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(2016)The world is currently experiencing a notable shift in the pattern of migration. Immigrant receiving countries in different parts of the world have promoted integration policies to minimise the inequality. My purpose of this paper is to learn how immigrant entrepreneurship contributes to self-employment by the use of ethnicity and transnational connection. This text examines the role of ethnicity in the development and sustenance of the Nepalese entrepreneurship in the context of Finland, drawing from the first-hand data. I have found that the involvement of ethnic resources, co-ethnic employment, and transnational connection lead to a profitable return for the Nepalese ethnic entrepreneurship. Instead of conceptualising a general economic model of entrepreneurship, I argue that it should be understood holistically how these immigrant entrepreneurs construct such opportunities by depending on ethnicity and co-ethnic relationship. I conduct this study with a great interest in the context of Finland, with an effort to understand the function of the Nepalese caste system as it is one of the essential features of this entrepreneurship model. I combined certain statistical information from various Finnish and Nepalese official sources to illustrate my arguments. The study shows how the Nepalese immigrant/ethnic entrepreneurs and soon-to-be entrepreneurs’ tactics to seek opportunities attempts to encounter mainstream labour market exclusion.
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(2022)proSAAS är en neuropeptid som fungerar som prekursor för diverse andra peptider. Neuropeptider som exempelvis bigLEN och PEN har visat sig ha inverkan på matintag hos försöksdjur. proSAAS har även undersökts för dess neuroprotektiva egenskap i exempelvis Parkinsons sjukdom. Experiment har visat att proSAAS förhindrar bildningen av amyloida plack. Zebrafisk (Danio rerio) är ett försöksdjur som under de senaste årtiondena vuxit i popularitet på grund av sitt breda användningsområde, lätta underhåll och förvaring och likhet till det mänskliga genomet. Zebrafiskens hjärna har flera neurokemiska och anatomiska likheter med människohjärnan. Här har undersökningsmålet varit att undersöka huruvida skillnad förekommer mellan embryon med normal förekomst av proSAAS och genmodifierade embryon utan en fungerande gen för proSAAS. Embryon av olika genetiska varianter har dissekerats och deras hjärnor immunofärgats och undersökts med hjälp av mikroskop. Förekomst av cellkärnor och signalvägar för neuropeptiderna dopamin, orexin, gonadotropinutsöndrande hormon, galanin och neuropeptid Y har undersökts. I studien kunde man inte finna variation mellan de olika genotyperna gällande förekomsten av orexin, gonadotropinutsöndrande hormon, galanin och neuropeptid Y. Man kunde upptäcka mera tyrosin hydroxylas, ett enzym ämne som deltar i bildningen av dopaminerga celler, i vissa delar av diencephalon hos de embryon som saknar proSAAS. Variationen av mängden tyrosinhydroxylaspositiva cellerkärnor mellan embryon med normal proSAAS-produktion och genmodifierade embryon öppnar dörrar för nya forskningsområden. Intressanta områden för vidare studier är att se huruvida variation också förekommer hos vuxna individer samt om skillnad i rörelsemönster även förekommer. (234 ord)
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(2017)The theme of this thesis relates to the very topical question of the new EU Anti-Money Laundering Directive, so called 4th AMLD. The Directive must be implemented in all of the Member States by June 2017, at the latest. The study introduces and discusses the new Directive. As a research question this study tries to find out what are some of the main key implications of the new Directive. What – if anything - will change? And how are the changes, legal and political, both theoretically and especially in the practical level. What are the pros and cons of the new Directive? This will be analyzed with the traditional business tool, SWOT -analysis. This is also something new the author brings as an input, to combine traditional business tool to analyze law and legal texts, in this case a Directive, and its pros and cons. In order to analyze the new legal situation and how it is different from the earlier Directives, both of the Directives, old and the new one, 3rd and 4th AML Directive are discussed and analyzed in parallel. A brief historical pathway from the earlier directives is also introduced, i.e. the 1st and the 2nd Directive. As a background material literature, articles and political discussion papers from the Commission, Council, Parliament and other relevant actors are used in order to understand the context and the political and legal development which has led to the new Directive. Few interesting earlier court cases are also introduced. The very issue has not been studied much and there is not any relevant thesis work for example of the 4th Directive, since it is so new. Therefore the study and discussion is of relevance. Of course, money laundering itself as a phenomena and ways to hinder illegal money traffic has been studied a lot, but the Directive and its legal and practical implications is something new this thesis tries to enlighten. Obviously, since the limited space of the thesis, the author has selected some of the most interesting and relevant aspects to study from the vast Directive, so not all possible legal or practical implications are studied. To conclude, the study reflects on the current situation and aims of the new Directive and its legal and practical implications, so it is so called a de lege lata analysis. The method is legal dogmatics. The study finds out that there might be some legal problem areas or challenges in the new 4th AML Directive, particular in terms of how it relates to the privacy laws in different member states. Also the fact that the new Directive has a so called “Risk based approach” as a very core of it, which in fact is not defined by any means or anywhere in the Directive, can create legal and practical problems in Member States, in the future. All in all, there seems to be both pros and cons in the new Directive, but the final results and outcomes, only time will tell. At the very end a short de lege ferenda discussion is introduced.
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(2022)In 1956 the Indian Relocation Act transformed the makeup of American cities. Initially meant to assimilate Native Americans into the mainstream population by providing them with an education that would facilitate their employment and further integration into the city proper, Relocation provided migrating Indians with fertile soil for cultivating a pan- Indian identity. Urban spaces became sites of resistance as Indians from all tribes came together in cities and tribal borders became blurred. Settler colonialism has influenced how American Indians are perceived by the mainstream population and how their histories are studied within academia. This thesis seeks to unravel the stereotype of the passive Native. By reframing contemporary Indian history, this study suggests that twentieth-century Native Americans have been active in producing both urban space as well as a new tribalism in the urban environment. Informed by Henri Lefebvre’s theory regarding the right to the city this thesis analyses the urban space from an Indigenous-oriented perspective while stretching Marxist theories to accommodate the lived realities of Indigenous peoples as well as the corporeality of American Indians under capitalism.
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(2019)Objectives: During The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns (LASERI) -longitudinal study, a large amount of psychological traits have been measured. A temperament or personality inventory has not been previously made with a Finnish data. The goals of this study are 1) to find the orthogonal factors, that best simplify the variance of the psychological traits measured in the LASERI-study, 2) to create a prototype of a personality inventory that measures these newfound factors using an inductive approach, 3) to study the properties of the created prototype as well as the connections between it and depression, and 4) to develop ways to improve the prototype. Methods: A large amount of factor analyses were made to the questions of eleven psychological inventories used on 2879 test subjects in the LASERI-study in the years 1997 – 2012. The factors present most often were chosen as the structure of the prototype. Occurrence rate and reliability were used to limit the amount of questions. The structure of the prototype was studied using explorative factor analysis, its reliability using Cronbach’s alpha and split-half method, the social variables using variance analysis, and the connections between the prototype and depression using logistic regression. Results and conclusions: The Nine Factor Inventory (9FI), the created prototype of a personality meter consists of nine factors that have good reliabilities and psychological interpretations. The structure is a fine way to simplify the variance of the psychological traits measured in the LASERI-study. The test subjects got different results from 9FI depending on their sex, age, and the point of the measurement. The amount of common variance between 9FI and experienced depression was 6,8 %. A plethora of ideas how to better create a personality meter or how to improve 9FI were made.
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(2021)This study examines the concept of Nordic added value in Nordic cultural cooperation through the case study of the Nordic Culture Fund. This study aims to understand how the Nordic culture fund implemented the concept and to identify regionalist logic utilised during this process. By doing so, this work aims to contribute to the scholarship on the Nordic added value, exploring its practical application within the cultural sector of Nordic cooperation. To achieve this goal, non-negative matrix factorisation topic modeling was used to analyse a collection of policy documents and web pages of the Nordic culture fund published between 2002 to 2023. This study found a shift in how the concept is operationalized, alongside its regionalist logic. Initially, the Fund emphasised internal Nordic collaboration, based on heritage identity to foster the sense of Nordic community and legitimise Nordic cultural cooperation. However, since the late 2010s, the focus shifted towards the global context, integrating neoliberal values to promote Nordic culture on the global stage. This extension of scale from the regional to global level illustrates a relational characteristic of Nordic added value. By mapping the aforementioned shifts of the concept, this study contributes to the holistic understanding of the Nordic added value.
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(2016)“The Nordic Model is dead” the Finnish Prime Minister Esko Aho said in 1997. The Nordic identity which originated during the Cold War experienced an ontological crisis with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the bipolar world order. In the 1990’s discourses of Europeanisation emerged and the Nordic identity was by many deemed a Cold War construct. Since the middle of the 2000s Nordic cooperation gained a stronghold where it previously had not existed: within security cooperation. The overall re-emergence of Nordic cooperation took place in parallel with the growing Russian superpower ambitions. Since 2009 there have been more notable advances in Nordic security cooperation through the establishment of the Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO) and the signing of the Nordic Declaration of Solidarity. These advances are remarkable because security has previously been a non-issue in the construction of the Nordic identity. The inclusion of security and defence cooperation in the Nordic identity can be labelled paradigmatic. The theoretical approach is one of poststructuralist discourse analysis, which advocates a reality completely constructed in discourse and rejects any pre-existent identities. The premise is that the self is constructed in discourse through the articulation of a number of others. This Thesis is concerned with how Russia is constructed in Nordic security discourses and how it contributes to a Nordic identity. The primary sources consist of four reports published in Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark respectively. The foreign, security and defence policy reports are either written or commissioned by the respective governments. Similar reports from before the Russian annexation are used to support the primary data and allows for a deeper understanding about how discourses about Russia have shifted. The study shows that Russia has replaced economic benefits as the primary incentive for Nordic cooperation. The focus of Nordic cooperation has shifted its focus from the global to the regional and the Baltic Sea Region is increasingly important. The discourses clearly reject the Cold War identity of the “Third Way” between the two poles of the bipolar system. Rather the Nordic identity is integrated in the Western security and value community. It is also notable that despite this, the Nordic countries’ views on Russia, the world and the near vicinity differ. History, geopolitics and membership in NATO and/or EU play a big role in shaping the respective national understanding of security. The differing understandings of security represent the biggest obstacle for Nordic security and defence cooperation. The Thesis also discusses the role of hybrid warfare, NATO and norms and values in the othering of Russia in Nordic identity construction.
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(2019)This thesis will aim to answer at least the following questions: How is the Sūrat al-Qāriʿa (Q 101) rendered in the Nordic translations of the Qurʾān? What are the similarities and differences between different translation? In what ways do the different translations relate to the source text? What aspects of the source text are prioritized by the translators? These questions are approached from the perspective of Translation Theory. The problem of equivalence is discussed in relation to the work of Eugene Nida in his Towards a Science of Translation (1964). I will argue that translating cannot be separated from hermeneutics, since "every translation is at the same time an interpretation" as Hans-Georg Gadamer has stated. The problem of hermeneutics and Translation Theory is discussed from the hermeneutical perspective of Hans-Georg Gadamer especially as developed in his monograph Truth and Method (1960). The Skopos Theory formulated by Katharina Reiß and Hans J. Vermeer will be discussed as a possible answer to these underlying problems. The method of research applied in this thesis will consist of various hermeneutical cycles of reading, interpretation, and re-reading. After analyzing the Sūrat al-Qāriʿa in Arabic, I will provide a comparative analysis of the translations juxtaposing the texts with each other and with the Arabic text. This section will discuss similarities and differences, the proximity between the original and the translation, some possible biblical intertextualities, and possible interpretative associations of the translations in their Nordic context. This thesis will point out many subtle similarities, differences and translational tendencies related to the translator's background that can illuminate, enrich and broaden our understanding of the Sūrat al-Qāriʿa and its reception in the Nordic countries, while also opening new perspectives on the complexities involved in translating ancient texts that are revered as sacred by many.
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(2018)Tutkin pro gradu -tutkielmassani käännetyn ja supisuomalaisen kaunokirjallisen proosan sanaluokka-n-grammien eli n sanaa pitkien sanaluokkaketjujen suhteellisten frekvenssien eroja. Tarkoituksenani on etsiä käännetylle suomelle tyypillisiä syntaktisia piirteitä ja katsoa, voiko löydösten perusteella sanoa jotakin aiemmin esitettyjen käännösuniversaalihypoteesien paikkansapitävyydestä. Metodini on jatkokehitetty Borinin ja Prützin (2001) artikkelissaan käyttämästä metodista. Aineistonani on kaksi korpusta, Käännössuomen korpus ja Englantilaisen ja amerikkalaisen kirjallisuuden klassikoita Kersti Juvan suomentamina, englanti–suomi-rinnakkaiskorpus, joista ensin mainittu sisältää supisuomalaista kaunokirjallista proosaa ja useista eri lähtökielistä suomennettua kaunokirjallista proosaa ja jälkimmäinen Kersti Juvan suomentamia romaaneja ja niiden lähtötekstit. Tulosten perusteella voidaan sanoa, että tilanteissa, joissa lähtösysteemissä on vain yksi tapa ilmaista jokin tietty asia mutta kohdesysteemissä lähtösysteemin tavan lisäksi muita tapoja, lähtösysteemin tapa yliedustuu ja muut tavat aliedustuvat käännöksissä. Tämä on sekä interferenssiä eli lähtösysteemin vaikutusta kohdetekstiin että kohdekielen uniikkiainesten aliedustumista (Tirkkonen-Condit 2004). Näiden universaalien lisäksi myös konventionaalisuus-käännösuniversaalihypoteesi saa aineistosta tukea. Konventionaalisuus näkyy niin interjektioiden frekvensseissä kuin mahdollisesti sanajärjestyksessäkin. Tulevaisuudessa metodia voitaisiin kehittää käyttämällä sanaluokkakategorioiden sijasta dependenssisuhdekategorioita n-grammien tarkasteltavana ominaisuutena. Tutkimuksessa havaittujen ilmiöiden tunnistamisella voisi olla sovelluksia niin automaattisessa käännösevaluoinnissa, konekääntämisessä kuin kääntäjänkoulutuksessakin.
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(2021)Research on the interaction of the Amuric languages (referred to as “Nivkh” or “Ghilyak” when regarded as a single language) with the Tungusic languages was initiated by Grube (1892). His focus on loanwords has been the object of study until the present day. Recently, Janhunen (2010: 292, 296; 2016: 23) has suggested that contact between the two families already started between their ultimate ancestors: Pre-Proto-Amuric and Proto-Tungusic. This thesis investigates whether some of the lexical parallels proposed by earlier research belong to this period. As the thesis is written from the perspective of language contact, the parallels are regarded as the result of borrowing instead of inheritance. The distinction between these two modes of transmission formed the theoretical basis for the methodology that was employed. To prove ancient contact, it had to be shown that the Amuric and Tungusic languages inherited their shared lexemes from their respective ancestors and that these ancestors may have borrowed from each other. As the methodology relied on the literature on Amuric and Tungusic historical phonology, an overview of this topic is also included. First, fifty parallels were drawn from those listed in previous research. These could be reconstructed to Proto-Amuric and Proto-Tungusic using the Comparative Method and thus could have been inherited from them or an earlier ancestor in the case of Proto-Amuric. Additionally, they exhibited phonological similarities that could reasonably be expected from borrowing between Pre-Proto-Amuric and Proto-Tungusic. Afterwards, a direction of borrowing had to be established, the principal evidence of borrowing. For that purpose, nine criteria were developed. These criteria considered morphology, diachronic and synchronic phonology, extent of attestation, semantics and extra-linguistic factors. Finally, the data was separated into older and younger strata, since in the selection phase only the Proto-Amuric stage was considered, while the target was Pre-Proto-Amuric. These layers were classified on the basis of phonological developments. For most of the fifty parallels the direction of borrowing could be determined. In this stage of analysis, fifteen of them were ultimately dismissed as recent or doubtful. The remaining thirty-five were examined for properties that could have resulted from the sound changes that followed Pre-Proto-Amuric that were proposed in earlier research. Ultimately, it could only be proven that the absence of vowels in non-initial syllables was a property characteristic of ancient lexemes in the Amuric lineage. Consequently, although a substantially old stratum of Amuric-Tungusic parallels was found, further research is needed to show that any of them date to Pre-Proto-Amuric and Proto-Tungusic times.
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(2019)Tutkielman tarkoituksena on tarkastella John Locken teologiakäsitystä erityisesti episteemisten hyveiden näkökulmasta. Locke kirjoitti teologiasta tieteenalana yhden kappaleen teoksessa Of the Conduct of Understanding, jossa hän määrittelee teologian tieteenalaksi, jonka lähdeaineistona on kaikki inhimillinen tieto ja ilmoitus. Locke määrittelee teologian tehtäväksi episteemisten hyveiden – eli inhimillisen ymmärryksen oikean käytön – opettamisen. Aikaisemmassa aihetta koskevassa tutkimuksessa on todettu, että Lockelle tieto ei ole vain kokoelma irrallisia faktoja, vaan Lockelle tieto sisältää myös implisiittisesti tietoa myös ymmärryksen rajoista ja sen oikeasta käytöstä, minkä vain teologia kykenee ymmärtämään. Tutkielman päämääränä on tarkastella, miten teologia kykenee opettamaan episteemisiä hyveitä. Tutkielman toisina lähteinä toimivat Locken An Essay Concerning Human Understanding ja Reasonableness of Christianity. Tutkielman metodi on systemaattinen analyysi. Vaikka Lockelle teologia käyttää lähteenään kaikkea inhimillistä tietoa, tutkielman sivurajoitteitten vuoksi aihetta käsitellään rajatummasta näkökulmasta. Keskittymällä Locken uskonnolliseen epistemologiaan, tutkielmassa pyritään selvittämään, miten teologia näkyy tiedossa Jumalasta, moraalista ja ilmoituksesta sekä siihen liittyvistä uskonasioista. Locken uskonnollisen epistemologian päämääränä on selvittää uskon ja järjen välinen suhde, mikä oikein ymmärrettynä johtaa harmoniseen käsitykseen niiden välisestä työnjaosta. Rajatun näkökulman tarkoituksena on tarkastella inhimillisen tiedon rajoja sekä ymmärryksen oikeaa käyttöä uskonnollisen epistemologian alueella, minkä pohjalta tehdään yleinen tulkinta Locken teologiakäsityksestä. Tutkielma on jaettu kolmeen päälukuun. Ensimmäisessä pääluvussa tarkastellaan inhimillisen tiedon perusteita Locken filosofiassa valitun näkökulman kannalta. Toisessa pääluvussa syvennytään Locken uskonnolliseen epistemologiaan. Kolmannessa pääluvussa kahden edellisen luvun keskeisiä tuloksia käytetään Locken teologian sekä episteemisten hyveiden välisen suhteen tulkitsemisessa. Kolmannen pääluvun viimeisessä alaluvussa esitetään myös tulkinta Lockelaisesta teologian harjoittajasta, jossa teologian vaikutukset ovat konkreettisesti havaittavissa. Tutkielmassa päädytään lopputulokseen, jonka mukaan Lockelle teologia kykenee opettamaan episteemisiä hyveitä sen rajoittamattoman lähdeaineiston vuoksi. Koska ymmärryksen vääriin käyttöpahoihin liittyy liiallinen keskittyminen pelkkään yhteen inhimillisen tiedon muotoon, on seurauksena puutteellinen ymmärrys inhimillisestä ymmärryksestä itsestään. Koska teologia ei ole lähdeaineistonsa vuoksi samanlaisten rajoitteitten alainen, on sillä kyky opettaa episteemisiä hyveitä. Teologian tutkiminen ja opettaminen Locken filosofiassa tarkoittaa tutustumista sellaisiin asioihin, joista ihminen ei tiedä mitään. Tutustuminen kaikkeen inhimilliseen tietoon toimii harjoituksena ihmismielelle, jonka myötä ihminen oppii inhimillisen ymmärryksen oikeaa käyttöä.
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(2010)This paper concentrates on Heraclitus, Parmenides and Lao Zi. The focus is on their ideas on change and whether the world is essentially One or if it is composed of many entities. In the first chapter I go over some general tendences in Greek and Chinese philosophy. The differences in the cultural background have an influence in the ways philosophy is made, but the paper aims to show that two questions can be brought up when comparing the philosophies of Heraclitus, Parmenides and Lao Zi. The questions are; is the world essentially One or Many? Is change real and if it is, what is the nature of it and how does it take place? For Heraclitus change is real, and as will be shown later in the chapter, quite essential for the sustainability of the world-order (kosmos). The key-concept in the case of Heraclitus is Logos. Heraclitus uses Logos in several senses, most well known relating to his element-theory. But another important feature of the Logos, the content of real wisdom, is to be able to regard everything as one. This does not mean that world is essentially one for Heraclitus in the ontological sense, but that we should see the underlying unity of multiple phenomena. Heraclitus regards this as hen panta: All from One, One from All. I characterize Heraclitus as epistemic monist and an ontological pluralist. It is plausible that the views of Heraclitus on change were the focus of Parmenides’ severe criticism. Parmenides held the view that the world is essentially one and that to see it as consisting of many entities was the error of mortals, i.e. the common man and his philosophical predecessors. For Parmenides what-is, can be approached by two routes; The Way of Truth (Aletheia) and The Way of Seeming (Doxa). Aletheia essentially sees the world as one, where even time is an illusion. In Doxa Parmenides is giving an explanation of the world seen as consisting of many entities and this is his contribution to the line of thought of his predecessors. It should be noted that a strong emphasis is given to the Aletheia, whereas the world-view given is in Doxa is only probable. I go on to describe Parmenides as ontological monist, who gives some plausibility to pluralistic views. In the work of Lao Zi world can be seen as One or as consisting of Many entities. In my interpretation, Lao Zi uses Dao in two different senses; Dao is the totality of things or the order in change. The wu-aspect (seeing-without-form) attends the world as one, whereas the you-aspect attends the world of many entities. In wu-aspect, Dao refers to the totality of things, when in you-aspect Dao is the order or law in change. There are two insights in Lao Zi regarding the relationship between wu- and- you-apects; in ch.1 it is stated that they are two separate aspects in seeing the world, the other chapters regarding that you comes from wu. This naturally brings in the question whether the One is the peak of seeing the world as many. In other words, is there a way from pluralism to monism. All these considerations make it probable that the work attributed to Lao Zi has been added new material or is a compilation of oral sayings. In the end of the paper I will go on to give some insights on how Logos and Dao can be compared in a relevant manner. I also compare Parmenides holistic monism to Lao Zi’s Dao as nameless totality (i.e. in its wu-aspect). I briefly touch the issues of Heidegger and the future of comparative philosophy.
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(2016)This thesis uses Operational Code analysis to study political beliefs and strategy of President of Russia Vladimir Putin during the Ukrainian Crisis between March 2014 and November 2014. As an at-a-distance method, quantitative Operational Code analysis uses subjects' speech acts to provide numerical values for their key foreign policy beliefs about themselves and others in international politics. This thesis uses the concept to study Vladimir Putin's belief changes about himself and Russia's adversaries during the Ukrainian crisis. First, key theories about foreign policy and international relations are reviewed and an argument is made for focusing on leaders and beliefs in the study of foreign policy. After this, the concept of Operational Code analysis is explained in detail, as are the additional methodological choices made by the author. The period is broken into three phases based on key events of 2014, and belief changes between them are studied using Verbs in Context System, a quantitative method for studying Operational Codes. Analysis is also extended to study the differences between the rhetoric of spontaneous comments and prepared statements. The numerical results are then interpreted and extended by analyzing the content of the speeches. Putin's beliefs are discovered to have changed in the phase that is located between the crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 and the signing of the First Minsk Accords, which ended the first period of hostilities. During this phase, strategic indicators generated from Putin's prepared statements reveal significant belief changes towards cooperative direction. The author suggests that this change represents a short-term tactical choice, designed to alleviate political pressure to Russia and present a cooperative image of Russia's involvement to the domestic audience. This view is supported by the facts that belief changes reverted after the First Minsk Accords, and that Putin's long-term outlook remained confrontational throughout the crisis. Finally, performance of the method is evaluated and suggestions for future research are made. Continuing analysis to include events up to and beyond the Second Minsk Accords remains an attractive option, as is analysis of Putin's beliefs on a long-term basis.
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(2016)In this thesis we consider the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map in Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT). EIT is a tomography method which uses electrical currents and voltages to determine the conductivity distribution inside the measured object. The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map (DN map) takes the voltage on the boundary and gives the resulting current density on the boundary. This map can be approximated by a matrix known as the Dirichlet-to-Neumann matrix. In this thesis we analyse this matrix using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In chapter 1 we give a short introduction to EIT with a brief history of the study and some applications of the method. The Dirichlet-to-Neumann map is derived in chapter 2. Constructing the DN map requires solving the Dirichlet problem which is derived from Maxwell?s equations. The Dirichlet problem and its solvability is studied in this chapter as well. Some of the concepts needed in this study can be found from the appendices. The method used for approximating the DN map is introduced in chapter 3. The approximated matrices are then analysed using PCA, which is described in the same chapter. PCA can be used to find the components where the variation is the largest and to reduce the dimension of the data using these components. We use a method known as Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to reduce the dimension of the data and to compute the principal values and components. We computed the DN matrices with simulated data using different conductivity distributions. We chose the unit circle as our domain with a constant conductivity on the background and four anomalies with changing conductivity. The 4th chapter introduces the computations and the obtained results. The resulting principal components and values are shown in this chapter. An approximation of the data was made using the dimensionality reduction method described in chapter 3. The relative errors for different reconstructions are also shown in chapter 4. In the final chapter we discuss the results. Our goal was to find out how the four variables in the conductivity distributions affect the dimension of the hyperplane that the DN matrices form. It seems that even with four degrees of freedom the DN matrices vary most on a 2-dimensional plane. We also found out that in this case most of the principal components have almost no effect on the data.
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(2015)Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are ejections of plasma and magnetic flux from the Sun. These eruptions are large in size and they propagate over large distances in the heliosphere. If a CME is directed towards the Earth it can cause major space weather disturbances. Thus it is important to know whether a CME will hit the magnetosphere of the Earth and what kind of disturbances it could cause. CMEs contain large-scale twisted magnetic fields called flux ropes. Information about the orientation and the structure of the flux rope is crucial in determining its space weather effects. This thesis is focused on the determination of the orientation and the direction of flux rope CMEs from the corona all the way to the orbit of the Earth. An overview of a number of methods to obtain the necessary flux rope parameters both from remote sensing and in situ measurements is given. In particular, a technique combining the remote and in situ observations with a Sun-to-Earth propagation model for the CME is described in detail. In this thesis, the technique is used to study the propagation of a slow and a fast CME and the results are compared with each other and with earlier studies on the subject. The direction and amount of deflections and rotation were found to be consistent with the earlier results. In addition, differences in the proportional deflections before and after 20 Solar radii with respect to the total deflections were found between the fast and the slow case.
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(2015)The best renormalizable theory in particle physics is the Standard Model. According to this model, neutrinos must be massless. We know that neutrinos have three different flavors. Owing to the observations, it is seen that there are oscillations between different flavors of neutrinos. This fact forces us to go beyond the Standard Model of Particle Physics, because neutrino oscillations can only happen if the neutrinos are massive. The first solution is to define three mass eigenstates and claim that the flavor eigenstates are superpositions of the mass eigenstates. However, due to some problems it is concluded that physical states must be replaced with fields. In this thesis we study neutrino oscillations. We begin our work with reviewing fermion fields before the Standard Model. Then the Standard Model and experiments which confirm the existence of different neutrino flavors are shortly discussed. Moreover, we present the observations that show neutrino oscillations phenomenon and after that, the Dirac and Majorana neutrinos are discussed. Finally, oscillations are described theoretically. First, quantum mechanical oscillations are discussed and we find the phase and probability of the flavor transitions. Then due to the problems of this approach, oscillations in quantum field theory are presented. It is seen that, again, the results derived with the quantum mechanical treatment are accepted in the quantum field theory approach.
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(2013)The Vaasa migmatite area in western Finland is thought to have formed by in situ anatexis of the Evijärvi schist belt rocks. The hypothesis is supported by the appearance and geochemistry of the rocks, as well as by petrographic features of the gradual contact between the two areas. Diatexite migmatites dominate the central parts of the area, whereas metatexites and mica-gneisses are more common on the margin. To complement previous research, the origin of the Vaasa migmatite area was studied by using whole-rock Sm-Nd and zircon Lu-Hf and U-Pb data in conjunction with elemental geochemistry. The concordia ages of the analyzed Vaasa area samples are 1.85-1.87 Ga. These ages are in line with previously reported U-Pb monazite ages (~1.86 Ga). The ages of inherited zircon cores in the samples show two clear zircon populations at 1.92-2.02 and 2.7 Ga, which corresponds with ages yielded by a sample from the Evijärvi belt, as well as with literature values presented for the lower sedimentary group of central Svecofennia. The initial εNd values of the Vaasa area samples are relatively unradiogenic (from -3.0 to -2.0). These values are comparable to a value (-3.6) calculated for an Evijärvi mica schist, as well as to literature values (from -0.5 to -3.0) for the Evijärvi belt. The average initial εHf values calculated for magmatic zircon range from -6.5 to -9.0 in the south, whereas the northmost sample has a near-chondritic value (+0.6). The variation is suggested to be caused by the participation of varying amounts of detritus rich in radiogenic Hf in the leucosome melts. Sources of the juvenile material have been the volcanic rocks of the Ylivieska arc and Evijärvi area. The REE signatures of the samples are variable indicating that of some of the Vaasa area diatexites have not formed in situ. The terms in-source diatexite and anatectic granite are proposed for Lu-depleted diatexites, depending on the presence of paleosome inclusions. Based on the high abundance of garnet in the Vaasa area rocks and geochronological data, the Vaasa area migmatization was caused by fluid-absent melting of micas during lithospheric extension and increased heat flow from the mantle at 1.87-1.85 Ga.
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(2013)This thesis is a study of the theory of scalability and its application in an infrastructure as a service (IaaS) cloud context. The cloud based utility computing paradigm is presented along with how scalability principles are applied in the cloud. The differences of scalability in general and the cloud concept of elasticity are discussed. A quality of elasticity (QoE) metric is developed to facilitate factual discussion and comparison of different cloud platforms' elasticity capabilities and the effectiveness of elastic scaling strategies. The metric is based on business requirements expressed as preference functions over a set of lower level metrics. Multi-criteria analysis is applied to these possibly conflicting preferences to arrive at a unified value of utility based on weighting the sum of the preferences. QoE reflects the utility of the system over time. The concept of an elasticity controller application is presented and a prototype implementation described in order to exercise the QoE metric. Two load testing scenarios are executed against a simple test application whose deployment is managed by the prototype controller. The elastic scaling behavior of the system is analyzed in terms of the QoE results to confirm the prototype is functional and to find areas of improvement.
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(2013)The economic theory states that the capital structure of a firm is irrelevant in a perfect frictionless world. Hence when the assumptions of the Modigliani–Miller theorem and the CAPM hold, the question about the optimal source of funding of capital investments is also irrelevant. In practice though, capital leasing is widely used and the decision to lease or own assets is hardly a matter of indifference to firms or individuals. The motivation of this thesis is to identify when and why leasing would be a preferred method of finance. The Modigliani–Miller indifference proposition assumes rational value maximizing agents that have perfect and symmetric information available, and have access to perfect capital markets when making decisions on investments to divisible assets under a neutral tax system. In reality though the future cash-flows from capital investments are almost always uncertain at the time of an investment decision, the access to risk free borrowing is limited and the size of capital investments have technical limitations. The indifference proposition, however, holds even if the future cash flows are uncertain as long as the assumptions of the CAPM are valid. Instead the asymmetry of information is a critical violation of assumptions for the indifference proposition. First asymmetry on information on management performance may induce risk averse management to prefer relatively safe leasing instead of own equipment when there is uncertainty on the future value of the asset. On the other hand the information asymmetry on the usage of the asset may cause an agent–principal problem between the lessor and the lessee increasing the cost of leasing. This in turn may cause an adverse selection problem where only users who cause greater wear and tear on the asset utilize leasing. The indifference proposition also ceases to apply when investments can be made only in fixed quantities and access to risk-free borrowing is limited. A risk-averse investor cannot then diversify the asset specific risk related to owning the asset through the market. Leasing, however, provides a way to de-risk a capital investment since the risk in the residual value of the leased asset is carried by the lessor. Limited access to risk-free credit causes also another problem that creates demand for leasing. Normally 100% debt finance is not possible since repossession of collateralized assets is costly. Therefore lenders require part of the investment to be made with internal funds so that in case of a default the creditor can recover both the loan principal and the repossession costs. Meanwhile in case of leasing the lessor retains the title to the asset and there is no deadweight cost of repossession. For agents with limited internal funds leasing can then offer a way to expand capacity faster than would be possible when financing the investment with internal and borrowed funds. The impact of taxation on the validity of the Modigliani–Miller theorem has been actively researched and widely documented in the context of determining the optimal mix of debt and equity in the capital structure of a firm. Not surprisingly taxation also distorts the indifference proposition in case of lease or buy decision. When there are differences in the marginal tax rates between firms, there exists an opportunity for tax arbitrage when lessee companies with lower marginal tax rates lease assets from lessor companies with higher marginal tax rates.
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(2020)Tutkielma käsittelee fenomenologisen perinteen perustajan Edmund Husserlin kognitiivisen tai tiedollisen arvostelman teoriaa vuosina 1900-1901 julkaistuissa Loogisissa tutkimuksissa ja muissa samalta Husserlin ajattelun kaudelta peräisin olevissa kirjoituksissa. Tavoitteena on esittää tarkasti ja selvässä muodossa Husserlin teorian filosofiset pääpiirteet, teorian keskeisiin väitteisiin johtavat analyysit ja niitä ohjaavat teoreettiset pyrkimykset sekä asettaa Husserlin teoria laajempaan filosofiseen kontekstiin. Työssä on kolme päälukua, joista ensimmäinen on historiallinen katsaus erilaisiin arvostelman luonnetta koskeviin käsityksiin Platonista Brentanoon. Luvun keskeisin tulos on jaottelu kahden arvostelmaa koskevan teoriaperheen tai käsityksen välillä, joihin tässä työssä viitataan platonis-aristoteelisenä ja apprehensio-myöntämis-käsityksenä, ja joiden keskeisin erottava tekijä liittyy predikaation ja myöntämisen tai kieltämisen väliseen suhteeseen yleensä perustapauksena pidetyssä kategorisessa, "S on p" -muotoisessa arvostelmassa. Platonis-aristoteelisen käsityksen mukaan myöntäminen ja kieltäminen ovat predikaation muotoja, kun taas kilpailevan käsityksen mukaan arvostelma edellyttää erillistä apprehensio- tai käsittämisaktia, johon predikoiminen sisältyy, ja arvostelmassa tällaisen käsittämisen kohteeseen suhtaudutaan hyväksyvästi tai hylkäävästi sen päälle rakentuvassa asenteessa. Luvun viimeisissä osioissa käsitellään lisäksi 1800-luvun arvostelmateorioiden keskeisiä kiistakysymyksiä ja erityisesti niiden filosofien teorioita, jotka vaikuttivat suoraan Husserlin omien käsitysten muotoutumiseen, ja joista keskeisimmät ovat Bolzano, Lotze ja Brentano. Toisessa luvussa tarkastellaan Loogisten tutkimusten laajempaa filosofista projektia, joka liittyi sen selventämiseen, mikä on logiikan peruskäsitteiden rooli tiedossa, sekä arvostelman analyysien asemaa tässä projektissa. Huomion keskipisteenä on jännite kahden Husserlin ajattelua luonnehtivan perussitoumuksen välillä, joista ensimmäinen on käsitys logiikan objektiivisuudesta ja riippumattomuudesta psykologisista ilmiöistä ja toinen taas ajatus, että filosofisten peruskäsitteiden analyysissä tietoisuuden ilmiöiden kuvailemisella on olennainen rooli. Luvussa osoitetaan, että keskeinen ajatus näiden käsitysten yhteensovittamisen kannalta Loogisissa tutkimuksissa on Husserlin teoria merkityksistä ideaalisina aktilajeina, joiden instansseja yksittäiset intentionaaliset aktit kuten arvostelmat ovat. Luvun lopussa tarkastellaan lisäksi Husserlin intentionaalisuusteorian yleisiä piirteitä erityisesti suhteessa Brentanon aiempaan teoriaan. Kolmas luku on työn temaattinen ydin, jossa keskitytään nimenomaisesti Husserlin analyyseihin arvostelman luonteesta, rakenteesta ja suhteista objekteihin maailmassa. Luvussa tarkastellaan neljää toisiinsa läheisesti kytkeytyvää Husserlin teorian piirrettä, joita arvioidaan suhteessa Brentanon teoriaan ja ensimmäisessä luvussa esitettyyn historialliseen jaotteluun. Ensimmäinen näistä on väite, ettei arvostelmaan sisälly erotettavissa olevaa kokemusta, jossa sen kohde ainoastaan käsitettäisiin. Toinen on, ettei suoraviivainen arvostelman tekeminen ole sellaista myöntämistä, joka edellyttää edeltävää harkintaa ja kohdistuu harkinnan kohteena olevaan väitteeseen. Kolmas väite on, ettei Brentanon kuvailema pelkkä jonkin kohteen tietoinen esittäminen tai mieltäminen ole perustavampi tai rakenteellisesti yksinkertaisempi intentionaalinen aktityyppi kuin arvostelma, vaan jälkimmäisen "modifikaatio". Neljäs Husserlin teorian pääpiirre on monitahoinen käsitys arvostelmista "propositionaalisina akteina", jotka instantioivat ideaalisia propositioita ja suuntautuvat intentionaalisesti asiaintiloihin maailmassa tavalla, joka Husserlin yksinkertaisimpana pitämässä tapauksessa rakentuu havaintokokemuksen pohjalle jäsentämällä havainnon sisällön subjekti-predikaatti-muodossa. Tutkielman keskeinen johtopäätös ensimmäisessä luvussa esitetyn jaottelun näkökulmasta on, että Husserlin arvostelmateoriaa voidaan oiketutetusti pitää kriittisesti uudelleenmuotoiltuna versiona platonis-aristoteelisestä käsityksestä, jossa kuitenkin huomioidaan apprehensio-myöntämis-käsityksen keskeiset käsitteelliset erottelut ja sisällytetään teoriaan erityistapauksina ne ilmiöt, joihin jälkimmäinen käsitys keskittyi. Erityisesti Husserlin teoriaa voidaan pitää sellaisen aristoteelisen perinteen jatkajana, jossa predikaation kaltaisten ajattelun loogisten rakenteiden ajatellaan olevan läheisessä suhteessa havaintokokemukseen ja tavallaan kasvavan tällaisen kokemuksen rakenteista.
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