Browsing by Subject "puuhiili"

Käsittelen työssäni miilunpolton arkeologisesti havaittavia muinaisjäännöksiä Suomessa. Miilunpoltto oli pitkään tärkein puuhiilen valmistustapa. Puuhiiltä tarvittiin suuria määriä raudantuotannossa, mutta myös muun muassa sepäntöissä ja lasinvalmistuksessa. Suomen alueelta onkin löydettävissä runsaasti poltettujen miilujen jäännöksiä eli miilunpohjia. Jäännösten runsaudesta huolimatta miilunpolttoa on käsitelty Suomen arkeologiassa harvoin. Esittelen siksi työssäni erilaiset miilutyypit, eli pysty-, lama- ja kuoppamiilut, sekä niihin yhdistettävät miilunpohjat. Tuon lyhyesti esille myös muita miilunpolttoon liittyviä rakenteita, ennen muuta miilumajat, sekä toisinaan miilunpohjiin sekoitettavia rakenteita kuten tervahaudat. Yhdistelen lähteinäni arkeologisia inventointi- ja kaivaushavaintoja, historiallista miilunpoltto-opaskirjallisuutta sekä historiantutkimusta muodostaakseni yleiskuvan miilunpoltosta Suomessa. Vapaasti saatavilla olevien Lidar- eli laserkeilausaineistojen yleistyminen on helpottanut valtavasti miilunpohjien paikantamista 2010-luvulla. Olen hyödyntänyt aineistoja tutkimuksessani ja käsittelen tältä pohjalta laserkeilauksen etuja ja puutteita miilunpohjien paikannusmetodina. Lidarin avulla suurien pysty- ja kuoppamiilunpohjien paikantaminen on nopeaa, mutta osa miilunpohjista ei ole sen avulla erotettavissa maastosta. Miilunpolttoa alueellisena ilmiönä käsittelen tarkastelemalla kahta erilaista miilukontekstia. Salon Teijossa 1600-luvun lopusta 1900-luvun alkuun toimineen rautaruukin ympäristössä on runsaasti pystymiilunpohjia ja se edustaa suurimittaista miilunpolttoa teollisuuden tarpeisiin. Rautavaaran kunnan alueella on vuorostaan useita kuoppamiilunpohjia, jotka kytkeytyvät pienimuotoisempaan, 1800-luvun alkupuoliskolla hiipuneeseen talonpoikaiseen raudanvalmistukseen. Käyn näiden esimerkkialueiden kautta läpi miilunpohjien maastossa havaittavia tuntomerkkejä. Tutkimuksen keskeisenä tuloksena on miilunpohjien tuntomerkistö, joka helpottaa miilunpohjien tunnistamista ja luokittelua arkeologisena ilmiönä.

The study contributes to the studies of land cover change and sustainable development in Kenya. It scrutinizes the land use and land cover change (LULCC) and deforestation; forest ecosystem services and vulnerability of natural and human systems; forest management and land tenure; sustainable land management, development and livelihoods; and woodfuel energy in a Kenya and in Africa. It is a case study from Dakatcha Woodland, an un-protected global hotspot for biodiversity adjacent to the Kenyan coast. The local setting of Dakatcha Woodland; the relation of livelihoods, especially charcoal production, to the land cover change; and the environmental and socio-economic impact of land cover change in the study area, are studied in detail. The possibilities to promote sustainable development, livelihoods and ecosystem services in the area are reflected, too. The main objective of this study is to contribute to the planning of sustainable management of land and forests, and sustainable livelihoods of the local population in Dakatcha Woodland. Environment and its change affect biodiversity and ecosystems, and thus ecosystem services that all human beings rely upon. Weakened ecosystem services deteriorate the possibilities to have good living conditions and livelihoods. Dakatcha Woodland is experiencing both environmental and socio-economical problems due to uncontrolled clearance of hilltop Cynometra-Brachylaena forests for agriculture and for charcoal burning to meet the energy demands of both local population as well as to supply the nearby centres and towns. The main underlaying problems are poverty and lack of alternative income generating activities coupled with weak institutional framework and poor land tenure and management system. Drawing from a holistic research epistemology, the study resolves the study objectives with various methods. Remote sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) provide means to assess the land cover and thus the change in the state of environment. Combined with socio-economic data collected with methods often used in Development Geography they offer ways to assess the poverty-environment linkages and offer data to land and forest resource management planning. This study contributes to the existing local land cover data by analyzing four SPOT satellite images from 2005/06 and 2011, and by forming a supervised land cover classification for those years, thus scrutinizing also the change in land cover. In-situ observation, household questionnaires (90 households were assessed in October 2010) and semi-structured expert interviews (2 from October 2010 and 3 from April 2011), add to literature review in order to reveal the significance of charcoal production to local livelihoods and environment. It was found that more than half of the 90 assessed households are involved in charcoal production which is higher figure than peer studies have suggested, and that the charcoal network is a complex entity that offers income to many, but bears an negative impact on the environment. It was discovered that, like in Kenya, in Dakatcha Woodland, too, the demand for woodfuel (charcoal and fuelwood) is one of the key drivers of deforestation and land degradation. As such, woodfuel energy is a cross-cutting issue, that ties together forest resources, livelihoods and sustainable development, and demands thus further research. The woodland areas are fragmenting and the relevance of the Important Bird Area (IBA) demarcation should be questioned because it was found that the IBA has lost woodland areas to agriculture and to woody vegetation land cover classes from 2005 to 2011. The land and forest management of Dakatcha Woodland must be planned in accordance with all stakeholders in a sustainable manner, drawing from agroforestry and participatory forest management systems, and keeping environmental factors in mind for the relevance of ecosystem services that the environment offers. Sustainable future for Dakatcha Woodland is possible, but changes are needed today.