Browsing by Subject "correlation"

This study examines the relationship between wealth and environmental contributions at individual and country levels by using survey data from EVS, WVS and ISSP and panel data from OECD. For the analysis I use correlation tests, and in the case of panel data, pooled OLS regression and two-way fixed effects regression, and with survey data I use OLS regression and generalized ordered logit model. The aim of this study is to clarify if wealthier countries or individuals contribute more to environment than countries and individuals with lower wealth. Environmental contributions at country level are measured as environmental policy stringency, environmental protection expenditure and environmentally related tax revenues. At individual level environmental contributions are measured as willingness to pay for environmental protection. At country level a positive relationship between wealth and environmental contributions is found, but in individual level the relationship is weak. Also relationship between national wealth and individual willingness to pay is minor. On average individuals willingness to pay for environmental protection stayed standard regardless of wealth, but some differences in averages can be seen comparing the results of different surveys. Results suggests that in wealthier countries the environmental policy is more strict and environmental protection expenditure can be expect to be higher than in lower GDP per capita level countries. The relationship between wealth and environmentally related tax revenues differs from other two variables, because tax base for environmentally related taxes change whit economic development. Previous literature offers inconclusive findings and comprehensive theoretical framework is difficult to form. One of the biggest challenges of this study is the sparseness of suitable and comparable data and thus, results have to be interpreted with caution.

Inbreeding is a significant concern in animal breeding programs as it can lead to decreased genetic diversity, impaired fertility and production traits and a higher prevalence of genetic disorders. Therefore, estimation of inbreeding in pig breeds is crucial for the development of breeding programs that maintain genetic diversity while also improving production traits and health. In this study, inbreeding coefficients were estimated using both pedigree-based methods and runs of homozygosity (ROH) based methods. Pedigree-based methods involve tracing the ancestry of individuals through a pedigree, while ROH-based methods use genomic data to identify regions of the genome that are homozygous due to common ancestry. The results from the two methods were compared to evaluate their effectiveness in estimating inbreeding coefficient in the two pig breeds. The study used data from 941 pigs with both genotype and pedigree information and found that ROH-based estimates were higher than pedigree-based estimates even though the differences were not too big. The results also showed that the pig breeds had moderate levels of inbreeding, with the mean inbreeding coefficient estimated from pedigree were 0.15 and 0.11 for Yorkshire and Landrace, respectively; mean inbreeding coefficient from runs of homozygosity were 0.18 and 0.16 for Yorkshire and Landrace, respectively. These findings are important for pig breeding programs as they highlight the need to monitor and manage inbreeding levels to maintain genetic diversity and prevent potential negative effects on production traits and health traits. The results also demonstrate the usefulness of ROH-based analysis in estimating inbreeding levels and identifying recent inbreeding events in pig populations. In conclusion, this study will provide an extensive comparative analysis of estimation of inbreeding coefficient through pedigree and genomic information that will be useful in the breeding strategies of these Finnish pig breeds.

Kohdunkaulasyövän seulontojen löydösten ja niitä seuraavien jatkotutkimustulosten korrelaatiosta ei ole Suomessa tehty riittävästi kattavia tutkimuksia. Tutkimuksemme tavoitteena oli tutkia kolposkopiassa käyneiden naisten tulo-papan, kolposkopian yhteydessä otetun papan, Reid Colposcopy Index (RCI)-pisteiden ja kolposkooppisen diagnoosin sekä biopsian PAD:n korrelaatiota. Tutkimuksessa on selvitetty myös olennaiset aikaviiveet tiettyjen tutkimusten ja kirjausten välillä. Aineistona oli 908 seulontaiässä olevaa naista, jotka oli lähetetty kolposkopiatutkimukseen. Tarvittava data kerättiin potilastietojärjestelmistä (Miranda, Endobase) ja lisättiin Excel-taulukkoon. Kerätyt tiedot analysoitiin tilastotieteellisesti. Saimme selville, että tulovaiheen ja kolposkopian yhteydessä otetun irtosolunäytteen tulokset korreloivat toistensa kanssa melko huonosti, kuitenkin paremmin vahvempien muutosten, HSIL, kohdalla. Kolposkopiassa otettu papa-tulos korreloi histologisen diagnoosin kanssa paremmin kuin tulovaiheen vastaava. Korrelaatio oli yleisesti heikkoa, mutta parani vahva-asteisempien muutosten kohdalla. High risk HPV-testi on papa-testiä herkempi löytämään CIN2- ja vahvemmat muutokset. Sen lisääminen seulontaan papa-testin sijaan olisi hyödyksi yli 30-vuotiaiden ikäryhmässä. RCI-pisteiden ja histologisen diagnoosin välinen korrelaatio oli melko vahva. Viive poikkeavasta irtosolunäytteestä kolposkopiatutkimukseen pääsyyn näytti pysyvän hyvin tavoitteissa, paremmin lieväasteisten solumuutosten kohdalla.

During the past few decades, online shopping has grown steadily and increased its share of all retail sales. As internet connections have become more common and the selection of available online services has diversified, an increasing number of consumers have started to purchase different products online. Buying online has many time-related benefits compared to traditional retail as it enables the consumer to make purchases whenever and wherever. Yet, online grocery retailing has been relatively small-scale in both Finland and abroad compared with other product categories. In the past few years, however, the competition has become more intense as the few dominant Finnish grocery retailers and several smaller businesses have developed their online business models. In this study, I focused on one of Finland's leading grocery retailers, Kesko, and the customers and spatial characteristics of its online grocery services. The aim of this study was to find out 1) whether the accessibility of services affects the choice between an online store and a physical retail outlet in the case of grocery retail, 2) whether the widely accepted socio-economic characteristics of typical online shoppers find evidence in the case of choosing online grocery retail over a physical store or the frequency of online purchases and 3) how Kesko's online grocery retail has spread in the Helsinki region during the couple of years it has been in operation and where its potential new market areas in the region are. The MetropAccess time-cost-matrix for the Helsinki Region was used for the accessibility calculations. Travel times were calculated from all inhabited cells in the area and only from Kesko's online store's customer cells to the closest Kesko grocery store and separately to the closest store when all grocery stores were taken into account in the Helsinki Region. In some previous studies, urban living environment and dense service network have been observed to increase the probability of being an online shopper whereas poor accessibility to services increases the intensity of online shopping. In other studies and national statistics data, a variety of socio-economic attributes have stood out as prominent characteristics of e-shoppers. These include: young age (age groups 25-34 and 35-39), higher education, student status and high income. In addition, I have included the percentage of underage children of a cell's inhabitants in the analyses as Kesko's own data points very clearly in the direction that families with children are an important customer group to online groceries. The socio-economic variables of the region's inhabitants were mostly drawn from HSY's SeutuCD 2015 and Tilastokeskus' Paavo zip code data. I made correlation analyses on the YKR-grid level where the other variables were 1) the percentage of online customer households proportioned to cell's population in the whole region and 2) the intensity of online shopping in customer cells proportioned to population, and the other variables were the socio-economic variables of the population and the travel-time accessibility of grocery stores. The statistically significant Spearman's correlation coefficients were not very high, but weak connections between variables could be found. Customership of the online grocery store correlates negatively with travel time accessibility and the intensity of online shopping correlates positively with accessibility, which is in line with previous findings in the literature. Of the socio-economic variables chosen for this study, the ones that correlate the most with online shopping are income (with shopping intensity) and the percentage of 25-34- year olds (with customership). Finally, I analysed some potential future areas for growth for Kesko's online grocery business in the Helsinki Region based on the previously mentioned socioeconomic variables and accessibility of grocery stores in the study area. One weakness of the study was the availability of detailed enough socio-economic data when compared to Kesko's own YKR grid-level customer data. Some of the socioeconomic variables where derived from larger spatial units such as zip codes, which weakens the reliability of the correlation analyses. However, the grid-level examination is quite coarse for the capital region as well, and especially in this case, when the customer dataset itself was quite small. The accessibility of grocery stores is relatively good in the whole study area, so the study might not bring out the impacts of accessibility of physical services to online shopping as explicitly as might really be the case if the study was carried out in an area or with product categories where physical accessibility varies more. Moreover, the study may not have sufficiently considered the special characteristics of online grocery retailing when compared with other product types. Due to the marginal status of online grocery retailing, it has not yet been studied extensively in research literature. The results, however, do partly support previous findings of the connections between specific socioeconomic variables and the accessibility of services, and the customership of online stores and the intensity of online shopping activities.