Browsing by Subject "nicotine"

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease where the nigrostriatal dopaminergic cells die gradually causing severe motor symptoms. Current treatment of the disease relieves the symptoms but does not affect the progression of the disease, nor does it have a neuroprotective effect. The most important drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease is L-dopa, the precursor of dopamine. With long-term use, L-dopa loses its efficacy and patients start to get adverse effects. The most significant adverse effects are abnormal involuntary movements called dyskinesias. In the literature review of this thesis Parkinson's disease and its treatment is briefly described. Review focuses on the description of the brain cholinergic and histaminergic systems and their receptors along with the available studies about cholinergic and histaminergic neurotransmission in Parkinson's disease 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rodent model. The experimental part of this thesis consisted of two different set of experiments and in both of these the dopamine neurons were destroyed unilaterally by injecting 6-OHDA into the striatum. The aim of the first experiment was to examine histamine H3-receptor antagonist JNJ-39220675 and α7-nicotinic receptor agonist PHA-543613, and their combination therapy effects on motor function and the concentrations of striatal neurotransmitters in hemiparkinsonian mice. Effects on motor function were studied two and four weeks after the 6-OHDA injection with cylinder test, the D-amphetamine-induced rotations, and the inverted grid test. After behavioral tests, mice were sacrificed and striatal neurotransmitter concentrations were determinated by HPLC. The aim of the second experiment was to examine if nicotine can relieve L-dopa-induced dyskinesias. In this experiment 6-OHDA was injected at two sites into the striatum, which was intended to produce more extensive destruction of dopaminergic neurons than in the first experiment. The extent of the lesion by 6-OHDA was verified before starting chronic L-dopa treatments with cylinder test. One month after the 6-OHDA injection, five mice were sacrificed and their striatum and substantia nigra sections were measured for destruction of dopaminergic neurons by immunohistochemical TH-staining. Chronic L-dopa treatment with benserazide was started 49‚àí63 days after the 6-OHDA injection. At the same time, mice were divided into two groups. Half of them got normal drinking water and half got nicotine water. During the chronic L-dopa treatment, development of dyskinesias was observed once a week by video tracking. The cylinder test was also done once again after starting the L-dopa treatment. In the first experiment, H3-receptor antagonist JNJ-39220675 showed promising results in improving motor function. Mice used the impaired (contralateral) paw more in the cylinder test and rotated less to the ipsilateral side in the D-amphetamine-induced rotation test than control animals two weeks after the 6-OHDA injection. Combination therapy also reduced the ipsilateral rotations but in the cylinder test it had no effect two weeks after 6-OHDA injection. Because the asymmetry in behavioural tests were caused by destroying dopaminergic neurons, balancing of the motor skills can result from decreased levels of dopamine in the intact side or from increased dopamine levels or stronger dopaminergic postsynaptic transmission in the lesion side. The results four weeks after 6-OHDA injection are not reliable because the striatal samples showed that dopamine concentrations in the lesion side were very close to that of the intact side indicating recovery from the lesion. In the second experiment, mice developed dyskinesias which were decreased with nicotine treatment. Mice also used the contralateral side paw less indicative of loss of dopamine neurons. In agreement, TH-immunostaining confirmed significant loss of TH-positive neurons. Based on these findings, the 6-OHDA injection site, the selected drug doses, and the experimental design seem to fit the evaluation of dyskinesias. The occurrence of dyskinesias and nicotine's effect on them was seen strongest in the body movements. Dyskinesias in forelimbs were minor, but the nicotine treatment decreased them also.

Smoking is one of the major causes for premature deaths worldwide. Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, which activates the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) expressed by the human body. nAChRs are part of the cholinergic system and its endogenous neurotransmitter is acetylcholine. The nAChRs are excitatory and the often regulate the release of other neurotransmitters. Nicotine is one of the most addicting compounds known. The rewarding effects of nicotine are mediated through the activation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. The mesolimbic pathway is triggered also by the compounds activating the endogenous opioid system thus mediating the rewarding effects and opioid addiction. The nicotine - opioid interactions have been widely studied. It is observed that majority of opioid abusers and patients receiving opioid replacement therapy are smokers. It has been also detected that nicotine releases endogenous opioid peptides in vivo in the brain regions mediating both addiction and analgesia. In addition, the rewarding effect of nicotine attenuates in opioid receptor knock-out rodents. Furthermore, it has been observed that nicotine's rewarding effects can be reduced with opioid receptor antagonists. In order to prevent smoking's negative effects the use opioid antagonists for smoking cessation has been clinically researched with poor results. Many of the opioids in clinical use have diverse and direct interaction with the nAChRs in vitro. E.g. it has been observed that methadone and morphine have an effect on the function of the nAChRs. This may explain partially the smoking behaviour of replacement therapy patients. Opioids are prescribed mainly for the treatment of moderate to intense pain. Nicotine is too found to be analgesic in vivo but in humans its analgesic effect has been questionable. In the experimental part of thesis binding and functional interactions with human's α4β2-nAChR expressed by SH-EP1-hα4β2 cell line was researched with clinically commonly used opioids codeine, oxycodone and tramadol. Competitive binding was studied using [3H]-epibatidine binding assay and the functional effects were studied using 86Rb+-efflux assay. The results suggest that oxycodone and tramadol act as weak competitive antagonists of α4β2-nAChR in vitro in concentrations that are clinically irrelevant. According to the results, however, codeine acts as positive allosteric modulator of α4β2-nAChR potentiating the effects of nicotine in micromolar concentrations. The effect is similar to galantamine, used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The clinical relevance of codeine's potentiating nicotine's effect on the function of α4β2-nAChR cannot be estimated according to the results from these studies. Therefore, in order to confirm the results experiments with codeine need to be done in vivo using e.g. α4- and β2-knock-out mice in order to clarify α4β2-nAChR's role in the analgesic and rewarding effects of codeine. However, the results from the experimental part provide valuable information on the interactions of nicotine and opioids. Results from studies conducted with α4β2-nAChRs have not been published enough to determine the importance of the phenomenon in i.a. drug addiction and analgesia.