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Browsing by Subject "broilerinliha"

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  • Lilja, Liisa (University of HelsinkiHelsingin yliopistoHelsingfors universitet, 2001)
    Kampylobakteerit ovat teollisuusmaissa tavallisimpia diagnosoituja bakteeriperäisen gastroenteriitin aiheuttajia. C. jejuni aiheuttaa noin 90-95 % infektioista ja C. coli tavallisesti 5-10 %. Suomessa sairastuu vuosittain noin 3000 henkilöä kampylobakterioosiin. Infektioiden määrä on vähäinen talvella ja keväällä, jolloin suurin osa tapauksista on ulkomaista alkuperää. Kesäkuukausien aikana kampylobakteeri-infektioiden määrä kasvaa ja tapauksista jopa puolet voi olla kotimaista alkuperää. Yleensä tapaukset ovat yksittäisiä ja epidemioita esiintyy harvoin. Tartuntalähteistä tärkeimpinä pidetään saastunutta juomavettä ja broilerinlihaa. Perinteiset kampylobakteerien tunnistamismenetelmät ruokanäytteistä ovat aikaa vieviä ja hankalia. Ne sisältävät näytteen esirikastuksen, viljelyn selektiivisille alustoille sekä biokemiallisen varmistuksen. Viime vuosina kampylobakteerien tunnistamiseen tarkoitetut nopeat menetelmät, kuten nukleiinihappohybridisaatio, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) ja ELISA (enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay) ovat kehittyneet. Näiden pikamenetelmien kehitys avaa uusia mahdollisuuksia mm. teollisuudelle elintarvikevalvontaan. Opinnäytetyössä verrataan EiaFoss-ELISA-kampylobakteerimenetelmää, viljelymenetelmää ja PCR-analyysia C. jejunin ja C. colin toteamiseen ja tunnistamiseen broilertuotteista. EiaFoss-ELISA-menetelmä on kvalitatiivinen määritysmenetelmä C. jejunin ja C. colin tunnistamiseen elintarvikkeista (rikastus 46 h + täysin automatisoitu analyysi 2 h). ELISA-analyysi perustuu "sandwich"-tekniikkaan, jossa kaksi erilaista polyklonaalista vasta-ainetta ovat kampylobakteeriantigeeneja vastaan. Viljelymenetelmä sisältää näytteen rikastuksen, viljelyn CCDA-maljalle (valikoiva kampylobakteerialusta ilman verta), maljojen inkuboinnin mikroaerofiilisissä olosuhteissa, tyypillisten pesäkkeiden jatkoviljelyn ja biokemiallisen varmistuksen. Valittu PCR-menetelmä sisältää rikasteliemen esikäsittelyn BDC (Buoyant Density Sentrifugation) menetelmällä, joka erottelee ominaispainoon perustuen bakteerit ja PCR-inhibittorit rikasteliemestä ja konsentroi bakteerit, sekä C. jejuni spesifisen PCR-analyysin. Tutkimuksessa analysoitiin yhteensä 105 tuotetta, joista 60 siipikarjatuotetta oli valittu juuri menetelmien vertailuun. Vaihtelut kaikkien kolmen menetelmän tuloksissa olivat vähäisiä. EiaFoss-positiivisia oli 13, PCR-positiivisia 10 ja viljely-positiivisia näytteitä 10. Varmaksi positiiviseksi tulokseksi määriteltiin sellainen näyte, joka antoi kahdella tai kaikilla kolmella menetelmällä positiivisen tuloksen. Näin ollen varmojen positiivisten määrä oli 12, joista 11 kyseessä oli C. jejuni ja yhdessä C. coli. Sekä EiaFoss- että BDC-PCR-menetelmissä väärien negatiivisten tulosten osuus oli 1,7 % näytteistä. Viljelymenetelmän väärät negatiiviset (3,3 %) johtuivat todennäköisesti valitusta pitkästä rikastusajasta, eivätkä siksi anna täysin oikeaa kuvaa kampylobakteereiden tunnistamisesta viljelemällä. EiaFoss-menetelmällä esiintyi vääriä positiivisia tuloksia (viljely- ja PCR-negatiivisia) 3,3 %. Viljely- ja BDC-PCR-menetelmissä ei esiintynyt vääriä positiivisia. Tämän perusteella sekä EiaFoss- että BDC-PCR-menetelmät osoittautuivat helpoiksi ja luotettaviksi pikamenetelmiksi tunnistaa kampylobakteerit broilernäytteistä.
  • Kurttila, Krista (2018)
    The literature review dealed with the extrusion processing, producing protein-rich extrudates, the attributes of extrudates and the future of snack-foods produced by extrusion cooking. The aim of the experimental study was to examine the influences of broiler meat and extrusion parameters to the structure of extrudates. The following variables were used: meat content of processed flour mixture, water content of processed dough and temperature of the sixth section and the die. Response variables were hardness of extrudates, expansion index (SEI) of extrudates, water content of extrudates, torque of the extruder’s screws and pressure of the extrusion dough at the die. The CCF modified Box-Behnken’s experimental design was used with total of 21 experiments. The meat content of the processed flour mixture was 10, 20 or 30%, the water content of the processed dough was 16, 18 or 20% and the processing temperature of the sixth section and the die was 110, 130 or 150 °C. Screw speed was 400 rpm and the feed rate was 68 g/min. The results were analyzed by Partial least squares regression (PLSR) and by Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis with Matlab R2017b software. The sensory attributes of the extrudates were also observed. Regression analysis showed that torque of the screws was statistically significantly lower when the meat content of the processed flour mixture increased. Pressure at the die was statistically significantly lower when the water content of the dough, the temperature of the sixth section and the die or the meat content of the processed flour mixture increased. The water content of the extrudates was statistically significantly higher when the temperature of the sixth section and the die or the water content of the processed dough increased. The hardness of the extrudates was statistically significantly higher and the expansion index of the extrudates was statistically significantly smaller when the meat content of the processed flour mixture increased. Extrudates containing broiler meat were successfully prepared using extrusion cooking and differences of changing process parameters on structure of extrudates were detected.
  • Kurttila, Krista (2018)
    The literature review dealed with the extrusion processing, producing protein-rich extrudates, the attributes of extrudates and the future of snack-foods produced by extrusion cooking. The aim of the experimental study was to examine the influences of broiler meat and extrusion parameters to the structure of extrudates. The following variables were used: meat content of processed flour mixture, water content of processed dough and temperature of the sixth section and the die. Response variables were hardness of extrudates, expansion index (SEI) of extrudates, water content of extrudates, torque of the extruder’s screws and pressure of the extrusion dough at the die. The CCF modified Box-Behnken’s experimental design was used with total of 21 experiments. The meat content of the processed flour mixture was 10, 20 or 30%, the water content of the processed dough was 16, 18 or 20% and the processing temperature of the sixth section and the die was 110, 130 or 150 °C. Screw speed was 400 rpm and the feed rate was 68 g/min. The results were analyzed by Partial least squares regression (PLSR) and by Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis with Matlab R2017b software. The sensory attributes of the extrudates were also observed. Regression analysis showed that torque of the screws was statistically significantly lower when the meat content of the processed flour mixture increased. Pressure at the die was statistically significantly lower when the water content of the dough, the temperature of the sixth section and the die or the meat content of the processed flour mixture increased. The water content of the extrudates was statistically significantly higher when the temperature of the sixth section and the die or the water content of the processed dough increased. The hardness of the extrudates was statistically significantly higher and the expansion index of the extrudates was statistically significantly smaller when the meat content of the processed flour mixture increased. Extrudates containing broiler meat were successfully prepared using extrusion cooking and differences of changing process parameters on structure of extrudates were detected.
  • Kopra, Silja (2017)
    Fresh cut vegetables are fresh vegetables which are processed by peeling, washing, cutting, packaging and storing. All these steps are influencing the quality and shelf life of the fresh cut produce. The fresh cut vegetables and the raw chicken meat have different packaging requirements. The fresh cut vegetables are normally packed into permeable packaging with low oxygen concentration, whereas the chicken meat is commonly packed into tight oxygen-free packaging. The literature review focused on the factors which influencing the quality and shelf life of the fresh cut vegetables. The literature review also focused on the food and packaging technological tools for maintaining the quality of the ready-to-cook fresh cut vegetable and raw meat products. In the first part of the experiment study, the effect of the high barrier and the micro perforated film on the quality of fresh cut root vegetables (sweet potato, swede, parsnip and carrot) were studied. In the second part of the experimental study, the effect of the micro perforated film, tray comparting and a lingonberry juice treatment of chicken meat on the quality of the ready-to-cook fresh cut root vegetable and raw chicken meat product was studied. In a 13-day storage period, the changes in colour, firmness and gas concentration in a packaging, weight loss, sensory acceptance and microbial quality was investigated. The gas transmission rate was higher with the micro perforated film. The overall sensory acceptability of the root vegetable cubes packed with micro perforated film was under the appointed limit in 13-day storage. Nevertheless, no difference in the quality of fresh cut root vegetables packed with the high barrier or the micro perforated film was detected. The concentrations of the yeast and moulds were over the guideline value (1000 cfu/g) in both the fresh cut root vegetables packed with the high barrier and the micro perforated film and ready-to-cook fresh cut vegetable and chicken meat product in a four-day storage time. The overall acceptance of the ready-to-cook fresh cut root vegetable and raw chicken meat product maintained in 13-day storage time. The total aerobic bacteria content of the lingonberry treated chicken and fresh cut root vegetable cubes were over the guideline value 1·108 cfu/g in the 13-day storage time. The comparting of the tray didn’t have an effect on the quality of the lingonberry treated chicken meat and fresh cut root vegetable cubes. The study showed the quality of the used raw material is important to maintain the quality of the fresh cut produce. The modified atmosphere created by fresh cut root vegetables seems to be enough to maintain the microbial and sensory quality of raw chicken meat and fresh cut root vegetable cubes.