Browsing by Subject "palkokasvit"

Abstract Background: Irritable bowel syndrome is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. More than 60% of IBS patients report that certain foods, such as legumes, trigger intestinal symptoms. Legumes contain α-galacto-oligosaccharides (α-GOS), which belong to FODMAP-carbohydrates, that are not absorbed in the small intestine. When they pass to large intestine, α-GOS are fermented by gut microbiota, causing abdominal bloating and aggravated intestinal symptoms in IBS patients. Enzymatic processing could reduce the amount of α-GOS in food. Oral α-galactosidase enzyme has been reported to effectively reduce gas production and relieve gas-related symptoms in healthy individuals and pediatric IBS patients. The effects of enzymatic treatment of foods on gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms have not been previously studied. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate whether α-galactosidase treated pea-based crackers, compared to control crackers, will reduce GI symptoms in people suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or functional bloating (FB). The second aim of the study was to investigate the associations between nutrient and food intake and GI symptoms. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled two-period crossover study. Participants, were aged 22 -– 57 years. who suffered from irritable bowel syndrome or functional bloating based on the Rome IV criteria (n=24). Each participant received a three-day portion of either α-galactosidase-treated or control, pea-based crackers on each study week. The participants reported their GI symptoms throughout the study weeks and kept a food diary on the cracker eating days and during the run-in period. Maximum values of symptoms, symptom sum scores, as well as the average intake of nutrients and foods were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed with the Wilcoxon signed rank test, Friedman's dependent samples test, correlation analyzes and linear regression. Results: No significant statistical difference was seen in between the maximum values of the symptoms during the study weeks. However, maximum values of abdominal bloating, flatulence, stomach noise, nausea and heartburn were consistently higher during the control week. Several nutrients and foods such as fiber, fat, glucose, fructose, and maltose, were significantly related to the GI symptoms during the study weeks. Conclusions: Since the enzyme-treated product was not better tolerated than the control product, it is possible that other components in the crackers or diet have overshadowed the possible benefits of α-galactosidase treatment. There is some evidence of beneficial effects ofSupplementation with α-galactosidase supplementation, but has shown some beneficial effects, however the results of α-galactosidase in alleviating GI symptoms in adult patients suffering from IBS are inconclusive. More studies on the effects of enzyme-treated food are needed in people suffering from IBS and FB are needed.

Background: Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common diseases characterized by disturbing gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in the absence of structural or biochemical changes in GI tract. Well identified group of compounds responsible for GI symptoms are FODMAPs (fermentable oligo-, di- and monosaccharides and polyols). Legumes contain α-galacto-oligosaccharides (α-GOS), unabsorbed, osmotically active and rapidly fermented fibres, known for colonic gas formation. The role of phytic acid (PA) and its effects on GI symptoms as complex-forming agent is not fully understood. These antinutrients can be removed by enzymatic treatments. However, usefulness of these treatments on reducing GI symptoms is not known. Aims: The aim of this research was to investigate whether two different enzymatic treatments of pea-based products have an impact on experienced GI symptoms. α-GOS and PA content was reduced in the test products. Material and methods: This was a 3–week randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over-designed study. Participants (n=26) were healthy males and females aged 21–70 who claimed to experience GI symptoms after consuming legumes. Each participant received weekly two portions of either α-galactosidase-treated, double-enzyme-treated or control, spoonable pea-based product. They reported severity of nine GI symptoms within 72–hour time period via web-based survey using visual analog scale (VAS). Maximum values, the time for experiencing the maximum values, maximum values in 8 time points and symptom sum scores were analyzed. To study differencies in GI symptoms caused by the study products, data was analyzed statistically using mainly non-parametric Friedman’s test. Dependence of baseline symptoms and symptom scores were examined using crosstabulation and analyzed statistically with Fisher’s exact test. Results: Participants’ median symptom scores were rather low throughout the intervention, indicating that the participants were after all not very sensitive for legume GOS. Maximum pain score was significantly higher with the double-enzyme-treated product compared to the control product (p=0,038). At time point 5 bloating score was significantly higher with the α-galactosidase-treated product than with the double-enzyme-treated product (p=0,051), and flatulence score was significantly higher with the α-galactosidase-treated product than with the control product (p=0,021). There were no statistically significant differencies in any other examined variables between the study products. Although there was a slight trend towards more severe symptoms with the enzyme-treated products compared to the control product. Conclusions: The enzyme-treated pea-based products were not better tolerated than the control product, but that may be due to the fact that the experienced GI symptoms were rather mild in general. There are some evidence on the use of α-galactosidase supplement to alleviate GOS-induced GI symptoms. In future, the products should be tested in specifically α-GOS- and/or PA sensitive population.

The aim of this study was to investigate the ensilability of field pea and faba bean bi-crop with spring wheat when ensiled as whole-crop with different additives. In this study we attempted to clarify use of pea – wheat and faba bean – wheat bi-crop in organic farming. Forages was sown at 4th to 7th of June in Luonnonvarakeskus (Luke) Ruukki and forages were ensiled in laboratory silos at 26th of August 2013. Silages were ensiled without additive (PR), with formic acid (MH) and with two different heterofermentative inoculants (B1 and B2) as additive. Each treatment were made three replicants. Silos were opened after 106 ensiling days at 9th of December in Luke Jokioinen. Chemical and microbiological compositions were determined from samples of herbage. From silage samples were analysed fermentation quality, microbiological composition and aerobic stability. All samples were wet. Faba bean – wheat bi-crop was a little wetter than field pea – wheat bi-crop. Field pea – wheat forage contained more crude protein, water-soluble carbohydrates, starch and had stronger buffering capacity than faba bean – wheat. Faba bean – wheat bi-crop contained more neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) and had also lower digestibility. Both of crops were easy to ensile and growth stage were different between crops. All samples included lot of micro-organism especially yeast, moulds and epiphytic lactic acid bacteria. Field pea – wheat silage contained more fermentation products than faba bean – wheat silage. MH- treated silages had better fermentation quality than other silages although there were higher pH values in MH silages. MH silages contained less lactic and acetic acids and ammonium nitro-gen. Inoculant treated silages mostly did not differ from PR treatment in fermentation parameters. That is probably due to high epiphytic lactic acid bacteria account in herbage. Silages contained only a little butyric acid. Microbiological quality of silages predisposed them to aerobic deteriora-tion because there were considerable high amounts of yeasts and moulds. Field pea –wheat silages were more aerobically stable than faba bean - wheat. This is probably due to higher concentration of fermentation acids in field pea-wheat silages. MH treatment was the most aerobically stable of field pea – wheat silages. B2 treatment was the most stable of field pea – wheat silages. Mixed ration of these silages were more prone to aerobically deterioration than silages.

Plant proteins have excellent nutritional quality and their use in food is constantly increasing. Plant protein powders are widely used as raw material for plant protein products. Characterization of the sensory properties of plant protein powders is important for product development. Aim of the study was to study the sensory properties of six different plant protein powders using a descriptive analysis. The aim was to obtain new information about the sensory properties of plant pro-teins. Study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. The intensities of the sensory properties of the plant protein concentrates, i.e., faba bean, brown pea, yellow pea, hemp, flaxseed and pea protein isolate were studied by a generic descriptive analysis. The trained panel created a vocabulary for the sensory properties of plant proteins and sensory profile of 17 properties was formed. The profile included six smell, four texture, two flavor, and five taste-related properties together with suitable reference samples. Assessors evaluated the samples in three separate sessions. The results showed that the brown and yellow peas had very similar profiles. Their typical smell properties were grassy, smell and flavor of fresh pea, sweetness, bitterness and mouth-drying sensation. The bitterness and mouth-drying sensation of the faba bean were strongest of all and it also contained more grain and musty smell compared to the peas. The properties of the pea protein isolate differed from brown and yellow peas because in umami taste and pea-like properties. Oilseeds, i.e., hemp and flaxseed were dominated by a grain and musty smell, as well as rough-ness and sandiness. The smell and flavor properties of the cooked peas were mild in the plant pro-tein samples because the properties of cooked peas are created during the production of plant protein products. Due to the high protein concentration of pea protein isolate it differed most from all the other samples.

Palkokasvien siemenet sisältävät erityisen paljon vesiliukoista folaattia ja rasvaliukoisia tokoleja eli tokoferoleja ja tokotrienoleja (α-tokoferoli on E-vitamiinia). Palkokasveista kuten härkäpavusta, herneestä sekä lupiinista valmistetaan jauhoja sekä erittäin proteiinipitoisia konsentraatteja ja isolaatteja. Konsentraatit (proteiiniosuus 60 %) valmistetaan kuivafraktiointitekniikalla ja isolaatit (proteiiniosuus 90 %) märkäfraktioinnilla. Palkokasvien proteiinikonsentraateista ja -isolaateista voidaan valmistaa liha-analogeja märkäekstruusiolla käyttäen pitkää jäähdytyssuutinta. Aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa oli havaittu kuivaekstruusion aiheuttavan vitamiinien hävikkiä, mutta märkäekstruusion vaikutusta vitamiinien säilymiseen ei ole tutkittu. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli tutkia palkokasvivalmisteita kuten jauhoja, proteiinikonsentraatteja ja -isolaatteja folaatin ja tokolien lähteinä sekä märkäekstruusion vaikutusta folaatin ja tokolien pysyvyyteen. Folaatin määrityksessä näytteet uutettiin, folaatti vapautettiin matriisista entsyymikäsittelyillä, puhdistettiin ja konsentroitiin käyttäen affiniteettikromatografiaa. Uutteesta analysoitiin folaatin eri vitameerit erittäin suuren erotuskyvyn nestekromatografisella menetelmällä (UHPLC). Tokolien määrityksessä näytteiden rasvaliukoinen osa uutettiin nopeutetulla liuotinuutolla (ASE-uuttomenetelmä) ja tokoferolit ja tokotrienolit määritettiin käyttäen normaalifaasinestekromatografista menetelmää (HPLC). Tämä tutkimus osoitti, että palkokasveista valmistetut proteiini-isolaatit ovat usein huonompia folaatin ja tokolien lähteitä kuin vastaavat jauhot tai konsentraatit. Lisäksi osoitettiin hernevalmisteiden sisältävän vain niukasti folaattia. Tämän tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella todettiin myös, että konsentraattien valmistus kuivafraktioinnilla säilyttää rasvaliukoisia tokoleja, mutta isolaattien valmistaminen märkäfraktioinnilla aiheuttaa folaatti- ja tokolipitoisuuksien pienentymistä. Tutkittaessa märkäekstruusion vaikutusta vitamiinien pysyvyyteen märkäekstruusion todettiin aiheuttavan palkokasviraaka-aineseosten folaatti- ja tokolipitoisuuksien pienentymistä. Härkäpapuvalmisteiden ekstruusio pienensi folaattipitoisuuksia 39–58 % ja tokolipitoisuuksia 10–27 %. Herneproteiini-isolaatti-beetaglukaanikonsentraattiseoksen ekstrudaateissa havaittiin 5–60 % pienemmät folaattipitoisuudet ja 4–61 % pienemmät tokolipitoisuudet kuin raaka-aineissa. Lupiinivalmisteiden ekstruusiossa folaattipitoisuudet pienenivät hyvin vähän, 0–4 %, mutta tokolipitoisuudet pienenivät paljon, 40–56 %.

Background Endogenous formation of possibly carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds may partly explain the association between red and processed meat and colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of partial replacement of red and processed meat with legumes on the fecal total and heme-originated N-nitroso compounds (NOC) in healthy working-aged Finnish men. Methods The study was a 6-wk parallel design randomized clinical trial with two groups following either a diet supplemented with red and processed meat or a diet supplemented with legumes and red and processed meat. Total and heme-originated NOCs were analyzed from fecal homogenates using Ecomedics CLD 88. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 27. Independent samples t-test and Chi-Square test were used to assess the differences between the intervention groups at the baseline. Differences in total and heme-originated NOCs between the intervention groups at the endpoint were analyzed using ANCOVA (adjusted for baseline values). For correlations, Pearson correlation was used. Results 102 men completed the study. No significant differences between the groups were reported at the baseline. At the endpoint, fecal concentrations of total NOC (p < 0.0001) and heme-originated NOC (p < 0.0001) were lower in the legume and red meat group than in the red meat group. A moderate negative correlation between stool volume and NOC concentrations was observed. Conclusions The results indicate that even a partial replacement of red and processed meat with legume products can significantly reduce the total and heme-originated NOC concentrations in feces and potentially reduce the risk for the development of CRC.