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  • Wang, Shijun (2018)
    The article shows the history of studies of DC, stresses the importance of lateral transport of DC, explores and reviews the factors (vegetation, soil, temperature and precipitation, discharge, pH, weathering, global change and human perturbations) affecting transport of DC from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems and reveals many research gaps, which currently hinder a systematic understanding of lateral transport of DC from aquatic to ecosystems. The inclusion of DIC and DOC in the context of lateral transport of carbon offers more information on studies of DC. This article offers insight into the factors affecting the lateral transport of DC for future studies that focus on constructing models of the global carbon cycle and the estimate of terrestrial/global carbon budget. In addition, the factors affecting the transport of DC from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems shed some light on the management of forests, peatlands, agricultural activities and land use changes.
  • Bosas, Janina; Toffol, Elena; Pohjoranta, Elina; Mentula, Maarit; Hurskainen, Ritva; Suhonen, Satu; Heikinheimo, Oskari (2023)
    Introduction Sexual well-being is associated with general well-being. Several factors, such as overweight, infertility, anxiety, and sex hormones, also play a role, but the effects of hormonal contraception remains a point of debate. We characterized the factors associated with sexual well-being in fertile-aged women following induced abortion. Methods A 5-year follow-up of a nested longitudinal cohort study examining the effects of routine provision of intrauterine contraception as part of abortion care. Sexual well-being, anxiety, and quality of life were assessed annually using validated questionnaires (McCoy Female Sexuality Questionnaire, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and EuroQoL), along with data on general and reproductive health, and relationship status. Of the 742 women participating in the trial, 290 (39%) provided sufficient follow-up data and were included in this study. Results Based on trajectories of McCoy-scores across the 5-year follow up, two groups were identified: those with stable and higher (n=223, 76.9%) and those with declining sexual well-being (n=67, 23.1%). Women in the group of declining sexual well-being had significantly higher levels of anxiety and lower quality of life at all time points. They also had more often chronic diseases and were less happy in their relationships. No differences were found in method of contraception when classified as hormonal vs non- hormonal, or long-acting vs short-acting reversible contraception. Conclusions Lower anxiety and higher quality of life are associated with stable and higher sexual well- being. Method of contraception or relationship status are not associated with sexual well-being during long-term follow-up in fertile aged women.
  • Tilander, Vivianna (2023)
    Context: An abundance of research on the productivity of software development teams and developers exists identifying many factors and their effects in different contexts and concerning different aspects of productivity. Objective: This thesis aims to collect and analyse existing recent research results of factors that are related to or directly influence the productivity of teams or developers, how they influence it in different contexts and briefly summarise the metrics used in recent studies to measure productivity. Method: The method selected to reach for these aims was to conduct a systematic literature review on relevant studies published between 2017 and 2022. Altogether, 48 studies were selected and analysed during the review. Results: The metrics used by the reviewed studies for measuring productivity range from time used for completing a task to self-evaluated productivity to the amount of commits contributed. Some of these are used by multiple studies and many by only one or a few and measure productivity from different angles. Various factors were found and these range from team size to experienced emotion to working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic. The relationships found between these factors and some aspects of the productivity of developers and teams range from positive to negative and sometimes both depending on the context and the productivity metric in question. Conclusions: While many relationships were found between various factors and the productivity of software developers and development teams in this review, these do not cover all possible factors, relationships or measurable productivity aspects in all possible contexts. Additionally, one should keep in mind that most of the found relationships do not imply causality.
  • Lamminen, Markku (2016)
    Formation of second skin under artificial casing is essential when manufacturing of skinless frankfurters. The aim of this study was to study how manufacture skinless frankfurters that have a good and firm bite. In literature part the aim was to study factors what affect the formation of the second skin. Skinless frankfurters were manufactured with 4 different artificial cellulose casing: 23 mm non-CMC (carboxymethylcellulose) casing, 23mm Rapid Peel®-casing, 21 mm Rapid Peel®-casing, 17 mm Rapid Peel®-casing. Frankfurters were prepared with 2 different recipes and thermal treated with 3 different smoking-cooking programs. Commercial and pilot plant prepared natural casing frankfurters were used as a reference. Properties of frankfurters were tested with sensory analysis by making sensory profile of each product (Colour intensity, Flexibility/bendability of skin, Snappiness of the skin (voice), Snappy bite, Gumminess of the skin and Texture of frankfurter). Physical test methods to measure frankfurters were: cooking loss; colour measurements (Minolta); shear force and maximum load of skin with Allo-Kramer device and peak force needed when skin breaks with Texture Analyser. Physical test showed that all product types need to have their own tailored smoking and cooking program to reach the wanted result. Texture analyser and Allo-Kramer-device did not give any logical results so these methods needs more testing for useful results. Sensory evaluation indicated that the properties of a natural casing frankfurter is hard to achieve by manufacturing skinless frankfurter. The differences between artificial casing samples were low in all experiments. But when comparing these results to natural casing had significantly (p<0.05) lower bendability of skin, snappiness and gumminess of the skin was higher as well as the overall texture of frankfurter was harder than skinless frankfurters. In conclusion, skinless frankfurters made with artificial casings could not compete with properties of natural casings. Maybe it is possible to get very close with the right recipe, additives, casing and thermal treatment. But at the moment the natural casing is unbeaten.
  • Vanhatalo, Anna (2009)
    Outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism have increased during the last ten years. In addition, the interest towards national parks has grown, which can be seen also as an increasing trend in the development of the number of visits to national parks. The aim of this thesis is to explain the cross-sectional variation in the visitation data representing different parks and hiking areas. Another aim is to explore the question of why the visitation in national parks has increased in Finland. These questions are studied separately for the national parks and hiking areas, because the development of the number of visits in national parks and hiking areas has been different. In addition, the separation is made also between Southern Finland and Northern Finland due to for example the size differences and close link of the national parks in Northern Finland with the ski-resort centers. Explanatory factors are divided into supply side factors (services inside and outside the park) and demand side factors (economic and demographics factors). The data is a panel data, including all national parks and hiking areas in the time period 2000?2008. The one-way fixed effects model is used in the regression analysis. According to results the land area of the park, services inside the park and population size seemed to have positive effects on the number of visits. Income per capita had negative impact on the visits. In Southern Finland the size of the age-class 65?74 affected positively the number of visits, whereas the effect of gasoline price was negative. Used time period was short due to the lack of appropriate data. Thus, the results reflect more the cross-sectional variation between parks. Results can be used in the planning of the management of national parks and hiking areas.
  • Muurman, Tuulikki (2021)
    Background: Poor health literacy (HL) is associated to increased hospitalization and decreased seeking for screenings. Shared decision making can increase patient knowledge, decrease anxiety over the care process, improve health outcomes and reduce health care costs. Little is known about factors influencing health literacy and participation in treatment decision making in different population groups. Objectives: To investigate factors predicting HL and participation in the treatment decision making. Methods: A cross-sectional population online survey conducted in Finland in 2019 by Finnish Medicines Agency. Both health literacy and participation in the decision making were assessed by three statements that sum variables were created with score 1-5 (Cronbach’s alpha value 0.584 and 0.810). Age, gender, education, household income and most common chronic diseases were chosen as possible predicting factors. Two-variable Pearson’s chi-squared test was first used to find significant factors followed by logistic regression analysis to take into account several variables. Results: Of all the respondents (n=2104) 76.5% had good HL and 73.4% had willingness to participate in the treatment decision making. In the two-variable test older age (p<0.001), lower education (p<0.001), lower household income (p=0.001), higher number of chronic diseases (p=0.003), having cardiovascular diseases (p=0.003), diabetes (p=0.029) and cancer (p=0.001) predicted poorer health literacy. Male gender (p=0.001), not having chronic diseases (p=0.001), not having a musculoskeletal disorder (p=0.050) or mental health disorders (p<0.001) predicted poorer participation in the treatment decision making. In the logistic regression analysis older age and having cancer predicted poorer health literacy. Male gender and not having mental health disorders predicted less willingness to participate in the decision making. Conclusions: Older age and cancer predicts poorer health literacy and male gender poorer willingness to participate in the decision making. Further research should focus on investigating more in detail the contributing factors to these findings, and how health literacy in elderly and men’s involvement to the decision making could be improved.
  • Prinkey, Tyler (2024)
    Aims: There is no information on changes in body mass index (BMI) due to the COVID-19 pandemic among persons of migrant origin. The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on BMI and factors associated with changes in BMI among the general- and migrant-origin populations in Finland. Methods: Individual-level changes in self-reported BMI among migrant origin persons (n=3313) were obtained from the FinMonik Survey conducted in 2018 and MigCOVID Survey conducted 2020-2021. Data for the general population reference group was obtained from the FinHealth 2017 Study conducted 2017-2018 and the FinHealth 2017 follow-up Study (n= 2982). Logistic regression was applied to examine the association between changes in BMI and age, sex, education, economic activity, length of residence in Finland, language skills, smoking, alcohol usage, sleep, physical activity, snacking, and fruit and vegetable consumption. A significant change in BMI was defined as a 5% or greater change. Results: 40.8 percent of the migrant-origin population and 41.2 percent of the general population in Finland experienced at least a five percent change in BMI. Persons of migrant origin who were other than students or employed (OR=1.71, 95% CI 1.18, 2.48) faced an increased risk for an increase in BMI of at least 5%, while being between 35-49 (OR=0.69, 95% CI 0.49, 0.98) and between 50-66 (OR=0.55, 95% CI 0.36, 0.83) had a significantly decreased risk. In the general population, an increase in BMI of at least 5% was more likely to occur among women (OR=1.61, 95% CI 1.26, 2.07), those who were other than students or employed (OR=1.68, 95% CI 1.26, 2.25), those who increased their alcohol intake (OR=1.64, 95% CI 1.06, 2.54), those who increased their snacking (OR=1.40, 95% CI 1.04, 1.90) and decreased their fruit and vegetable intake (OR=1.85 , 95% CI 1.18, 2.90). An increase of at least 5% in BMI was inversely related with being between the ages of 50 and 66 (OR=0.39, 95% CI 0.27, 0.57), having secondary education or higher (OR=0.61, 95% CI 0.43, 0.86), and even among those who smoked more during the pandemic (OR=0.50, 95% CI 0.26, 0.96). Conclusions: Although economic activity was determined to be a significant predictor of increases in BMI among both general- and migrant-origin populations, most examined factors applied differently to each population. These differences must be considered when planning future public health promotion efforts, particularly those during crisis situations.
  • Ahlmark, Amanda (2023)
    Background Delayed graft function (DGF) after kidney transplantation is common and is associated with worse graft outcomes and a higher risk for acute rejection. However, little is known about factors affecting graft survival post-DGF. We studied the association of cold ischemia time (CIT) and Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI) with the long-term outcomes of deceased brain-dead donor kidneys with and without DGF. Methods Consecutive brain-dead donor kidney transplantations performed in Finland between 5/2004-12/2019 were analyzed. Multivariable models were used to study the association of KDPI and CIT with the graft survival of kidneys with early graft function (EF) or DGF. To confirm the finding in a US cohort, data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) registry (n=79224) was used. Results A total of 2637 kidney transplantations from the Finnish cohort were included, of which 849 (32%) had DGF. DGF was an independent risk factor for graft loss in the multivariable model, HR 1.32 (95% CI 1.14-1.53), p < 0.001. CIT was not an independent risk factor for graft survival in the multivariable model HR 1.00 per CIT hour (95% CI 0.99-1.02), p= 0.84, and the association of DGF remained similar regardless of the CIT length. KDPI was an independent risk factor for graft survival in the multivariable model HR 1.01 (95% CI 1.01-1.01), p <0.001, but the association of DGF remained similar regardless of KDPI. In the US cohort, the results were similar, but the association of DGF with the risk of graft loss was stronger with higher KDPI. Conclusions DGF and KDPI, but not CIT, are independently associated with kidney graft survival. The magnitude of the association of DGF with worse kidney graft survival is similar with different CITs, but higher among high KDPI kidneys.
  • Heinilä, Teemu (2017)
    The role of bank credit in shaping economic recoveries has been the subject of a growing body of literature, especially in the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2007-2009. Generally, bank lending is thought to be an important source of finance that supports economic growth, indicating that output and bank credit should always move in the same direction. However, the evidence shows that creditless recoveries – episodes in which output recovers without the growth of bank credit – have been common both in advanced as well as in emerging and developing economies. Thus, a more detailed examination of this phenomenon is important to improve our understanding of the nature of creditless recoveries that have been found to be weaker and more protracted than normal recoveries. This thesis analyzes the main determinants of creditless recoveries in (i) advanced and (ii) emerging and developing economies and compares the differences between these country groups. The key determinants of creditless recoveries are studied by using a panel probit estimation method. The data sample includes 32 advanced and 105 emerging and developing economies in the period of 1980-2015. This thesis adds value to existing literature by taking the global financial crisis of 2007-2009 into account. Particular focus will be given to analyzing advanced economies, which have gained less attention in the existing literature. The empirical results of this thesis suggest that a banking crisis that preceded a recession seems to be a major factor increasing the probability of creditless recoveries in both country groups. Furthermore, the results from advanced economies indicate that declining investments preceding an economic downturn will significantly increase the likelihood of creditless recoveries. On the contrary, the findings from emerging and developing economies suggest that sizeable contractions in real GDP as well as currency crises are likely to increase the probability of creditless recoveries. The existing literature offers several hypotheses that might, at least partly, explain the obtained empirical results. A banking crisis typically forces banks to clean up their balance sheets and thus reduce lending, which in turn is likely to increase the probability of creditless recoveries in both country groups. The differences in results between the country groups have been commonly explained as a result of the divergent progress of financial markets. It is likely that advanced economies have more developed financial markets which makes it easier for firms to exploit alternative funding sources. In the event of a liquidity crunch, firms may boost their liquidity and eventually output by curtailing investments and thus borrowing. Creditless recoveries may also be explained by a shift from more to less credit-intensive activities.
  • Korhonen, Jaana (2013)
    Direct investments are considered the main source of economic growth and are desirable for countries. Factors driving the geographical distribution of direct investments are unknown. Many forest investments are directed to plantations, which have expanded rapidly during the past two decades. The global forestry scheme is changing; until 1990, developed countries accounted for almost all investments. Since then, developing countries have started to employ them at an accelerating rate. The major changes in a world economy are likely to drive this trend in the future. To assess factors contributing to investment in forest plantation, we drew from methods used by the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB), which developed a forest attractiveness index (IAIF) to ?measure the business climate to sustainable forest business?. In this research, several multiple linear regression models were developed to examine the effects of different variables. As well, different macro-economic, institutional, and forest-sector factors were considered the main components that drive forest plantation development. Factors attracting direct investment in forest plantations are different on a global scale, in developed and developing countries. Therefore, some general trends can be identified: Macro-economic factors are important. Foreign direct investment inflows and area of planted forests are positively correlated, indicating that the investment behavior of forestry investors is not significantly different from other investors‘. Other significant factors are GDP and the exchange rate. GDP was positively correlated with the area of planted forests. Weak currency is desirable in OECD countries, and a strong currency is favorable for plantation investments in non-OECD countries. Institutional factors were not significant, which suggests investments occur despite the country challenges. The human development index was the most significant factor in this category. The human development index had a negative effect on the area of planted forests. The more developed a country, the fewer plantations. The forest-sector factors were the most important factors that determine plantation investment attractiveness. Production capacity and productivity were globally significant. Productivity was not significant in non-OECD countries, which may have equally beneficial circumstances for tree growth. Macro-economic factors are important especially in these countries. The results suggest macro-economic and forestry factors are key determinants of investment attractiveness in forestry. Macro-economic factors cannot be affected by investors. Forestry-factors can be affected by country level decision making. Investors can choose between countries, and sometimes affect these factors. These results may be useful to firms considering foreign direct investment and to policy makers in potential destination countries.
  • Glushkova, Tatiana (2021)
    The number of older migrants has been increasing in the world. Immigration to Finland has also been growing with Russia as one of the biggest nationalities. Older migrants are one of the most vulnerable groups since they might receive less attention than younger migrants, feel more insecure in a new environment, and deal with age-related processes, such as retirement, loss of a spouse, and declining health. Additionally, migration leads to relocation to a new society and adjustment to it, a language barrier, separation from family and friends, and other difficulties. A sense of belonging is crucial for migrants since it provides a feeling of comfort and affects their well-being, and negotiating cultural identity and belonging remains relevant even for those who lived in the country of settlement for decades. Creating a sense of belonging in the receiving society may be challenging for older people due to difficulties in learning a language, declining health, and socialization into origin ethnic culture long before migrating. That is why older migrants’ sense of belonging is a primary interest of this study. This thesis focuses on belonging through identity, which is defined as identification with a certain community, and on individual-level factors of belonging. In addition, the association between cultural orientations and types of belonging is examined. The thesis uses a quantitative approach and data from CHARM research. CATPCA is used to identify types of belonging and cultural orientations, and regression analysis is employed to examine the association between factors and types of belonging. Three types of belonging were found among older Russian-speaking migrants (50 years and above) in Finland : national belonging to Russians and Russian-speaking people in Finland, emotional belonging to communities of colleges, friends, neighbours in Finland, and belonging to Ingrian Finns. Worth noting that a core element of belonging to Ingrian Finns is a religion since it is one of the indicators of Ingrian Finns' identity. Similar to previous studies, local language may be one of the barriers to emotional belonging. However, “poor” Finnish or Swedish skills contribute to national belonging to Russians. Other significant predictors for all types of belonging health, religion, and economic situation. Additionally, orientations to Russian and Finnish culture are moderately and positively correlated, which indicates that migrants may orientate to both Finnish and Russian cultures simultaneously, and their cultural identities may be compatible. Orientation to Russian culture contributes to national belonging and belonging to Ingrian Finns. On the other hand, orientation to Finnish culture and belonging to Ingrian Finns are negatively associated. This thesis shows that older Russian-speaking migrants in Finland may have multiple types of belonging, and some of the most significant factors of national and emotional belonging as well as belonging to Ingrian Finns include language, health, and religion. Furthermore, the concept of cultural orientations is significant for migrants' sense of belonging, and the association between cultural orientations and a sense of belonging should be investigated in more detail
  • Lindfors, Teppo (2019)
    Within the last forty years, capital has increased its share of national income at the expense of labour across developed and developing economies, with few exceptions. The trajectory has been successfully linked to technological change, globalisation and the erosion of the bargaining power of employees in theoretical and empirical examinations. Due to short time series, it has remained unclear whether the increase in capital share is a consequence of modern trends, such as hyperglobalisation or the ICT-boom. Recognizing the mechanisms behind the increase is worthwhile from the social planner’s viewpoint, because of factor shares’ connection with personal income inequality and unemployment, both triggers of social unrest. This thesis examines the connection between labour income share and its potential determinants in Finnish industry, namely technological change, globalisation, union power, devaluations, capital mobility and public expenditure between 1907 and 2015. The main empirical strategy used was the fixed effects regression, where the first three aforementioned determinants were proxied with capital intensity, total factor productivity (TFP), import and export exposure, union density and the number of strike days per worker, while controlling for branch fixed effects, common national trends and branch-specific trends. The last three country-level determinants were studied using time series analysis. The primary data source was Bank of Finland’s Growth studies, which was complemented with the data in various volumes of the Official Statistics of Finland, in addition to selected separate publications. According to the results, technological change has a negative effect on labour share, while union power and import exposure have a positive impact. Periodizing, the increase in capital intensity can more than explain the decrease in labour share from 1907 to 1943. Between 1943 and 1991 the quadrupling of union density accounts around a third of the 28.2 percentage point increase in labour share. From 1991 to 2007, the acceleration of TFP growth rate can predict around 60% of the 23.7 percentage point decline in labour share. The findings suggest, that technology is the key driver of functional income distribution also in the long-term, which complements its importance in the recent increase in capital shares, covered in previous research. Moreover, in the early 20th century technology appears to have worked more as a substitute for labour, while after mid-century it has become rather complementary and efficiency-improving. In addition, the ICT era has brought along an increase in market concentration, implying that technology operates also potentially through rising economic rents. Union power had a non-trivial role in inflating labour share during the post-WWII decades. Finally, import exposure has increased labour share presumably by squeezing profits, but its significance is overshadowed by the other covariates.
  • Seppänen, Olli (2017)
    Objectives. The job satisfaction of employees is important to organizations, because dissatisfaction impacts directly the economic results of the company, e.g. through increased employee turnover, poor quality of work and hiding problems. Job satisfaction has been defined as a relationship between the expectations for a job by an employee and the subjectively perceived fulfilment of those expectations. In this research, factors influencing job satisfaction are investigated by comparing three theoretical models related to job satisfaction. According to the Job Demands – Job Control model, demands of the job affect job satisfaction. Better job control or support from supervisor or peers can decrease the impact of demands on job satisfaction. According to the Effort – Reward Imbalance model, job satisfaction can be explained by investigating whether the rewards received from the job are commensurate with the effort required by the job. In the Job Demands and Resources model, different jobs have different demands and resources which are important. The model emphasizes the difference between jobs and assumes that demands impact job stress but not job satisfaction, whereas resources are mainly associated with job satisfaction. Methods. Based on the three models and previous empirical research results, 11 hypotheses were created and tested by using a large survey sample. The sample included 2 195 employees which represented 13 departments from nine organizations. The dependent variable was job satisfaction, and independent variables were associated with job demands, job control, rewards, and support by supervisor and peers. Linear mixed models were used as the statistical method because of its ability to compare the possibly different impacts of various resources and demands in different organizations. Results and conclusions. The most important factors associated with job satisfaction were opportunities to advance, possibility to use and develop skills and job security. Older employees were more satisfied with their jobs. Increased demands decreased the influence of peer support on job satisfaction. When the demands were high, the support of supervisor was more important. The impact of material rewards, such as salary or benefits, was low. As a conclusion, the Job Demands – Resources model was best able to explain job satisfaction out of the three tested models in this sample, if the model was expanded to include job security from the Effort-Reward Imbalance model.
  • Knapič, Samanta (2023)
    White matter (WM) structural connectivity alterations have been linked to depression. This study aimed to identify structural connectivity metrics associated with Major depressive disorder (MDD) and predictive of different symptom phenotypes. The study sample included N=29 control and N=86 subjects with MDD who underwent a clinical interview, Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), and assessment of depression symptoms severity. Using a 3T MRI scanner, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was employed to capture WM connectivity markers at baseline. While no distinct differences between control and MDD groups were observed at the whole-brain network level, significant alterations were evident at the node level. Clinical group demonstrated enhanced connectivity, particularly in the DefaultB and LimbicB subsystems, as evidenced by measures such as eigenvector centrality. Furthermore, notable differences were observed in clustering coefficient and local efficiency, predominantly in DefaultB, LimbicB, and VisPeri networks, with MDD patients showing higher connectivity. Analysis of the association between WM structural connectivity measures, both global (e.g. global efficiency) and local (e.g. clustering coefficient) with MDD symptom scores and related symptoms, revealed no significant correlation at the whole-brain level, both at baseline and post-intervention. Distinct patterns were identified when evaluating node-level metrics averaged across networks, which together with group differences, point to MDD patients exhibiting characteristics consistent with regular networks. Hierarchical clustering based on standardized baseline DTI structural connectivity within the clinical cohort revealed three distinct clusters of MDD patients, with the first cluster exhibiting a higher WHO-5 score, indicating a potential association with better well-being. These findings provide insight into MDD-specific brain regions’ structural alterations and underscore the heterogeneity of depression symptom profiles. Further research is needed, including a higher sample size and control for confounding factors.
  • Howe, Timothy (2021)
    EFL Education in Japan has the reputation of being ineffective in teaching students how to speak English. Despite that, there are Japanese who can use English proficiently. This dissertation seeks to answer the question: How do Japanese learners of English obtain language fluency despite numerous flaws in the Japanese EFL education system? The thesis takes a qualitative approach to the issue by interviewing Japanese students at the University of Helsinki to determine how they became so proficient in using English. The results of these interviews suggest that cram schools and university English classes had the most positive influence on the development of their English skills.
  • Salovaara, Aino (2015)
    Mortality is one of the main criteria in the evaluation of burn centre effectiveness. Different scoring systems predict mortality, the main variables being age, TBSA and inhalation injury. This retrospective study was conducted on 170 consecutive patients treated in the Helsinki Burn Centre and individual factors affecting mortality were assessed. The applicability of the Baux and ABSI scales was also evaluated. The mortality rate of the 147 actively treated patients was 19.7%. 23 patients were directed into palliative care within 48 hours. The non-survivors had a significantly higher mean age, proportion of women, mean TBSA, prevalence of inhalation injury and Baux and ABSI values than the survivors. Age, gender and TBSA were significant predictive factors. The Baux and ABSI scoring systems were statistically significant and specific in the prediction of mortality. No patients with a Baux score > 112 or an ABSI score ≥ 12 survived.
  • Ylinen, Varpu (2016)
    Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a malignant hematologic disorder, which is fatal without a treatment. Oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have revolutionized the treatment of CML and transformed the disease to a chronic condition that can be treated at patient's home. The common problem in the treatment of CML is patient's poor adherence to TKIs. The regular, consistent use of TKIs is crucial to keep disease under control. For this reason and to obtain an optimal treatment outcome, adherence to TKIs is extremely important. The aim of the study was to assess reasons for poor adherence to TKI-medications in Finnish CMLpatients, including patient characteristics, treatment related factors, comorbidities and concomitant medications. In addition, patients' experiences, beliefs, knowledge and perception about CML and its treatment were explored and how these could contribute to nonadherent behaviour. This study is part of the larger study, assessing adherence to TKI treatment among Finnish CML population. The data was obtained by using patient questionnaires and semi-structured theme-interview during patient meetings in 2012. Study population consisted of Finnish adult CML patients who had been on TKI -medication (imatinib, nilotinib or dasatinib) for more than six months prior to the study baseline. Patients' adherence was measured using Morisky Medication Adherence 8-Item Scale (MMAS-8) and based on their score, patients were divided into three groups: high, medium and low adherence. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used in data analysis. Study findings show that 21% (n=18) of the patients were low adherent and 23% (n=20) were high adherent to their treatment. Patient sociodemographic characteristics or experienced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) did not predict adherence, while more concomitant medications and comorbidities were associated with high adherence. However, ADRs had negative effect on the quality of life of several nonadherent patients. All nonadherent patients reported unintentional nonadherence and the most common reason was forgetting. Two-thirds of the patients (n=12) reported intentional nonadherence, which often was a result of experienced ADRs. The knowledge of CML and its treatment was poor among all patients while over half of the nonadherent patients (n=11) thought that they received enough information received. Overall, patients were very satisfied with care provided by the hospitals, physicians and other healthcare professionals. Managing TKI-treatment regimen is challenging for many patients and ADRs can have a negative impact on the quality of life. Healthcare professionals should regularly assess patient adherence and provide information and support for the patients to help them to succeed in medication management. Reasons for poor adherence are complex and have to be identified from each individual patient so that adherence can be improved.
  • Authman, Tablo (2022)
    Lukuharrastus tai lukemisesta kiinnostuminen on tärkeä ominaisuus yliopisto-opiskelijoilla. Tämän tutkielman tarkoitus on tutkia eri tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat englantia vieraana kielenä (EFL: English as a Foreign Language) opiskelevien yliopisto-opiskelijoiden kiinnostukseen lukemista kohtaan. Tutkimuksen kohteena ovat Kurdistanin alueellisen hallinnon yliopistoissa opiskelevat opiskelijat. Kurdistanin alueellinen hallinto tunnetaan myös nimellä “Irakin Kurdistan”, sillä se koostuu maantieteellisesti Irakin pohjoisosassa sijaitsevasta kurdien itsehallintoalueesta. Tutkielmassa kuvataan lukuisia eri tekijöitä, jotka voivat vaikuttaa opiskelijoiden lukuintoon. Näihin lukeutuvat esimerkiksi yliopiston kirjaston tarjonta ja asema sekä yliopiston luennoitsijoiden vastuu, jotka molemmat näyttävät aineiston valossa olevan tärkeitä tekijöitä lukuharrastuksen ylläpitämisessä ja kasvattamisessa. Tutkielman aiheen avaamiseksi tekstissä esitellään aiempia tutkimuksia liittyen lukemiseen, lukemisen kulttuuriin sekä kirjaston asemaan. Tutkielmassa käytetään sekä kvantitatiivisia että kvalitatiivisia menetelmiä aineiston analysoinnissa. Tutkielman aineisto koostuu online-kyselystä, johon vastasivat eri Kurdistanin yliopistoissa opiskelevat henkilöt. Kyselyssä on kolme eri osiota, joissa opiskelijat vastaavat kysymyksiin liittyen lukutottumuksiinsa sekä aineistojen saatavuuteen. Aineistona käytetään myös kolmea haastattelua, joissa haastateltavina oli yliopissa eri nimikkeillä työskenteleviä henkilöitä, mm. luennoitsija ja kirjastonhoitaja. Heidän osaltaan kysymyksissä keskitytään siihen, miksi opiskelijoiden lukuinto on alhainen. Tutkimustulokset tarjoavat luotettavan kuvauksen alueella vallitsevasta ongelmasta. Aineiston pohjalta huomataan, että opiskelijat ovat kiinnostuneita lukemisesta ja lukevat mielellään vapaa-ajallaan, mutta aineiston saannin vaikeus vaikuttaa kielteisesti opiskelijoiden motivaatioon. Vastaajien vastausten pohjalta on huomattavaa, että kirjastot eivät tarjoa tarpeeksi luettavaa eivätkä tarjoa myöskään tarpeeksi luotettavaa materiaalia akateemisesta näkökulmasta.
  • Forsén, Madeleine (2018)
    Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att närläsa Johanna Boholms prosalyriska verk Jag är Ellen (2015) för att få syn på vad det är som berättas, varför berättelsen ser ut som den gör och hur den berättas. Inga vetenskapliga analyser har tidigare gjorts av Jag är Ellen, men recensenter har lyft upp teman som tid, rum, skapelseberättelse, kvinnlig kollektivitet och fåglar. Jag tar i min analys fasta på dessa teman och granskar dem genom feministisk filosofi och ekofeminism. Huvudfokus i min analys är den feministiska mönstervarseblivningen som jag hävdar finns såväl i form som i innehåll. Med ekofeministisk teori granskar jag på vilket sätt Boholm skriver om kvinnorna och fåglarna och jag kan urskilja en kamp för naturen, kvinnobilden och fågelheten och en kamp mot en snäv patriarkalt kvinnobild såväl i nutiden som historiskt. Genom mannens avstånd till och oreflekterande av naturen hittar jag en antropocentrisk syn på naturen som är kopplad till den mansbild som porträtteras i verket. Som metod använder jag mig av onaturligt narrativ och feministisk narratologi. Onaturligt narrativ är Jan Alder, Brian Richardson, Stefan Iversen och Henrik Skov Nielsens svar på Monica Fluderniks teori om ett naturligt narrativ och har mycket likheter med magisk realism. Jag visar hur Boholm med ett onaturligt narrativ dekonstruerar tid, fysiska lagar och logiska principer och hur hon genom detta skapar en ny norm för kvinnans varande i sin fågelhet. Eftersom mannen inte passar in i detta onaturliga narrativ skapas ett utanförskap samtidigt som en patriarkal norm kritiseras och ifrågasätts. Det onaturliga narrativet möjliggör dessutom för Boholm att inte skriva tiden som linjär och genom detta blir mönstervarseblivningen ytterligare synlig. Boholm inleder sitt verk med en skapelseberättelse, och det faktum att många av karaktärerna dör och återuppstår lockar till en jämförelse med Bibelns skapelseberättelse. Också här kommer jag fram till att det Boholm gör är dekonstruktion av kunskapsarvet och det normativa narrativet. En viktig del i min analys är den feministiska filosofins motstånd mot den manliga traditionen av metaforfilosofi. Genom en granskning och närläsning av Boholms upprepningar av framförallt fåglar och en sidenhandske får jag syn på hur Boholm raserar de bilder och metaforer som vanligtvis är knutna till dessa ting och hur hon skapar sin egen definition av dem. Dessa blir ett sätt för kvinnorna i verket att frigöra sig från en snäv kvinnobild och här lutar jag mig framförallt mot feministiska filosofer som Phyllis Rooney, Marilyn Frye, Susan Sherwin och Toril Moi och deras teorier om ett manligt språk och den feministiska strategin att ta tillbaka ord. Jag knyter ihop alla delar i min analys till en helhet som är mönstervarseblivning. Onaturligt narrativ, ekofeminismen, metaforfilosofin och skapelseberättelsen är alla delar av denna helhet som jag menar inte kan lösgöras från varandra. Resultatet blir en kritik mot en antropocentrisk verklighetsuppfattning och en alternativ feministisk tillvaro blir möjlig.
  • Mutka, Minna (2015)
    Tutkimus käsittelee Fagerön saarella Sipoon ulkosaaristossa sijainnutta tuulivoimalla toiminutta hienoteräistä sahaa. Saha oli suunnitellun 33 teollisuuslaitoksen kompleksin ainoa totetunut osa. Fagerön saha oli yksi nykyisen Suomen alueen ensimmäisistä hienoteräisistä sahoista ja tutkimuksen tavoitteena onkin selvittää, miten saha uudenlaisena teollisuuslaitoksena sopeutui lähiympäristöönsä ja miten sen naapurit suhtautuivat siihen. Saha perustettiin 1720-luvun lopulla ja se jatkoi toimintaansa vuoteen 1743, jolloin sodan aikana venäläiset tuhosivat sen. Lähteinä on käytetty sahan rakentajien Carl Fredrik ja Magnus Otto Nordenbergin kirjeenvaihtoa, Helsingin kaupungin maistraatin kirjeenvaihtoa ja kokousten pöytäkirjoja, Helsingin kaupungin valtiopäivävalituksia, Sipoon käräjien pöytäkirjoja sekä Uudenmaan lääninhallituksen kanslian sahoja ja myllyjä koskeneita asiakirjoja. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan taloushistoriallinen. Fagerön saha ajautui nopeasti perustamisensa jälkeen konfliktiin lähimmän tapulikaupunkinsa Helsingin kanssa. Aluksi konflikti koski puutavarakauppaa. Helsingissä harjoitettiin palkkikauppaa hollantilaisten kanssa, kyseessä oli puun myyminen raaka-aineeksi hollantilaisiin sahoihin. Vallassa olleen merkantilistisen näkemyksen mukaan raaka-aineiden vienti ei ollut suotavaa, vaan viennin tuli keskittyä jalostettuihin tuotteisiin. Sahat tarjosivat vientiin valmiiksi jalostetun tuotteen, joten merkantilistinen keskushallinto alkoi suosimaan sahoja palkkikaupan kustannuksella. Fagerön sahan omistajat kuuluivat tukholmalaiseen virkamieseliittiin, ja vähentääkseen kilpailua sahan lähialueen metsävaroista nämä pyrkivät vaikuttamaan keskushallintoon sahojen suosimiseksi palkkikaupan kustannuksella. Lopulta Helsingin palkkikauppa kiellettiinkin kokonaan. Helsingin kaupungin ja Fagerön sahan riidat eivät loppuneet palkkikaupan myötä. Fagerön sahan omistajat myivät ilman välikäsiä valmistamansa lankut suoraan ulkomaille, mikä oli kiellettyä, sillä vienti oli tapulikaupunkien porvariston yksinoikeus. Lisäksi Fageröllä maksettiin puuta sahalle toimittaville ja työtä tekeville talonpojille näiden tarvitsemalla tavaralla, mikä myös oli kiellettyä, tavarakauppa oli sekin porvariston yksinoikeus. Sahanomistajilla, jotka eivät kuuluneet porvaristoon, ei ollut oikeutta maksaa tavaralla talonpojille, vaan vain rahalla. Helsingin porvaristo valitti usein keskushallintoon sahan laittomasta toiminnasta ja vetosi valituksissaan porvariston ja kaupunkien oikeuksiin ja lainsäädäntöön. Fagerön omistajat taas pyrkivät saamaan sahalleen poikkeusoikeuden tai privilegion vientiin ja tavarakauppaan talonpoikaiston kanssa vedoten sahan hyödyllisyyteen metsävarojen hyödyntäjänä ja puun jalostajana. Tässä konfliktissä Helsingin kaupungin edut veivät voiton sahan eduista ja laiton tavarakauppa ja vienti kiellettiin, mikä vaikutti negatiivisesti sahan kannattavuuteen. Asia oli Helsingin kannalta hyvin tärkeä, sillä jos Fagerön sahalla olisi ollut oikeus normaalisti kiellettyyn kauppaan, olisi siitä tullut ennakkotapaus ja kaikki muut alueen sahat olisivat vaatineet samanlaisia oikeuksia. Tämä olisi ollut tuhoisaa kaupungin kannalta, sillä vaikka alueella oli runsaasti sahoja, eivät nämä olleet helsinkiläisten omistuksessa. Sen sijaan mitään suurempia riitoja Fageröllä ei ollut välittömien naapuriensa kanssa. Saha sijaitsi saarella, eikä siksi häirinnyt ketään. Mitään kilpailevia teollisuuslaitoksia ei alueella ollut. Ainoat valitukset tulivat siitä, että tukkien uitto sahalle vaurioitti rantatiluksia ja kalavesiä.