Browsing by Title

The aim of this study was to examine how different enrichment objects affect the behaviour of finishing pigs towards enrichment objects and other pigs and also the occurrence of tail- and ear-biting within the pens. Another aim of this study was to examine the stress level of finishing pigs by two different methods. This experiment was carried out in two piggeries; in Huittinen and Pöytyä. The pens were divided into different treatments depending on which enrichment object was in the pen. There was a straw rack in every pen and in Huittinen there was also a simple metal chain in every pen. In the control pens of both piggeries there were no other objects besides these. The enrichment objects in Huittinen were wooden pieces of young birch in different lengths, polythene pipe, simple metal chain and branching metal chain. In Pöytyä the enrichment objects were wooden pieces of young birch and polythene pipe. Data collected in both piggeries were tail and ear lesions and tear staining under the eyes. Only in Huittinen the pigs were videotaped to observe behaviours during contact with each enrichment object and oral manipulation of other pigs. Only in Pöytyä the pigs were measured the latency to approach an unfamiliar human to assess fear of humans. Statistical analysis was accomplished by SPSS-software. In Huittinen the prevalence of tail- and ear-biting and also tear staining was lower in pens with wooden enrichment objects. The use of enrichment objects was the most active in pens with wood and with polythene pipe. There were no differences between the enrichment objects on the oral manipulation of other pigs. In Pöytyä the prevalence of ear-biting was also lower in pens with wooden enrichment objects. However, in tail-biting there was only a tendency for an improvement. Also in tear staining there was only a tendency for an improvement on the left eye in pens with polythene pipe compared to the control pens and there were no differences on the right eye between the enrichment objects. Pigs in pens with wooden enrichment objects were less fearful than those with other enrichment objects and approached the unfamiliar human faster. According to this study wood had the greatest impact as enrichment object for finishing pigs. Polythene pipe as enrichment object was used as frequently as wooden enrichment objects but its efficacy in lowering the prevalence of tail- and ear-biting and also stress level was less. Metal chain was used by the pigs least and there was no difference in the activity of use when a simple metal chain was compared to a branching metal chain. There was less tail- and ear-biting and also lower stress level in pens with wooden enrichment objects compared to other pens.

Hypernymy is a relationship between two words, where the hyponym carries a more specific meaning, and entails a hypernym that carries a more general meaning. A particular kind of verbal hypernymy is troponymy, where troponyms are verbs that encode a particular manner or way of doing something, such as “whisper” meaning “to speak in a quiet manner”. Recently, contextualized word vectors have emerged as a powerful tool for representing the semantics of words in a given context, in contrast to earlier static embeddings where every word is represented by a single vector regardless of sense. BERT, a pre-trained language model that uses contextualized word representations, achieved state of the art performance on various downstream NLP tasks such as question answering. Previous research identified knowledge of scalar adjective intensity in BERT, but not systematic knowledge of nominal hypernymy. In this thesis, we investigate systematic knowledge of troponymy and verbal hypernymy in the base English version of BERT. We compare the similarity of vector representations for manner verbs and adverbs of interest, to see if troponymy is represented in the vector space. Then, we evaluate BERT’s predictions for cloze tasks involving troponymy and verbal hypernymy. We also attempt to train supervised models to probe vector representations for this knowledge. Lastly, we perform clustering analyses on vector representations of words in hypernymy pairs. Data on troponymy and hypernymy relationships is extracted from WordNet and HyperLex, and sentences containing instances of the relevant words are obtained from the ukWaC corpus. We were unable to identify any systematic knowledge about troponymy and verb hypernymy in BERT. It was reasonably successful at predicting hypernyms in the masking experiments, but a general inability to go in the other direction suggests that this knowledge is not systematic. Our probing models were unsuccessful at recovering information related to hypernymy and troponymy from the representations. In contrast with previous work that finds type-level semantic information to be located in the lower layers of BERT, our cluster-based analyses suggest that the upper layers contain stronger or more accessible representations of hypernymy.

I Finland beskattas utbetalningar ur livförsäkringar både genom inkomstbeskattningen och genom arvs- och gåvobeskattningen. Betydande ändringar trädde i kraft i början av år 2017 gällande livförsäkringarnas beskattning vid arvs- och gåvobeskattningen genom en större revidering av arvs- och gåvobeskattningen i enlighet med RP 175/2016 rd. Ändringarna i ArvsskatteL gällde upphävande av lagens 7 a § 2:a och 3:e mom. genom vilket de nära anhörigas skattefriadel av försäkringsutbetalningen vid arvsbeskattningen upphävdes. Ändringens syfte var att göra placeringsformens beskattning mer neutral gentemot andra placeringsformers beskattning. Ifall denna ändring kommer att påverka tecknande av livförsäkringar får framtiden visa. I och med den allt mer globala världen har det blivit enklare för privatpersoner att placera pengar i andra länder och i och med detta flytta sitt sparkapital till länder vars skattereglering skiljer sig mycket från den finländska lagstiftningen. Tävlingen om det internationella investeringskapitalet har lett till att skatteparadis uppstått där beskattningen på investeringskapitalet är lågt eller noll. Dessa länder har länge inte haft några skatteavtal med andra länder gällande beskattningen och på grund av den starka banksekretessen har det varit möjligt för investerare att hållas anonyma. Sparlivförsäkringar är en attraktiv placeringsform på grund av att fondernas och värdepapprens förväntade avkastning är hög samt på grund av skattefördelarna med försäkringen. Sparlivförsäkringars beskattning i gränsöverskridande situationer blir intressant, eftersom placeringsformen är populär och det inte är ovanligt att man under sin livstid flyttar mellan olika länder. Intressanta situationer uppstår då man har en livförsäkring i en stat och bor i en annan stat gällande vilket land som har rätt att beskatta inkomsten. För att de i dessa situationer inte ska uppstå dubbelbeskattning och för att lösa tvister gällande vilket land som ska anses vara den skattskyldigas hemviststat ifall personen bor i flera länder har upprättas internationella bilaterala och multilaterala skatteavtal. Som modell för flera av skatteavtalen gällande undanröjande av dubbelbeskattning vid gränsöverskridande situationer har stått OECD:s modellskatteavtal gällande inkomster och kapital. I OECD:s modellskatteavtal förskrivs inte skilt om livförsäkringars eller försäkringars beskattning och därmed beskattas de enligt OECD:s 21 art. gällande övrig inkomst. Fastän bilaterala avtal ingåtts mellan länder kan det uppstå situationer där dubbel- eller noll-beskattning uppstår vid livförsäkringars beskattning i gränsöverskridande situationer. Situationerna är dock mer komplicerade ifall inget avtal ingåtts mellan länderna, eftersom i dessa fall ska ländernas inhemska lagstiftning tillämpas och fastän det i den inhemska lagstiftningen skulle finnas regler gällande undanröjande av dubbelbeskattning i gränsöverskridande situationer kan dubbelbeskattning uppstå. Dubbelbeskattning kan även uppstå pga. kvalifikationskonflikter som leder till att avtalsländer tillämpar olika artiklar i avtalet. Vid gränsöverskridande situationer kan det uppstå problem ifall inte försäkringstagaren själv erhåller inkomsten, utan någon annan erhåller inkomsten som försäkringens förmånstagare i en situation där försäkringstagaren som själv är den försäkrade avlider. Detta eftersom det ingåtts ett fåtal internationella skatteavtal gällande undanröjande av dubbelbeskattning vid arvsrättsliga situationer och beskattningen i dessa situationer långt baserar sig på ländernas inhemska lagstiftningar.

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan besluta-verbin kahden eri taivutusparadigman (arkaistinen: besluta, besluter, beslöt, beslutit ja moderni: besluta, beslutar, beslutade, beslutat) käyttöä suomenruotsalaisissa ja ruotsinruotsalaisissa sanomalehtiteksteissä. Tavoitteena on selvittää, onko eri taivutusparadigmojen käytössä vaihtelua suomenruotsin ja ruotsinruotsin välillä, ja onko arkaistiseksi luokiteltua taivutusparadigmaa perusteltua pitää finlandismina. Tutkielman pääpaino on suomenruotsissa, ja ruotsinruotsalaiset tekstit toimivat vertailuaineistona. Tutkimusaineistona käytetään kahden eri sanomalehden, Hufvudstadsbladetin ja Göteborgs-Postenin, korpuksia. Aineistoon on valittu viisi eri vuosikertaa molemmista lehdistä 1990-luvulta 2010-luvulle. Korpukset ovat osa Göteborgin yliopiston ylläpitämää korpusaineistoa. Korpuksista on Korp-työkalun avulla etsitty kaikki besluta-verbin taivutusmuodot. Hufvudstadsbladetin ja Göteborgs-Postenin esiintymiä vertaillaan toisiinsa kvantitatiivisesti, mutta tuloksia analysoidaan myös kvalitatiivisesti. Tutkimus osoittaa, että taivutusparadigmojen käyttö on sekä suomenruotsissa että ruotsinruotsissa epäjohdonmukaista ja eri taivutusmuotoja käytetään ristikkäin. Suomenruotsalaisessa aineistossa on esiintymiä molempien taivutusparadigmojen kaikista taivutusmuodoista. Preteritimuodossa arkaistinen beslöt on tavallisempi kuin moderni taivutusmuoto beslutade, ja sen käyttö on pysynyt melko tasaisena 1990-luvulta 2010-luvulle. Preesensmuodossa puolestaan arkaistisen taivutusmuodon besluter käyttö on vähentynyt merkittävästi ja 2010-luvulla moderni besluta, on huomattavasti tavallisempi. Muutamia yksittäisiä esiintymiä lukuun ottamatta supinimuodoista käytettiin pääasiassa vain modernia taivutusmuotoa beslutat. Ruotsinruotsalaisessa aineistossa ainoastaan preteritissä käytettiin arkaistista muotoa modernin muodon rinnalla ja kaikissa muissa aikamuodoissa käytettiin vain modernia taivutusmuotoa. Tutkimuksesta voidaan päätellä, että arkaistiset preesens- ja preteritimuodot ovat käytössä 1990-luvun ja 2010-luvun suomenruotsalaisissa lehtiteksteissä, mutta arkaistisen preesensmuodon käyttö on vähentynyt merkittävästi vuosituhannen vaihteen jälkeen, kun taas preteritimuodoista arkaistinen muoto on modernia tavallisempi edelleen 2010-luvulla. Arkaistinen supinimuoto esiintyy vain kahdessa vuosikerrassa ja esiintymät ovat vähäisiä. Arkaistinen preteritimuoto on käytössä myös ruotsinruotsalaisissa lehtiteksteissä, mutta moderni preteritimuoto on tavallisempi. Arkaistisen preteritimuodon käyttöä molemmissa kielivarianteissa selittänee se, että arkaistinen preteritimuoto on edelleen kielenhuollon hyväksymä ja se esitetään myös Svenska Akademiens ordlistassa vaihtoehtoisena preteritimuotona modernin taivutusmuodon rinnalla. Muista aikamuodoista sanakirjan viimeisin painos (2015) esittelee vain modernin taivutusmuodon. Arkaistisen preesensmuodon käytön merkittävää vähenemistä 2000-luvun alussa selittänee osittain se, että Hufvudstadsbladet aloitti vuonna 19994 yhteistyösopimuksen Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskuksen (nyk. Kotimaisten kielten keskus) kanssa.

I syfte att utreda misstänkta konkurrensbegränsningar får konkurrensmyndigheterna göra inspektioner bl.a. i näringsidkares företagslokaler. Enligt 44 § i konkurrenslagen får ett beslut om förrättande om en sådan här inspektion inte överklagas. I avhandlingen granskas detta besvärsförbuds förenlighet med europarätten samt de nationella domstolarnas handlingsutrymme enligt den gällande lagstiftningen. Avhandlingen har två huvudsakliga frågeställningar: För det första granskas besvärsförbudet i 44 § i konkurrenslagen i ljuset av europadomstolarnas praxis. Den konkreta frågeställningen lyder: Är besvärsförbudet i 44 § i konkurrenslagen förenligt med europarätten? För det andra granskas de nationella domstolarnas handlingsutrymme enligt den gällande nationella lagstiftningen. Frågan jag söker svar på är följande: Hur kan en nationell domstol eliminera den eventuella normkonflikten mellan besvärsförbudet och europarätten ifall en näringsidkare, besvärsförbudet till trots, skulle överklaga inspektionsbeslutet? Tre olika alternativ granskas, nämligen domstolens möjlighet att göra en människorättsvänlig tolkning av besvärsförbudet, att lämna besvärsförbudet utan tillämpning på basis av grundlagens företräde samt att lämna besvärsförbudet utan tillämpning på basis av EU-rättens företräde. Ifall besväret inte tas till prövning kan Finland göra sig skyldig till en kränkning av människorättskonventionen och EU-rätten. Metoden i avhandlingen är rättsdogmatisk och det huvudsakliga forskningsmaterialet består av rättspraxis från den Europeiska människorättsdomstolen och EU-domstolen, nationella förarbeten samt såväl nationell som utländsk rättslitteratur. På basis av forskningsresultaten i avhandlingen rekommenderar skribenten att besvärsförbudet i 44 § i konkurrenslagen upphävs. Ifall man anser att besvärsförbudet förbjuder överklagande både enskilt och i samband med behandlingen av huvudsaken, vilket dess formulering tyder på, verkar det klart att besvärsförbudet är oförenligt med europarätten. Även om överklagande i samband med huvudsaken vore möjligt är besvärsförbudet problematiskt på flera olika sätt, bl.a. eftersom tillgången till rättsmedlet är osäkert och oberoende fördröjt med åtskilliga år. Även granskningen av domstolarnas handlingsalternativ för att eliminera normkonflikten mellan besvärsförbudet och europarätten talar för att besvärsförbudet borde upphävas. Det verkar inte möjligt att göra en människorättstolkning av besvärsförbudet pga. dess entydiga formulering och tillämpning av GL 106 § kräver att det finns en uppenbar konflikt mellan tillämpningen av en lagbestämmelse och grundlagen. Således borde en nationell domstol dels harmonisera tolkningen av grundlagsbestämmelserna med människorättskonventionen och även bedöma om det s.k. uppenbarhetskriteriet uppfylls. Detta kan vara mer problematiskt än man först anar. EU-rätten däremot kräver företräde förutsatt att det handlar om en situation då EU-rätten blir tillämplig.

Målet med denna studie var att reda ut hur kalvars sociala beteende utvecklas från födseln till 6 månaders ålder då kalvarna inte utsätts förden stress som modern djurhushållning orsakar. ~ En hjord på en tjur 4k or, 7 kvigor samt deras kalvar hölls på ett 20 ha:s skogsområde i sydvästra Finland. Kalvarna föddes inom mars-september 1989. Åtta tjur och två kvigkalvar observerades under två timmar per dag vid 1, 3, 7, 14,21, 29, 61, 91, 122, 152 och 180 dagars ålder. De sociala kontakterna registrerades kontinuerligt. Kalvarnas sociala aktivitet ökade till 7 dagars ålder. Kontakterna med modern minskade kraftigt under den första månaden medan kontakterna med andra kalvar ökade i motsvarande man. Kalvarna bildade sina egna grupper som höll ihop största delen av dagen. Frekvensen av kontakterna med de vuxna i flocken förändrades inte. Nosande var det vanligaste sociala beteendet mellan djuren. Lek utgjorde 20% av kontakterna mellan kalvama. Digivningen stod för 12% av kontakterna med modern. De vanligaste beteendena, förutom nosandet, som kalvarna visade mot övriga vuxna var sexuellt och undvikande beteende. Vuxna kor och tjuren var mest aggressiva mot kalvama. Kalvama själva var mycket sällan aggressiva. Avvikande beteende sågs endast enstaka ganger. Kalvarnas beteende utvecklades mycket under den första månaden. En tydlig förändring i beteendet sågs också dåkalvama blev 6 månader gamla och kom in i puberteten. Otillfredställt behov av sociala kontakter i den moderna mjölkboskapsuppfödningen kan leda till olika avvikande beteenden som orsakar bl.a. hälsoproblem.

This paper studies discourses about suburbs that occur in newspaper writings about 1960s and 1970s infill development. The study aims to find out how writings about infill development are structured in the local newspaper Helsingin Sanomat between 2000 and 2016. The objective is to discover how a high-rise suburb appears as a site for infill development, and what kinds of discourses appear in newspaper writings about infill development. The paper uses discourse analysis to examine how high-rise suburbs built in 1960-1970 are discussed in Helsingin Sanomat between 2000 and 2016, using writings about infill development in Helsingin Sanomat in that period as research material. Due to the choice of newspaper, the addressed suburbs are found in the Helsinki metropolitan area. In recent years, Finnish urbanization has led to regional economic marginalization, which in the Helsinki metropolitan area is concentrated in the high-rise suburbs of the 1960s and 1970s. In addition to economic marginalization, these suburbs are seen to suffer from decreasing and aging population, and a need for renovations. The stated aims of infill development include urban unification and social diversification of the suburbs in order to prevent the cycle of economic marginalization. Combined with deterioration of apartments built in the 1960s and 1970s, structural and social problems in high-rise suburbs have led to a societally challenging situation. The writings contained four discourses about suburbs: potential of the suburbs, defense of the suburbs, the suburb as problematic, and the suburb as a conflict-prone site for infill development. The most powerful discourse was about potential. The defense discourse emphasized the uniqueness and meaningfulness of the suburb as the environment and home of its inhabitants. The conflict discourse refers to writings where the suburb is seen as an infill development site that causes conflict. While most of the newspaper writings mention the age and deterioration of the period’s suburbs, the problem discourse did not dominate the research material. Based on the research, the ways of talking about the suburb depend on the speaker, the speaker’s motives, and the subject. The discourses allowed a crucial observation that the suburb is an arena for wielding power where a contradictory and naïve attitude towards developing suburban social life is a major problem slowing down the prevention of economic marginalization. Because the suburbs of the Helsinki metropolitan area are very different, the research doesn’t reveal what suburbs are really like. Instead, the research shows how the suburbs of the metropolitan area appear in the context of writings about infill development, and reveals the persons featured in writings about infill development as well as the suburbs that are interesting to the media. The study also examines how different parties react to infill development, and seeks to shed light on the motives behind the remarks of different parties.

In 1987, the United Nations concerned with global challenges to human development called for a new model of growth to be erected upon the notion of sustainable development. Today, twenty five years later, the world continues to be beset by these global challenges and a governance gap around this issue has become manifest. Overtime, the international community came to the realization that, first, tackling these challenges requires the collective action of a multiplicity of relevant actors. And second, that the private sector, with its resources, know-how, experience and jurisdiction, could have a pivotal role to play to this end. The problem with these assumptions was the scepticism generated by mainstream interpretations of corporate nature and rationality. Despite the potential for contribution, corporations as self-interested agents in the struggle for the maximization of individual advantage could not be expected to contribute to the promotion of sustainable development; let alone through collective action. And yet contemporary evidence shows, that this scepticism is unwarranted. For that reason, the main purpose of this descriptive study was to account for the existing cases of collective action, and identify by listening to corporate actors, what was the rationale that underpinned their decisions to engage in these forms of collective action. In doing so, the aim was to assess the current suitability of mainstream approaches to reflect reality. Because of that, special attention was devoted to the notion of corporate self-interest (the key concept used by mainstream approaches to nurture the egoistic interpretation of the corporate actor). In listening to corporate actors two related qualitative analyses were conducted. On the one hand, a set of archival material - corporate responsibility reports and codes of conduct - was approached through a story-line narrative technique the purpose of which was to set the contextual and notional framework for the content analysis of interview transcripts that was to follow. On the other hand, semi-structured elite interviews were conducted on corporate executives of four transnational corporations, all of which are leaders in their respective industries and have a record of collective action that contributes to sustainable development. These corporations were Novartis, UPM, Tetra-Pak and Nokia and the overall purpose of the analytical chapter has been learn from corporate actors themselves what drove them to engage in these forms of collective action. At first glance the results of the analyses revealed that the rationale behind corporate engagement, continued to be explained by reference to corporate self-interest; just as mainstream approaches suggested. However, the point of divergence between these two interpretations was to be found in the way corporate self-interest was defined. According to mainstream approaches, corporate self-interest was defined in terms of profit maximization. Conversely, the findings unveiled in this study highlight the necessity to separate interests (instrumental reasons) from corporate self-interest (teleological reasons). In line with that differentiation, self-interest is defined as long-term survival, and all other interests are interpreted as instrumental to it. These findings have encouraging implications on the relevance of mainstream approaches to represent. Insofar a reassessment of the notion of corporate self-interest is undertaken to account for teleological reasons as distinct from instrumental reasons, mainstream approaches would be able to provide a fairer account of contemporary circumstances than they do today. In the absence of such an update, not only do they run the risk of not being able to reflect reality and becoming irrelevant, but they would also run the risk of rendering themselves unsuitable to account for changes in behaviours and interests, ultimately, downplaying rather than strengthening the rationality of actors. All in all, if what unrevised mainstream standards provide us with is an account for corporate rational behaviour, then what this study contributes is the possibility of moving past scepticism and understanding the potential for corporate behaviour to be better than rational.

This study aims to make a preliminary assessment of the role that the new ILC Draft PERAC principles could play in the OPT. It argues that the application of standards and norms protecting or compensating for the environmental damage in times of armed conflict has been highly influenced by the political context. At the same time, it finds that two of the main causes of the environmental challenges in the OPT are Israel’s activities and the lack of environmental regulations for companies operating in the occupied territory. In addition, the Palestinians face serious difficulties in accessing justice. There is a domestic lacuna since Palestinian courts have limited competences and the Israeli Courts have showed bias towards Palestinians. Internationally, it is highly unlikely that Israel will accept the ICJ’s voluntary jurisdiction, and it is doubtful that the case before the ICC is adequate to tackle the systemic oppression in the OPT. On the other hand, since Palestine is becoming a party to different agreements and treaties, it can now use the dispute settlement mechanisms established in MEAs which Israel has also ratified, such as the Basel Convention. This has enabled Palestine to bring complaints against the illegal transfer of hazardous waste by Israel to the OPT. This showed that what is required is a change in the Israel’s practices and policies or more available dispute settlement mechanisms. Finally, it finds that the ILC Draft PERAC principles are unlikely to force a change in Israeli practices. At the same time, for the time being, they do not establish any forum or dispute settlement mechanism. Thus, their role and impact on the OPT is limited. Nevertheless, because of their innovations and clarity, they offer a new framework of understanding that can be highly beneficial in diplomatic relations, educational purposes, and in the formation of expectations and demands. Moreover, it will support and offer an additional legal language in the different strands of activism ad advocacy led by Palestinian NGOs.

The Syrian civil war was a byproduct of peaceful calls for moderate living and political freedom turned into an on-going devastation leaving behind traces of death, destruction and millions of refugees. While the Syrian citizens remain to be the main victims of this war, the media has played a crucial role in framing this crisis. Thus, the choice of investigating the Russian intervention can be attributed to the unprecedented involvement of Moscow in the Arab region. The involvement of both the U.S-led coalition and Russia gave the Syrian civil war a global status prioritising it as a crisis unfolding a new chapter in the world’s political order. Additionally, the social and political formation of Syria where the “breakdown of state institutions and the deepening communal rift" has often bred waves of violence and instability in the entire region. The primary aim of this study is to examine and analyse the framing of the Russian intervention in Syria as covered by Russia Today (RT) and Al Jazeera (AJ). It investigates the framing of different combatants involved in the war given the intricate nature of the crisis in Syria and the involvement of multiple global and regional superpowers and different politically and ideologically driven factions. In addition, the study investigates the sources incorporated by the two aforementioned news outlets while broadly looking upon reasons for the different coverage of the war by examining the historic and contemporary geopolitical formation of the region. It lays out the process of research design and data collection in the timeframe between September 2015 and January 2016. Subsequently, a background account of the establishment of RT and AJ is provided as a means of understanding the internal and external dynamics that unquestionably contribute in its agenda-setting. The literature review looks at concepts such as objectivity, credibility, source selection in addition to the emergence of user-generated content. As a background reference, the study examines the US invasion of Iraq and the reintroduction of embedded journalism. Similarly, the study compares the media portrayal of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein and Syrian president Bashar Al Assad. The main findings of this study has shown that the introduction of user-generated content has played a notable role in this war as found by the examination of AJ which depended largely on the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights for its news stories. RT, on the other hand, opted for a traditional role by depending primarily on military sources.