Browsing by Subject "murine norovirus"
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(2020)Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of foodborne illness globally. Especially minimally processed goods such as berries and shellfish are common sources of HuNoV outbreaks. High pressure processing (HPP) is a relatively novel food processing technology that can both inactivate foodborne pathogens and extend the shelf-life of food items in cold temperatures. HPP is especially suitable for fresh purees, juices and sauces. In this study, we used murine norovirus strain MNV-1 to model the inactivation of HuNoV by HPP in three berry puree matrices and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). We assessed the effect of HPP by cell-based TCID50 infectivity assay and real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) with RNase and porcine gastric mucin (PGM) binding assay. We strived to find if there were differences between distinct pressures (4500 and 6000 bars) and hold times (3, 6, and 9 minutes) to efficiently inactivate MNV-1 in berry purees. We observed that the matrix type affected the survival of MNV-1 significantly both during HPP and transportation. During transportation, MNV-1 survived better in PBS than in berry purees. MNV-1 was efficiently inactivated in PBS leading to >3-log10 reductions in the number of infectious particles (TCID50/ml) at both 4500 and 6000 bars. In berry puree matrices, MNV-1 was most efficiently inactivated in blackcurrant puree resulting in ≈3-log10 reductions in genome equivalents. The efficacy of pressures and hold-times could not be differentiated in any of the used matrices. MNV-1 in raspberry puree showed no infectivity in RAW 264.7 cells but displayed ≈2-log10 reductions in genome equivalents. MNV-1 in strawberry puree displayed <1-log10 reductions in RAW 264.7 cells. Our results imply that PGM binding assay and RNase as pre-RT-qPCR treatments have problems in selecting infectious MNV-1 particles for amplification. Hence when using these pre-treatments, concluding on MNV-1 infectivity should be done cautiously.
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