based on single clinopyroxene thermobarometry (using Cr-diopside grains as a thermobarometer), the local Liqhobong geotherm is estimated to be ~41 mW/m². It corresponds reasonably accurately to the reference geotherm 40 mW/m², which is widely considered being a decent “average” geotherm at Kaapvaal-Kalahari Craton area. Analysed xenocrysts are principally from the peridotitic source rock. Geochemistry of the indicator minerals show that there is a significant diamond potential in Liqhobong kimberlites. Specifically, Ni-in-garnet thermometry, using the formation depth of the G10 garnets combined to the relevant 40 mW/m² reference geotherm, displays the existence of a significant diamond window at the depth interval of ~140-230 km below the Liqhobong area.
  • Ruhanen, Hanna-Kaisa (2022)
    The 1.64 Ga Ahvenisto complex in the southeastern Finland, is an anorthosite-mangerite-charnokite-granite (AMCG) suite, which has been discovered to host conspicuous magma interaction structures formed in magma mixing and mingling. These structures form areas where the consequences of mingling are found as monzodioritic pillows and granitic veins forming net-veined complexes. Mixing of monzodioritic and hornblende granitic magmas has produced hybrid rocks with intermediate composition. The main goals of the study were to report the major element mineral chemistry of the main minerals (plagioclase, alkali-feldspar, amphibole, and pyroxene) from the hybrid rocks, hornblende granite, and monzodiorite and to test the suitability of geothermobarometric methods for the rock types related to the different magma interaction structures and to evaluate crystallization pressures and temperatures of the pertinent magmas. The magma interaction structures of the Ahvenisto complex are recognized in the mineral chemistry of the mingling and mixing related rocks. The mineral chemistry confirms that the hornblende-granite represents the most primitive granitic phase in the mixing set and the composition of the minerals change as the mixing proceeds towards the final hybrid rock. The mineral chemistry from the monzodiorites reveals that the monzodiorites from different areas of the Ahvenisto complex have distinguished features and they can be separated by their composition. Hornblende-plagioclase thermobarometers and two-pyroxene thermometers were used, and the results were compared to the previous studies related to the emplacement conditions of the Ahvenisto complex. The hornblende-plagioclase thermobarometers suggest that the crystallization of the mixing related rocks took place at ~790–860°C. For the temperature results, pressures of 100 MPa and 300 MPa were used based on earlier studies and a conclusion is drawn that the pressure has had only minor impact on the temperature. The two-pyroxene thermometers show similar regional difference for the crystallization temperatures of the monzodioritic rocks as recognized in the mineral chemistry. The results from the two-pyroxene thermometers show wider variation in the temperatures, which leaves some uncertainty on the liability of the results. The variation is mainly explained by the mineral chemistry of the mafic silicate minerals in the Ahvenisto complex rocks being very iron-rich and outside the calibration standards of the geothermobarometers.
  • Rantanen, Aleksi (2021)
    Vulkaanisten kaarten magmaattinen aktiivisuus nostaa maankuoren lämpötilaa ja laskee sen kestävyyttä, mutta näiden muutosten suuruutta tai muutosten erinäisiä tekijöitä, kuten latenttilämpöä, sulamisesta aiheutunutta viskositeetin laskua sekä intruusioiden koostumusta, lämpötilaa ja sulan määrää ei ole laajemmilta osin tutkittu. Pro gradu tutkielman tarkoitus on kvantifioida näitä kuoressa tapahtuvia muutoksia sekä tutkia erinäisten tekijöiden vaikutusta kallioperän kestävyyteen, kuten sitä kuinka kestävyys muuttuu lämpötilan nousun seurauksena kiinteässä tilassa verrattuna siihen miten se muuttuu kiven sulaessa. Näitä näkökulmia tutkitaan mallilla, joka perustuu kaksiulotteiseen lämpöyhtälöön, joka ratkaistaan differenssimenetelmällä. Kuoren kestävyyden muutoksia lasketaan sarjalla yksiulotteisia kuoren kestävyyskriteerimalleja. Kivien sulamislämpötilat saadaan termodynaamisella ohjelmalla, joka laskee sulafraktiot eri paine ja lämpötilaolosuhteissa ja näitä sulia käytetään hyväksi mallissa, joka laskee efektiivisen viskositeetin osittain sulaneelle kivelle. Kuoren kestävyyttä ja lämpötilan muutoksia tarkastellaan tekemällä useampia simulaatioita, jotka jäljittelevät magmaattisen kaaren vulkanismia. Maankuoren integroitu kestävyys laskee magmakammioiden läheisyydessä jo muutaman miljoonan vuoden kuluttua ~80 % eikä tämä arvo muutu huomattavasti jatkuvan magmaattisen aktiivisuuden seurauksena. Magmakammioita ympäröivä maankuori kuitenkin jatkaa heikentymistä koko magmaattisen aktiivisuuden ajan (10 Ma) eikä tämä ei ole ainoastaan seurausta hitaasta lämmönjohtumisesta. Magmaattisen aktiivisuuden päätyttyä maankuori jäähtyy ja kiteytyy, jolloin intruusioiden mekaaniset ominaisuudet saattavat joko heikentää tai kestävöittää kallioperää suhteessa maankuoren alkuperäiseen kestävyyteen riippuen intruusioiden ja niitä ympäröivän kiven mekaanisista ominaisuuksista. Mafiset intruusion kykenevät kestävöittämään kallioperää helpommin syvemmällä, missä kuori alun perin deformoitui plastisesti, kun taas felsiset intruusiot kykenevät mekaanisesti heikentämään maankuorta matalammilla syvyyksillä. Pitkällä aikavälillä intrudoituvan magman lämpötila on vähemmän tärkeä tekijä kuoren kestävyydelle, kuin intruusioiden mekaaniset ominaisuudet. Kiven sulamisella ei näytä olevan huomattavaa vaikutusta kuoren kestävyyden muutoksiin. Suurin osa simulaatioista osoittaa, että kuoren integroitu kestävyys on pudonnut jo yli 99.9 % lämpötilan nousun seurauksena ennen kuin kuori alkaa sulamaan. Jopa äärimmäisimmissä skenaarioissa kuoren sulamisesta aiheutuva integroidun kestävyyden lasku pysyy pääsääntöisesti 0.5 % alapuolella. Mitä enemmän magmassa on sulaa, sitä suurempi vaikutus latenttilämmöllä on kuoren lämpötiloihin. Magmaattisen aktiivisuude aikana intrudoituvalla magmalla minkä sulamäärä on 10–100 %, latenttilämmön osuus lämpötilan noususta on 12–34 %. Latenttilämpö vaikuttaa enemmän kuoren kestävyyteen magmakammioiden läheisyydessä ja laskee kuoren kestävyyttä enemmän magmaattisen aktiivisuuden päätyttyä. Maximissaan latenttilämmöstä aiheutunut kuoren integroidun kestävyyden lasku on 10–30 % magmakammioiden läheisyydessä ja keskiarvo on 5–17.5 % 50 km säteellä magmakammioista, riippuen magman alkuperäisestä sulan määrästä. Tektoniikan kannalta on tärkeää ymmärtää miten magmaattinen aktiivisuus vaikuttaa maankuoren kestävyyteen. Maankuori on heikoimmillaan suoraan magmakammioiden läheisyydessä magmaattisen aktiivisuuden aikana, joka saattaa aiheuttaa paikallisia muutoksia kuoren deformaatiossa ja hiertovyöhykkeiden muodostumisessa, mutta pitkällä aikavälillä intruusioiden koostumus ja niiden mekaaniset ominaisuudet saattavat vaikuttaa huomattavasti kuoren kestävyyteen. Koska kuoren sulamisesta aiheutunut viskositeetin lasku ei ole huomattava tekijä kuoren kestävyydelle, niin muut magmaattiseen aktiivisuuteen ja vulkanismiin liittyvät tekijät ovat todennäköisesti tärkeämmässä osassa, kuten kiven sulamiseen liittyvä tiheyden lasku ja tilavuuden kasvu, joka taas johtaa uusiin maankuoreen syntyviin jännityskenttiin, kallioperän murrosten syntymiseen sekä magman liikkumiseen.
  • Sihto, Juha (2023)
    Tutkimuksessa pyrittiin selvittämään pohjaveden virtaussuunnat Hyvinkäänkylän vedenottamolle, I Salpausselän ja Hyvinkäänkylän harjun välisiä hydraulisia yhteyksiä ja alueellisten ruhjevyöhykkeiden vaikutusta pohjaveden virtaussuuntiin. Tutkimusalue sijaitsee Hyvinkään pohjavesialueella ja on tärkeä kunnan vesihuollon kannalta. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin MODFLOW-virtausmallinnusta, jonka pohjalle luotiin hydrostratigrafinen 3D-malli LeapFrog-ohjelmistolla. Virtausmallinnus toteutettiin Modelmuse-ohjelmistolla. Tulokset osoittavat, että Vantaanjoen pohjoispuolella I Salpausselän ja Hyvinkäänkylän harjun välinen hydraulinen yhteys on olemassa: molemmista virtaa vettä kohti vedenottamoa. Suurin osa vedenottamon vedestä tulee tutkimusalueen pohjoisosasta I Salpausselältä ja Hyvinkäänkylän harjun pohjoisosasta, mutta harjun eteläosasta Vantaanjoen alitse virtaava vesimäärä on huomattava. Lisäksi tulokset osoittavat, että Vantaanjoen eteläpuolisella alueella Hirvisuon-Lammenkorven seudulla I Salpausselän ja Hyvinkäänkylän harjun välillä ei ole virtausmallin perusteella todettavissa hydraulista yhteyttä. Näiden alueiden vedet virtaavat mallin mukaan pääasiassa Vantaanjokeen, mutta vedenottamon pumppausmäärää nostettaessa Hirvisuon-Lammenkorven alueelta virtaa mallin mukaan pieniä määriä pohjavettä vedenottamon suuntaan. Ruhjevyöhykkeen lisääminen virtausmalliin Vantaanjoen ja Hyvinkäänkylän vedenottamon ympäristöön pienensi mallin virhettä, mutta vyöhykkeen paksuus, vedenjohtavuus ja todellinen vaikutus pohjaveden virtaussuuntiin ovat vielä kysymyksiä, joihin vastaaminen vaatii lisätutkimuksia.
  • Laurila, Minna (2020)
    Artificial groundwater is produced in Jäniksenlinna water treatment facility in Tuusula by infiltrating surface water from the lake Päijänne to the Jäniksenlinna aquifer. The geochemical properties of the artificial groundwater vary and challenge the water purification process in the Jäniksenlinna facility. The objective of the study was to solve the geochemical quality of the water in different locations inside the aquifer area and in the different steps of the water purification process and to solve the changes in the geochemistry of the water caused by the seasonal changes. The study was put into effect by collecting 20 water samples, 16 of which were from different locations inside the aquifer area and 4 of which were from the different steps of the water purification process in the water plant. The samples were collected during the spring 2018 and repeated during the summer 2018. Each water sample was analyzed for major ions by ion chromatography, trace elements by ICP-MS method and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen with the help of Picarro device. Additionally, each sample was analyzed in the field for electric conductivity, pH and temperature and in laboratory for alkalinity, pH and electric conductivity. The results from the spring and from the summer were handled separately since they differed with statistically significant levels from each other. The results were treated with statistical methods and visualized with tables, graphs, photos from the sampling points and maps. The results show that season changed the proportion of the natural and the artificial groundwater in the sampling points. However the season had no effect on the existence of the artificial groundwater in the sampling points. The proportion of the artificial groundwater was highest while the groundwater level was low, that is during the summer. The sampling points were selected with different distances to the infiltration area. However, the amount of infiltrated water did not decrease with the growing distance to the infiltration area, since the geological structures of the aquifer define the water flow inside the aquifer. The amount of artificial groundwater was lower in one sampling point closer to the infiltration area than in two sampling points further away the infiltration area. The water purification process removes the excess iron and manganese from the artificial groundwater and produces water which fulfills the standards set for the drinking water. The amount of iron and manganese in the drinking water might get even lower by conducting the water from the well 12 to the iron and manganese removal. The study covered the spring and the summer seasons, but in order to study the whole annual picture, the sampling should cover the autumn and the winter seasons as well. Flow modelling could give better picture of the formation of the artificial groundwater in Jäniksenlinna.
  • Malmström, Sofia (2022)
    The research subject is Waste Rock and Tailings Storage Facilities of a Finnish mine in planning. The storage facilities are considered as they will be in the operative phase of the mine. Waste rock is categorized according to its sulfur and metal content as well as buffering capabilities in to two classes; low-sulfur and high-sulfur waste rock. Waste rock is deposited in the form of piles at two different storage facilities determined by their classification. Tailings are deposited as wet slurry within embankment, where most of the tailings are partially or fully saturated with water. The aim of this study was to research contingencies in the quality assesment of seepage water produced by storage facilities. Seepage water in the mine in planning has previously been assessed with humidity cell tests, which serves as the source material for this thesis. The humidity cell tests are performed in laboratory conditions which do not respond to actual mining area conditions, thus the seepage water quality assesment cannot be done based on these tests alone. Instead they are used as source material to assess the quality of the seepage water. The effects of the conditions of humidity cell testing are the contingencies in seepage water quality assessment. The effects of the conditions studied in this thesis are temperature, rainfall, reactive mass of the waste rock and tailings as well as channeling of rain water in the waste rock storage facility. In the composition of seepage water the concentrations of sulfates and metals was examined. Humidity cell test results were fitted to the conditions in the mining area by lab-to-field scaling. The scaling correction factor or complement is based on the effects of the laboratory and mining area conditions on the quality of the seepage water that are defined in the scaling. The effect of condition factors on water quality assessment was investigated by changing the value of the scaling factor and comparing the resulting water compositions. Futhermore, the water quality estimate obtained as a result of the scaling was fed into an equilibrium modeling program to to study the precipitation reactions in the leachate and the amount of precipitation. Based on the scaling results, the sulfate and metal concentrations in the seepage water increased as the proportion of fines, reactive mass, leachable surface area, or temperature increased. If rainfall increased, the concentrations of metals and sulfates decreased. The above properties were observed for each mine wastes examined (low-sulfur and high-sulfur waste rock, tailings). The intensity of the increase or decrease in concentrations was dependent on the acidity of the seepage water of the mine waste. In the alkaline seepage water of low-sulfur waste rock and tailings, the increase in the value of the condition factor, with the exception of rainfall, led to greater changes in concentrations than in the acidic seepage water of high-sulfur waste rock. The seepage water of the high-sulfur waste rock was acidic and therefore the solubility of the metals was high and the changes in acidity didn’t significantly affect the precipitation of the substances. The final conclusion of the work was that the most significant uncertainties for the assessment of leachate quality are the grain size distribution and channeling of water in the waste rock pile, and the thickness of reactive layer in the tailings storage facility. Based on the sensitivity analysis, the effects of climate change did not significantly affect the water quality, as the simultaneous increase in temperature and precipitation offset each other's effects. It should be noted, however, that a more in-depth examination of the effects of climate change would require a seasonal examination of precipitation and temperature. In addition, variations in prolonged rainy and dry seasons should be considered, as they may have significant momentary effects on the seepage water quality.
  • Silvennoinen, Sonja (2021)
    Itämeren pohja on ollut vähähappinen tai kokonaan hapeton useita kertoja viimeisten 8000 vuoden aikana. Holoseenin lämpömaksimin aikana, Litorinameren suojaisessa mataloituvassa lahdessa nykyisen Kurikan alueelle on kerrostunut aikaresoluutioltaan poikkeuksellisen hienosyinen sedimenttisarja, joka kertoo pohjan happitilanteen muutoksista. Ajallisesti sedimenttisarja kattaa paikallisen deglasiaation, Ancylusjärvivaiheen ja Litorinameren kehityksen paikalliseen kuroutumiseen asti, ajoittuen jaksolle n. 10 800–4 500. Magneettiset mineraalit ovat herkkiä ympäristön prokseja ja niiden kerrostumisen jälkeiseen diageneesiin liittyy joko detritaalisten magneettisten mineraalien muuttuminen tai uusien magneettisten mineraalien syntyminen. Koska muutoksia tapahtuu sekä hapettavissa että pelkistävissä ympäristöissä, voidaan magneettisia mineraaleja käyttää tutkittaessa sedimenttien diageneettisiä prosesseja ja ympäristöjä. Esimerkiksi greigiitti on rautasulfidi, jonka esiintyminen indikoi hapetonta ympäristöä. Greigiittiä voi syntyä diageneesissa sulfaatin pelkistymisen tai metaanin anaerobisen hapettumisen seurauksena. Lisäksi magnetotaktiset bakteerit tuottavat greigiittiä magnetosomeihinsa. Ympäristömagneettiset ominaisuudet kertovat greigiitin synty-ympäristön redox-olosuhteista. Huhtikuussa 2019 kerätystä 40 metriä pitkästä sedimenttisarjasta määritettiin sedimentin litologia, magneettinen suskeptilibeetti, orgaanisen aineksen pitoisuus sekä raekoko. Tulosten perusteella sedimenttisarja jaettiin viiteen yksikköön (KY15-1–KY15-5). Yksiköistä KY15-2, KY15-3 ja KY15-4 selvitettiin ympäristömagneettiset ominaisuudet neljästä eri vyöhykkeestä. Suskeptibiliteettiaineiston toistotarkkuus varmennettiin korkeamman resoluution mittauksin ja ympäristömagneettisia tuloksia verrattiin suskeptibiliteettimittauksiin. Ympäristömagneettisten tulosten vertailu suskeptibliteetin arvoihin osoittaa, että suskeptibiliteettia voidaan käyttää ympäristömagneettisten ominaisuuksien rekonstruoimiseen Kurikan sedimenttisarjan sedimenttiyksiköissä, joissa sedimentaatio on verrattain tasaista eikä suuria raekokomuutoksia esiinny. Litorinamerivaiheen sedimentistä havaittiin single-domain (SD) kokoista (200-1000 nm) autigeenistä greigiittiä Kurikan sedimenttisarjassa ja ympäristömagneettiset tulokset indikoivat sen alkuperäksi sulfidista ympäristöä. Tutkimuskohteen sedimenttisarja eroaa muista Itämerestä tutkituista sedimenttisarjoista erityisesti Ancylusjärven sedimenttien ympäristömagneettisilta tuloksiltaan. Poiketen syvänteistä kerätyistä sedimenttisarjoista, ei Ancylusjärven savista tunnistettu greigiittiä, eikä sedimentissä nähty selviä sulfidikerroksia. Litologisten ja ympäristömagneettisten tulosten perusteella greigiitin (autigeeninen) syntymekanismi Kurikan sedimenttisarjassa on erilainen, kuin Itämeressä aiemmin havaitulla greigiittillä (magnetotaktisten bakteerien synnyttämä). Tutkimuksen tulokset viittaavat siihen, että greigiitin syntytavat voivat olla jopa altaan samoissa sedimenteissä toisistaan poikkeavat, ja että sedimentaatioympäristö vaikuttaa vahvasti greigiitin syntymiseen ja sen säilymiseen sedimentissä. Suskeptibiliteetin perusteella hypoksia on ollut Litorinameren aikana mataloituvassa merenlahdessa yleistä, mutta ei jatkuvaa. Isomman mittakaavan trendit hapettomuuden vaihtelussa ovat olleet perenniaalisia oletetulla aikaresoluutiolla, mutta aineisto ei sulje pois hapettomuuden kausittaisuutta. Litorinameren ajalta voidaan erottaa ainakin kaksi pitempiaikaista, muutamia satoja vuosia jatkuvaa, hapetonta tai vähähappista kautta. Greigiitin määrä kuitenkin vaihtelee jaksojen aikana, heijastaen vaihtelua pohjaolosuhteissa. Hypoksisten kausien välillä (~6500–7000 cal BP) on viitteitä lyhytaikaisista hapellisista jaksoista. Kyseinen ajanjakso on yhdistetty kirjallisuudessa korkeampiin suolatasoihin Itämeren altaassa, suhteellisen merenpinnan korkeampiin tasoihin sekä hapellisten olosuhteiden yleistymiseen.
  • Kilpeläinen, Visa (2021)
    Järven kehityksen tunteminen auttaa rekonstruktioimaan ihmistoiminnan ja luonnollisten muutosten aiheuttamia tapahtumia järven kehityksessä. Näitä tapahtumia voidaan päätellä pohjasedimenttikooreista saatavien tietojen avulla. Tämä tutkimus tutkii pienen vuoristojärven kehitystä viimeisen 800 vuoden aikana. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää sedimentaatiossa tapahtuneita poikkeamia sekä ihmistoiminnan vaikutusta niihin. Kohdejärvi Laka sijaitsee Tšekin lounaisosassa Sumavan luonnonsuojelualueella. Laka-järvi on pituudeltaan 300 metriä ja leveydeltään 100 metriä. Järven alueella vallitsee vuoristoilmasto, ja järvi on jäässä keskimäärin 4–5 kuukautta vuoden aikana. Järveä ympäröivä metsäalue toimi teollisesta toiminnasta aiheutuneiden rikki- ja typpipäästöjen nieluna 1950-luvulta 1980-luvun loppuun, mikä aiheutti happamoitumista. Työn aineisto on PEDECO-projektin yhteydessä tuotettua, jonka tekijä on saanut ohjaajaltaan valmiina käyttöönsä. Tutkimuksessa käytetty aineisto on tuotettu venäläisellä suokairalla otetusta sedimenttikoorista ja Limnos-nostimella otetusta pintasedimenttikoorista tehdyt analyysit. Tutkimuksessa käytetyt menetelmät ovat radiohiiliajoitus yli 70 vuotta vanhojen sedimenttien ajoittamiseen, 210Pb-ajoitus alle 70 vuotta vanhojen sedimenttien ajoittamiseen, raekokoanalyysi lajitteiden osuuksien määrittämiseen, infrapunan lähellä olevien aallonpituuksien spektrometria orgaanisen aineksen, mineraaliaineksen ja biogeenisen silikaatin osuuksien määrittämiseen, röntgensädefluoresenssi alkuainepitoisuuksien määrittämiseen, siitepölyanalyysi ja muiden palynomorfien analyysi kasvien ja muiden itiöperäisten eliöiden esiintyvyyden määrittämiseen. Lisäksi aineistoista tehtiin Pearsonin korrelaatio ja pääkomponenttianalyysi, joiden avulla määritettiin eri muuttujien suhteita toisiinsa. Tuloksista näkyy kolme erilaista aikakautta järven kehityksessä: luonnontilainen 1200-luvulta 1600-luvulle, vähäistä ihmistoiminnan vaikutusta 1600-luvulta 1850-luvulle ja huomattavaa ihmistoiminnan vaikutusta 1850- luvulta nykyaikaan. Luonnollisista muutoksista järven kehitykseen vaikutti eniten sademäärien muutokset. Myös paikalliset tuulen ja hyönteisten aiheuttamat metsätuhot vaikuttivat järven kehitykseen. Ihmistoiminnan suurimmat vaikutukset aiheutuivat järven patoamisesta, sekä veden ajoittaisista juoksutuksista padon läpi. Kun veden juoksutus padon läpi lopetettiin 1920-luvulla, järven pinta nousi ja sen pinta-ala kasvoi. Veden alle jääneestä maaperästä liukeni veteen runsaasti eri alkuaineita, mikä aiheutti monien alkuaineiden kohdalla suurimmat pitoisuudet koko tutkimuksen ajanjakson aikana. Lisäksi järveen päätyi jonkin verran teollisuuden aiheuttamia päästöjä kaukokulkeumana.
  • Clergeaud, Joona (2020)
    Pro gradu -tutkielma on osa Vantaanjoen ja Helsingin seudun vesiensuojeluyhdistys ry:n hanketta, jossa tutkitaan maanläjitystoiminnan tyypillisiä pinta- ja pohjavesivaikutuksia sekä havainnoidaan lohikalojen lisääntymisalueille tapahtuvia haittoja Vantaanjoen valuma-alueella. Maanläjitystoiminnan moninaisen luonteen vuoksi, toiminnan laajuudesta ja sen vaikutuksista ei ole olemassa luotettavaa tutkimuksiin perustuvaa tietoa. Tutkielmassa selvitettiin millaisia vaikutuksia pilaantumattomien ylijäämämaiden välivarastoinnilla ja läjityksellä on lähiympäristön pohja- ja pintaveden laatuun. Pilaantumattomien ylijäämämaiden osalta tutkimuksia tehtiin kolmessa eri kohteessa Vantaanjoen valuma-alueella. Tutkielma keskittyi valuma-alueella sijaitsevien ympäristöluvanvaraisten- ja muilla luvilla toimivien maanläjitysalueiden velvoitetarkkailutulosten kokoamiseen, tarkasteluun ja paikkatietoanalyysin kehittämiseen. Näiden kriteerien avulla voidaan arvioida läjitysalueiden vesille aiheuttamia riskejä. Tutkimukseen kuului lisäksi pohjaveden purkautumispaikkojen ja luonnonpurojen kartoitusta, vedenlaadun kenttämittauksia ja vesinäytteenottoa. Esiselvitysten perusteella odotettiin maanläjitysalueiden läheisyydessä olevissa pinta- ja pohjavesissä olevan tausta-arvoista kohonneita raskasmetalleja, talousveden laatuvaatimuksista poikkeavia pH-arvoja sekä sähkönjohtavuuden muutoksia. Tulosten perusteella pilaantumattomilla ylijäämämailla on lieviä haitallisia vaikutuksia niin pinta- ja kuin pohjaveden laadullisiin tekijöihin. Pinta- ja pohjavesissä todettiin alueittain kohonneita pitoisuuksia ja arvoja muun muassa sulfaatilla, sähkönjohtavuudella, liukoisessa muodossa raudalla, mangaanilla, uraanilla, rikillä sekä sinkillä. Tutkielman tulokset auttavat arvioimaan läjitysalueiden haitta-ainekuormituksia vesiympäristöön ja suunnittelemaan riskienhallintatoimenpiteitä kuormituksen rajoittamiseksi. Suppeita analyysipaketteja tulisi laajentaa raskasmetallien osalta, sillä vähäinen analyysivalikoima ei edusta kaikkia kohteita. Tavoitteena on ohjata maanläjitystoiminta sellaisille alueille, joilla vesiin kohdistuvat haitat voidaan hallita.
  • Suoknuuti, Rudi-Matti Ilmari (2023)
    Arctic and sub-Arctic areas have significant amounts of carbon dioxide and methane stored in the sediments which can affect the climate change. The role of groundwater in the carbon cycle in the northern regions is not well known. The processes related to the groundwater cycle depend on the structure and composition of the sediment, which in turn are determined by the way the sediment is formed.  In this study, the sedimentary structures and the hydrogeological properties of the Haaralamminkangas groundwater system was investigated. The aim was also to obtain more thorough knowledge on the geological processes that have formed the sedimentary structures of the area. Geophysical survey, drilling data, grain size analysis, and water sample analyzes were used as research methods. A sedimentary structure interpretation and 3D model were created from the data. In addition, a conceptual hydrogeological model was produced, which means information about the presence of groundwater in the area, the hydraulic connections of different parts of the groundwatersystem, and how groundwater interacts with surface waters. The 3D model will later serve in the study of the connection between the role of groundwater and the carbon cycle.  The sediments of the area was found to consist of Late Weichelian glacial sediments, fine-grained basin sediments, valley delta sand deposits, sandy gravels of the braded river system, and fine-grained flood sediments. The deposits have been formed in the following main events: Late-Weichelian glacial sedimentary processes, rapid accumulation of a sediment load on the bottom of the river valley and fluvial processes.  In the study, previously unknown information about the thickness of the sedimentary structures in the study area was clarified. Local gravel layers and a possible buried esker system wich was observed in the study may have an effect on groundwater flow. The ground water system was found to extend beyond its present boundaries and a buried bedrock in the middle of the area divides the aquifer into separate parts, where the surface waters from Puukkosuo end up in. Oulankajoki was found to be seeping into the aquifer. The modeling of the change in the height of the Oulankajoki water level showed that the effect of the spring floods is directed towards the areas of Haaralamminranta and Kouruniitty.
  • Nuutinen, Janna (2023)
    Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas that is released to the atmosphere in many ways from natural sources. While wetlands are seen as major sources, open water systems, including small boreal lakes, should also be considered when estimating methane emissions locally and globally. Methane is produced the sediments and has several oxidation processes and emission pathways. In this master’s thesis, the sediments of Lake Pääjärvi, southern Finland, were studied using two different porewater sampling methods to analyze methane concentrations and geochemical properties of the porewater. The sampling methods, the Rhizons filter and the cut syringe method, were both performed to total of five sampling sites. A sediment profile was made from two locations, PAME1 and PAME2, and single sampling at 10 cm depth from the other sites. The sampling sites were located on different parts of the lake at depths of 3–16 m. Additionally, the water column was sampled for methane and water quality, and sediment for grain size, organic matter, and the C:N-ratio. As a result, the sampling methods were successful, and the sediment profiles and the sites could be compared. While there was difference in the methane concentrations, reliability of the methods was not concluded. The Rhizons filter method gave higher methane concentrations in only one sampling site, whereas the cut syringe was dominant in all others. Influential factors on the differences could be the use of different sampling cores, or the different duration of sampling between the sampling sites. The sulfate-methane transition zone was recognized from the depth of 4.5–6.5 cm in PAME1 and circa 3 cm in PAME2. The only sediment feature that coincided with high methane concentrations was larger grain size, although the variation between sampling sites was not large. The methane concentrations in the epilimnion were higher than near the sediment-water interface, which suggested that the methane in Lake Pääjärvi originates mainly from the catchment area and not from the sediments.
  • Tvauri, Artur (2024)
    The albite-spodumene pegmatites of the Kaustinen Li-province host one of the most significant lithium resources in Europe. Economic potential and petrogenesis of the Kaustinen Li pegmatites have been studied previously, however the magmatic hydrothermal processes behind the petrogenesis and lithium enrichment are not yet fully understood. Because of its wide P-T-X stability range, complex mineral chemical structure with abundance of varying trace elements, and high resistance to alteration, tourmaline is an ideal proxy for the study of the Kaustinen Li province. In this study, the major and trace element compositions of tourmaline from six albite-spodumene pegmatites and the Kaustinen pegmatite granite were analyzed in order to investigate: 1) the regional variations in tourmaline chemistry between the individual pegmatites and the assumed source pluton, and 2) how this reflects the origin, evolution, and fractionation of the pegmatite forming melts. Based on their texture and location within the pegmatites and the granite, the tourmalines were divided into wall rock tourmalines, contact tourmalines, core zone tourmalines and granite tourmalines. Tourmaline in the Kaustinen Li-province belongs to the alkali-group and shows significant compositional variation in the dravite – schorl – elbaite (Mg – Fe – Li+Al) ternary system. Chemical evolution of the melts is most notably displayed by a two-step trend of variation in the tourmaline Y-site, where first Mg is substituted for Fe, and then Fe is substituted for Li+Al. Tourmaline in the metasomatized wall rock shows chemical affinity to the metasedimentary or metavolcanic wall rock, especially in cases where the fluid/rock ratio is interpreted low during metasomatism. Major and trace element composition of tourmaline reveals differences in the internal evolution of three pegmatite dikes, with weak internal chemical zonation and contemporaneous crystallization throughout the dike in the Rapasaaret and Heikinkangas dikes, whereas in Matoneva, the chemical zonation is strong, indicating crystallization inwards from the dike walls. On a regional scale, tourmaline composition in these three pegmatites and the Kaustinen pegmatite granite form chemical trends expected if the pegmatite melts would be originated from the Kaustinen pegmatite granite, except for Sr, which would be expected to decrease during fractional crystallization, but has lower concentrations in the granite than in the pegmatites. Because of this, the pegmatite melts likely could not have fractionated from the melts represented by the two granite samples, but as the Kaustinen pegmatite granite shows significant heterogeneity, the parental melts of the pegmatites could have been derived from a different part of the pluton. No direct evidence for the pegmatite melts having stemmed from low-degree partial melts initially enriched in Li through staurolite melting reactions can be seen from the tourmaline major and trace element data. As the geochemical signatures produced by staurolite melting reactions are not fully understood and as the REE data from tourmalines of this study are limited, further assessment of this alternative petrogenetic model is difficult.
  • Wiberg, Meri (2023)
    The need for renewable energy sources is continuously increasing due to the prevailing climate change. The temperature of the Earth's crust increases with depth, providing more energy than humanity can utilize. Geothermal energy is a low-carbon form of energy, and its potential is being increasingly exploited. The design of an energy well requires geological investigations and knowledge of geothermal properties such as thermal conductivity, energy well thermal resistance, and heat capacity. Preliminary studies and modeling of energy wells have utilized in situ measurements, such as thermal response testing and active distributed temperature sensing, to determine thermal conductivity and energy well thermal resistance. By using information on mineral composition and mineral distribution in the rock formation, the thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the rock can be calculated. In the modeling of geothermal fields, thermal conductivity, energy well thermal resistance, and heat capacity are utilized. Both computational and in situ methods provide two of these factors, with thermal conductivity being a common factor. However, the methods differ in terms of ecological impact, implementation time, and cost-effectiveness. In the thesis, comparisons have been made between the results and differences of the methods, as well as a cost estimate comparison between the methods.
  • Vatanen, Jonna (2022)
    The Kiimala Trend in Central Ostrobothnia, western Finland hosts orogenic gold de-posits. According to earlier studies conducted in the area by the GTK and Ou-tokumpu Exploration, the orogenic gold deposits contain varying amounts of gold ranging from 1.19 to 2.5 ppm and minor amounts of sulfides. In the Kiimala Trend area, the gold deposits of interest are Kiimala, Ängesneva, Vesiperä, and Pöhlölä. Fel-sic porphyries located in these areas are host rocks for orogenic gold, but little petro-logical and mineralogical information on the porphyries exists, and the available in-formation lacks both details and up-to-date data. During this study, the rocks in the Kiimala trend were mainly categorized as plagio-clase porphyries, plagioclase-porphyritic amphibolites, amphibolites, schists, sulfide veins, and diorites. Geochemically the rocks represent various types of gabbros and diorites. The rocks have been metamorphosed in amphibolite facies conditions during the Svecofennian orogeny. During the metamorphic events, low-salinity hydrothermal fluids altered the rocks resulting in saussuritization, sericitization, alkalization, calcifi-cation, epidotization, and chloritization. Hydrothermal fluids also caused the minerali-zation of gold-, iron-, arsenic-, and copper-bearing sulfides as well as the mineraliza-tion of various metals, most common being bismuth, lead, electrum, silver, and anti-mony. Common oxides are rutile that appears often as rims surrounding ilmenite, and hematite that is associated with hydrothermal veins. Most sulfides and oxides can be found as inclusions or in association with quartz and feldspars, exception being ilmen-ite, that can be found in biotite or chlorite.