Browsing by Subject "antibioottiresistenssi"

African medicinal plants have been used to treat symptoms of infection successfully for thousands of years. However, no antimicrobial drugs have been developed from these plants. As antibiotic resistance is increasing rapidly, these traditional African herbal medicines can be an important solution in the fight against antibiotic resistance due to their antimicrobial properties. In this research, various extracts o the leaves of Combretum adenogonium (Combretaceae) and the fruits of Piper cubeba (Piperaceae) and Xylopia aethiopica (Annonaceae) were tested for their growth inhibitory effects against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Extracts were made with methanol, water, hexane, and chloroform. In addition, water and ethyl acetate extracts were separated from an 80 % methanol extract using solvent partition. All the studied plants are used for the treatment of infections and wounds in African traditional medicine. Water was used as extraction solvent since it is commonly used in African folk medicine. Both single solvent technique and sequential extraction were used. The antibacterial effects were screened using agar diffusion and microdilution methods. The interaction between an extract and an antibiotic was measured with a checkerboard method. Time-kill experiments were performed using microdilution and plate count methods. In this study, the chloroform extract of C. adenogonium leaves gave the best inhibitory effect of all studied plants against B. cereus (MIC 78.125 µg/ml). In general, B. cereus was the most susceptible of the selected bacteria against extracts and E. coli was the one with most resistance. Time-kill test showed that the antibacterial efficacy was fairly stable throughout the 24-hour period considered with few exceptions. According to checkerboard results, C. adenogonium chloroform extract and tetracycline appeared to inhibit each other's antibacterial activity against B. cereus. However, only one extract was studied in this study, and it is possible that C. adenogonium contains compounds that would have a potentiating effect on antimicrobials. In general, C. adenogonium extracts were effective against B. cereus. The extracts of P. Cubeba were particularly effective against S. aureus. X aethiopica extracts were equally effective for both B. cereus and S. aureus. Methanol extract X. aethiopica is the only extract studied that gave more than 90% inhibition against P. aeruginosa. Therefore, it could be concluded that X. aethiopica has the broadest activity range of the examined plants.

The human gut is inhabited by gut microbiota, a complex and diverse ecological community of trillions of microbes that affect both the normal human physiology and countless disease states and susceptibilities. Understanding the composition, functions and the causes and effects of changes in the microbiota is invaluable for understanding diseases that are connected to the microbiota and developing better treatments to the diseases. The gut microbiota varies between individuals and keeps changing over time. Behind the variability are e.g. the person’s age, genetics, diet, environment, and especially diseases and the use of antibiotics. When antibiotic use disrupts the gut microbiota, the changes can persist for years. Antibiotic resistance tends to increase after the use of antibiotics. Since antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens is considered a major health threat, the characterization of the human gut resistome (the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) found in the gut microbiota) is of great medical interest. Next-generation sequencing techniques have enabled studying also those microbe species that cannot be cultured at the moment. Metagenomics provides information on all genetic material collected from a given environment and enables searching for any sequences of interest within it, e.g. ARG sequences. The development of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is suspected to begin in the enteric nervous system and spread from there toward the central nervous system. The use of antibiotics could be linked to PD through their effects on gut microbiota, and since these effects are modified by the gut resistome, the aim of this study was to find gene sequences coding antibiotic resistance in human gut metagenomics data originating from stool samples of PD patients and healthy controls, and to find out potential differences in the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in the gut microbes of the two study groups. DeepARG was the chosen method for searching antibiotic resistance gene sequences in the metagenomics data. The statistical data analyses, including alpha diversity, multivariate analyses, and differential abundance analysis, were performed with the R statistical programming language in RStudio. DeepARG found 840 different ARGs in 192 samples. The ARGs belonged to 29 different ARG classes. The alpha diversity analysis showed a small estimated difference between PD and control groups indicating a possible slightly higher ARG diversity in the PD group. Multivariate analysis did not give any strong suggestions of definite biologically meaningful differences between the study groups. 16 ARGs were deemed differentially abundant in the study groups. BepE, cmeA, cmlv, dfrE, mefC, msrB, opcM, oprM and RbpA seemed to have increased abundance, and arnC, BN537_02049, dfrK, mgrA, murA, tet35 and tetT were suggested to have decreased abundance in PD patients compared to the healthy controls. These ARGs do not appear interconnected in any other way except for some sharing antibiotic types to which they offer resistance, and some having similar resistance mechanisms. In the light of an ongoing, unpublished epidemiological study of the connection between PD and the use of antibiotics it would seem that only three ARGs (msrB, mefC and dfrE) might be somehow relevant in PD development, but their effects, if any, are most likely minor. Eight ARG classes were shown to have differential abundance between PD patients and healthy controls. Bacitracin, fosfomycin and polymyxin classes showed decrease and chloramphenicol, fosmidomycin, puromycin, rifampin and sulfonamide classes showed increase in abundance in PD compared to controls. The change in the abundance of a certain ARG could reflect change in the abundance of the bacteria carrying that resistance gene. If so, the follow-up questions would be how much change in the abundance of bacteria is due to the use of certain antibiotics and how much is caused by environmental factors. It also remains to be studied whether specific antibiotics associated with the ARGs that in this study showed differential abundance in PD patients and healthy controls might have an actual role in PD development. The results of this thesis study are later to be combined with and further studied alongside information coming from ongoing studies on antibiotics use in general population and in PD patients. While this study did not concentrate its efforts into finding novel ARGs, the metagenomics dataset could also in the future be applied for that purpose.

The spread of antibiotic resistance is a global health threat. Hospitals are a potential source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which may disseminate into the environment via wastewater. Hospital water environments, such as sink traps and shower drains, are known to harbor antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which might spread from the drains to the patients causing nosocomial infections that are hard to treat because of the limited number of treatments available. However, the current understanding of antibiotic resistance in the drains of residences, and how it relates to the situation in hospitals is limited. The aim of this study was to compare the microbial communities and ARGs in the water environments of homes and hospitals. The sink traps and shower drains of three hospital rooms and eighteen homes were sampled for metagenomic sequencing, and bioinformatic tools were used to detect the microbial taxa and ARGs in the metagenomes. The resistomes of hospital environments were distinct from those of homes and exhibited a higher diversity of ARGs. On the other hand, the microbial communities of homes and hospital rooms could not be clearly distinguished, although there were some differences in the abundances of certain taxa. The abundance of ARGs was higher in the hospital shower drains than in the corresponding samples in homes, but there was no statistical difference in the abundance of ARGs between the sink traps of homes and the hospital. Although the study had limitations, such as the low number of hospital samples, it indicates that the water environments of hospitals have a resistome that is distinct from that of homes and highlights the role of hospital sink traps and shower drains as potential hotspots of antibiotic resistance.

The development of new antibiotics is very challenging work. However, it has become less attractive area of research for the pharmaceutical industry due to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance among bacteria. As a result, nowadays there are less new antimicrobial medicines appearing on the market. Increase in antibiotic resistance challenges the effective treatment of infectious diseases. Therefore, it is important to know about the existence and prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and resistance genes. Waste water has been found to contain substantial amounts of antibiotics or their derivatives. Furthermore the bacterial density of the waste water is high. These factors may cause the selection pressure that assists the evolution, preservation and spread of antibiotic resistance in bacterial population. Wastewater treatment plants are believed to act as a reservoir of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes. In this study, from samples taken from Viikinmäki wastewater treatment plant it was determined the quantity of resistance genes making bacteria resistance to a wide range of beta-lactam antibiotics. The samples were taken at the different stages of wastewater treatment process during three sampling days in June, September and December 2010. The samples were taken from the incoming wastewater and, from the final effluent and from the dried sludge. The DNA from wastewaters and sludge was isolated and the gene copy numbers of blaCTX-M-32 and blaOXA-58 antibiotic resistance genes were measured by quantitative PCR method. Antibiotic resistance gene copy numbers were normalized with 16S ribosomal RNA gene copy numbers. The antibiotic resistance genes investigated in this work make bacteria resistant to broad-spectrum penicillins, different groups of cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems. It was found that blaOXA-58 and blaCTX-M-32 gene copies do exist in both incoming wastewater and dried sludge. From the incoming wastewater we found on average 3x10-3 blaOXA-58 gene copies/16S rRNA gene and 7x10-5 blaCTX-M-32 gene copies/16S rRNA gene. From dried sludge we found on average 3x10-3- blaOXA-58 gene copies/16S rRNA gene and 2x10-2 blaCTX-M-32 gene copies/16S rRNA. Both antibiotic resistance genes were also found in the final effluents. The amounts of antibiotic resistance genes /16S rRNA genes were found to decrease during of the wastewater treatment. In the final effluent the amount of blaOXA-58 genes was found to be two orders of magnitude less than in the incoming wastewater and for, blaCTX-M-32 gene copies it was found the decrease by one order of magnitude. Although the amount of antibiotic resistance genes decreased during of the wastewater treatment, the amount left in the final effluent is still notable and when it ends up in the water or soil it might have an effect to the antibiotic resistance in the nature.

Enterococci is a group of gram positive bacteria part of human intestinal flora. While generally harmless, several species of the group are known to cause severe infections in humans, including bloodstream infections leading to sepsis. Since Enterococci are naturally resistant to many antibiotics, the use of glycopeptides, considered a”last resort” drugs, is common in treatment of enterococcal infections. In recent years, however, the emergence of glycopeptide resistant Enterococci (GRE) has been an increasing concern for clinics and microbiology laboratories around the world, creating a need for fast and accurate screening tests differentiating the glycopeptide resistant Enterococcus strains from the non-resistant ones. In this study, a combined PCR and microarray hybridization based method for identification of the clinically most prevalent GRE was established as a part of commercial sepsis diagnostic test called Prove-it™ Sepsis. Already identifying the most common Enterococcus species (E.faecium and E.faecalis), the detection of glycopeptide resistance causing ligase genes vanA and vanB and species level identification of intrinsically glycopeptide resistant E.gallinarum and E.casseliflavus were added as part of the the test. Primers were designed for sequencing vanA and vanB genes and multiple strains, provided by a Finnish clinical laboratory Huslab, were sequenced. Sequence regions unique to these genes were identified according to sequence alignment data containing the sequenced gene regions and other relevant sequences found in public sequence databases. Based on these data, primers were designed for the amplification of the selected gene regions. For identification of the amplified gene regions, a set of hybridization probes were designed and printed on microarray. In addition, probes for identifying E.casseliflavus and E.gallinarum were designed based on sequence aligment data gathered from Mobidiag Ltd. private biobank. The identification of these species was based on topoisomerase encoding gyrB gene amplified by the Prove-it™ Sepsis broad range PCR. Several primers for the amplification of vanA and vanB genes were designed and one primer pair for each was selected to be integrated to the Prove-it™ Sepsis multiplex-PCR. Similarily, multiple hybridization probes were designed for detecting vanA, vanB, E.casseliflavus and E. gallinarum. Four probes for each target gene region were selected to be integrated to the commercial test. With this modified test, 12 pure culture samples of clinical origin were tested and the results were compared to the ones provided by the laboratory of clinical microbiology of Hôspital de bicêtre (Paris, France). Results provided by the modified PCR and microarray test were identical to the reference results in 11 out of 12 cases.

The objective of this thesis was to isolate and characterize new bacteriophages (phages) against clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae strains for phage therapy. K. pneumoniae is causing an emerging threat to global health due to its broad antibiotic resistance profile and hypervirulent strains. New treatment options are urgently needed to defeat the crisis. Phage therapy could provide one option to treat multiresistant K. pneumoniae infections. In this thesis, five new phages were isolated and characterized from Finnish wastewater and Georgian river water against two clinical K. pneumoniae strains. The three phages from Georgian river water, fMtkKpn01, fMtkKpn03, and fMtkKpn04, resembled Drulisviruses based on phylogenetic analysis. The two phages from Finnish wastewater, fJoKpn03 and fJoKpn05 were phylogenetically distinct. fJoKpn03 couldn’t be classified. fJoKpn05 resembled Weberviruses. Based on sequence analysis, none of the phage genomes included any harmful genes that would prevent their use in phage therapy. All phages demonstrated a 6-hour total inhibition to host bacterial growth. Their host range was determined to be narrow, only infecting their respective host strains from the 80 bacterial strains tested. All the phages tolerated high pH well. fJoKpn03 was the only one tolerating very low pH. All phages showed a synergistic effect on the inhibition of bacterial growth when applied together with piperacillin. In conclusion, all five phages proved potential for phage therapy. They demonstrated inhibitory action against K. pneumoniae strains with capsule types against which there previously were no phages in our collection. Due to their narrow host range, they could be suited for personalized phage therapy or used in combination therapy with antibiotics to increase efficacy and duration of action. fJoKpn03 could provide an opportunity for oral administration due to its broad pH stability profile.

Small colony variants are exceptional form from the wild type bacteria. Most specific feature for small colony variants is significantly smaller colony that can be 1/10 of the size of the original colony. Other features are slow growth and weakened pigmentation. Small colony variants are usually more resistant to antibiotics. Small colony variants have been discovered for many different species, from which S. aureus is the most investigated one. For Bacillus species small colony variants have been discovered for B. weihenstephanensis, B. licheniformis, B. cereus and B. subtilis -bacteria. B. weihenstephanensis is a spore forming and psychotropic bacteria that has been shown to grow in milk and dominate milks microbiota during long cold storage. B. weihenstephanensis bacteria have also been shown to resist nitrogen flushing that has been investigates to longen milks shelf-life. Purpose of this study was to compare the original strain of B. weihenstephanensis to its small colony variants that were discovered during flushing with nitrogen gas. In this study the original strains growth in different temperatures, utilization of carbohydrates and antibiotic resistance was compared to its small colony variants. In this study multiple strains of B. weihenstephanensis were analyzed, other were the original strains and others their small colony variant. Original strains were flushed in nitrogen gas in 15 °C temperature in milk, to see if small colonies would appear, but no stable small colonies appeared during the treatment. Nitrogen gas flushing inhibited the bacterial growth. Bacterial strains in this thesis grew well in 12, 30 and 37 °C temperature and some strains even grew in 43 °C temperature, but no great difference in bacterial growth between two growth media, UHT -milk and BHI -broth were detected. Differences in carbohydrate metabolism were identified with API 50 CH and microplate PM1 methods. According to ATB VET method there was a difference in antibiotic resistance between original strains and their small colony variants, but no difference was identified with microplate PM15. According to this master thesis there were differences between parental strain and its small colony variant in growth, carbohydrate metabolism and antibiotic resistance. As there phenotypic methods results were not compatible with each other, to confirm the discoveries repeats of these analyses are recommended in addition to genotypic methods.

Constantly increasing level of bacteria becoming resistant to clinically relevant antibiotics challenges the modern medical achievements made over the past century. In global scale, one of the most significant information gaps concerning the occurrence of resistant bacteria is located in West African countries. Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins and carbapenems are a major risk to public health through infections with limited or no available treatment options. The resistance to these antibiotics among Enterobacteriaceae is mainly mediated by hydrolyzing enzymes such as extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). The focus of this thesis is to study the genes encoding these enzymes and other resistance factors found in K. pneumoniae and E. coli isolated from human stool and waste water samples in Burkina Faso and Mali. Tree Enterobacteriaceae isolates were selected for whole genome sequence (WGS) analysis based on their phenotypic resistance profiles defined by disk diffusion method. Reads were assembled to draft genomes and the genomes were studied for their antibiotic resistance genes, virulence genes and their associations to mobile genetic elements found in these isolates’ genomes. Additionally a pan-genome was created to investigate species specific features of K. pneumoniae and their role in heavy load of antibiotic resistance genes among these isolates. Pan-genome consisted of two genomes sequenced in this study and 12 genomes from the publically available database. 16-month old Burkinabe child was a carrier of one ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae (isolate Burkina_1) and one ESBL-positive E. coli along with the resistance to multiple other antibiotics. With genome wide analysis the K. pneumoniae strain could be described as sequence type (ST) 45 representing, multidrug resistant and ESBL-gene CTX-M-15 carrying strain with highly similar virulence gene profile to strains previously described as pathogenic K. pneumoniae causing neonatal sepsis. K. pneumoniae isolated from the stool sample of an adult living in Burkina Faso was found to be multidrug resistant, though non-ESBL-producer strain (isolate Burkina_2). The isolate showed no similarity to any previously described sequence type. CTX-M-15 encoding E. coli of ST38 (isolate Mali_1) carried by Malian child showed resistance to five different classes of antibiotics in addition to the 3rd generation cephalosporins. At the same time the isolate showed hybrid virulence gene profile with virulence genes associated to many different E. coli pathotypes including neonatal meningitis causing E. coli (NMEC). The exceptional plasticity of K. pneumoniae genome could be recognized as one of the putative explanations for the high number of resistance genes found among the isolates studied in this work. Antibiotic resistance genes were found to be associated to mobile genetic elements (MGE) and as the genetic plasticity is caused by the acquisition of external genetic material via MGEs such as plasmids, this can lead to indirect accumulation of resistance genes in these genomes. The results in this thesis work show alarming examples of pathogens that potentially cause severe infections, have extremely narrow or no treatment options and are carried by infants. These findings are in line with the few data about the level of faecal carriage of ESBL-producing strains by people in Burkina Faso and Mali reported previously.

Raakamaidon kylmäsäilytys suosii psykrotrofisten pilaajabakteerien kasvua. Raakamaidosta eristetyillä psykrotrofisilla pilaajabakteereilla on havaittu olevan sekä antibioottiresistenssi- että hemolyysiominaisuuksia. Tutkielman kirjallisuuskatsauksessa käsiteltiin raakamaidon mikrobistoa ja psykrotrofisia bakteereja. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa tarkasteltiin myös bakteerien antibioottiresistenssiä, antibioottiresistenssin mekanismeja, antibioottiresistenssin leviämistä elintarvikeketjun välityksellä, lehmän raakamaidon bakteerien antibioottiresistenssiä ja bakteerien hemolyyttisiä ominaisuuksia. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa käsiteltiin lisäksi raakamaidon bakteerien antibioottiresistenssin määrittämistä ja Pseudomonas-suvun bakteerien tunnistamista eri tutkimusmenetelmillä. Kokeellisen osuuden tavoitteena oli tutkia lehmän raakamaidosta eristettyjen psykrotrofisten bakteeri-isolaattien hemolyyttisiä ominaisuuksia kahdella menetelmällä: verimaljaviljelyllä ja WLA-testillä. Tarkoituksena oli tutkia myös isolaattien antibioottiresistenssiä ATB VET-testillä sekä määrittää isolaattien antibioottiherkkyyttä (MIC-arvot) Etest-, HiComb- ja Biolog PM12-testeillä. Tämän lisäksi tavoitteena oli tutkia isolaattien genomien sormenjälkiä rep-PCR-analyysin perusteella ja tunnistaa tutkitut isolaatit rpoB-geenianalyysin perusteella. Lähes puolet tutkituista raakamaidosta eristetyistä psykrotrofisista bakteeri-isolaateista (30) olivat hemolyyttisiä. Viisi isolaattia reagoivat WLA-testissä positiivisesti. Seitsemän isolaattia olivat multiresistenttejä antibiooteille ATB VET-testien perusteella. Kuitenkin suurin osa isolaateista olivat herkkiä levofloksasiinille ja gentamysiinille, mutta kohtalaisen resistenttejä kefotaksiimille ja trimetopriimi-sulfametoksatsolille MIC-määritysten perusteella. MIC-määritysten tulosten luotettavuuden varmistamiseksi tulisi tehdä rinnakkaismäärityksiä samalla menetelmällä. Kaksi tutkittua isolaattia olivat resistenttejä lähes kaikille tutkituille antibiooteille Biolog-testien perusteella. Rep-PCR-analyysin perusteella isolaatit olivat geneettisesti hyvin monimuotoisia ja isolaattien joukossa oli useita bakteerityyppejä. Suurin osa isolaateista tunnistettiin Pseudomonas fluorescens-bakteerilajiksi analysoidun rpoB-geenisekvenssin perusteella. Yksi isolaateista tunnistettiin Pseudomonas fluorescens- tai Pseudomonas trivialis-lajiksi. Yksi isolaatti tunnistettiin patogeeniseksi Stenotrophomonas maltophilia-lajiksi. Tulosten perusteella rpoB-geenin sekvensointi soveltui hyvin Pseudomonas-suvun bakteerien tunnistamiseen lajitasolla.

Mikrobilääkeresistenssi on merkittävä maailmanlaajuisesti lisääntyvä ongelma, joka uhkaa ihmisten ja eläinten terveyttä kaikkialla maailmassa. Yli puolet maailmalla käytetyistä antibiooteista on käytössä ruoantuotantoon käytettävillä elämillä. Mikrobilääkkeiden säännöllinen käyttö eläintuotannossa kuitenkin lisää bakteerien todennäköisyyttä tulla mikrobilääkkeille vastustuskykyisiksi. Moniresistentit bakteerit aiheuttavat vaikeahoitoisia infektioita ja lisääntynyttä kuolleisuutta mikrobilääkehoitovaihtoehtojen vähentyessä. Aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa on todettu, että resistenttien mikrobien tutkiminen jätevedestä voisi tarjota nopean ja tehokkaan menetelmän mikrobilääkeresistenssin arvioimiseen. Tähän lisensiaatin tutkielmaan sisältyvän alkuperäistutkimuksen tavoitteena oli kartoittaa Etelä-Afrikan teuraseläinten mikrobilääkeresistenssiprofiilia tutkimalla eteläafrikkalaisten teurastamoiden jätevesissä esiintyviä zoonoottisia mikrobilääkkeille resistenttejä bakteereja. Työssä selvitettiin, mitä nämä bakteerit ovat ja mille mikrobilääkkeille ne ovat resistenttejä. Lisäksi työssä haluttiin selvittää, onko teurastamoiden lattiakaivoista ja jätevesitankeista otetuissa näytteissä eroja, ja miten eri teurastamoilta otetut näytteet eroavat toisistaan. Tutkimusprojekti (SAAW, South African Abattoir Wastewater) toteutettiin yhteistyössä Pretorian yliopiston kanssa. Työssä tutkittiin kuudelta eteläafrikkalaiselta teurastamolta toukokuussa 2022 kerätyt jätevesinäytteet (n=18) ja lattiakaivoista otetut pyyhkäisynäytteet (n=15). Näytteistä etsittiin laajakirjoisia beetalaktamaasientsyymejä (ESBL) tuottavia bakteereja, karbapenemaaseja tuottavia enterobakteereja, metisilliiniresistenttejä Staphylococcus aureus - bakteereja, vankomysiiniresistenttejä enterokokkeja sekä Candida auris -hiivasieniä viljelemällä näytteet mikrobilääkeresistenttejä kantoja seuloville maljoille. ESBL-entsyymejä tuottavia kantoja seulovalta maljalta eristettiin Escherichia coli (n=60) - ja Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=24) -bakteereja. Karbapenemaaseja tuottavia enterobakteereja seulovalta maljalta eristettiin Acinetobacter baumannii (n=16) -, Acinetobacter pittii (n=3) - ja Acinetobacter nosocomialis (n=2) -bakteereja. Tutkimuksessa ei havaittu yhtään S. aureus -bakteeria, vankomysiiniresistenttiä Enterococcus faecalis - tai Enterococcus faecium -bakteeria tai C. auris -hiivasientä. Isolaattien mikrobilääkeresistenssiä tutkittiin kiekkoherkkyys- ja liemilaimennosmenetelmällä. Kaikki ESBL-maljalta eristetyt E. coli - ja K. pneumoniae -kannat osoittautuivat ESBL:n tuottajiksi. Näistä kannoista suurin osa (76,2–100 %) oli resistenttejä kefotaksiimille, keftatsidiimille ja kefepiimille. Vastaavasti 0,0–1,2 % niistä oli resistenttejä kefoksitiinille, meropeneemille, kolistiinille, piperasilliini-tatsobaktaamille ja keftolotsaani-tatsobaktaamille. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin yksittäinen meropeneemiresistentti E. coli -kanta ja yksittäinen kolistiiniresistentti K. pneumoniae -kanta. Karbapenemaaseja tuottavia enterobakteereja seulovalta maljalta kaikki tunnistetut Acinetobacter -suvun bakteerit olivat herkkiä meropeneemille. Kaikki A. baumannii -kannat olivat herkkiä myös kolistiinille. Tutkimuksen tulokset antavat lupaavia viitteitä jätevesiseurannan soveltuvuudesta zoonoottisten moniresistenttien bakteerien havaitsemiseen teuraseläimistä. On mahdollista, että tulevaisuudessa eläimissä esiintyvät taudinaiheuttajat voitaisiin havaita samasta jätevesinäytteestä sen sijaan, että näytteitä joudutaan ottamaan yksittäisistä eläimistä. Tämä edellyttää sitä, että teurastamolla eläimistä peräisin oleva jätevesi kerääntyisi yhteen samaan paikkaan. Lisätutkimusta kuitenkin tarvitaan esimerkiksi näytteenottopaikan ja näytetyypin optimoimiseksi.