Browsing by Subject "rypsi"

Suomessa on tarvetta uusille kotimaisille valkuaislähteille. Öljyntuotannosta ylijäävä camelinapuriste vastaa aminohappokoostumukseltaan melko hyvin lypsykarjan ruokinnassa yleisesti käytettyä ryp-siä, joten se voisi sopia hyvin valkuaisrehuksi. Camelina ei tarvitse paljon ravinteita ja sitä pystytään kasvattamaan monenlaisissa ilmasto-oloissa, koska se kestää hyvin vaikeita ympäristöoloja, kuten kuivuutta, sekä tauteja ja tuholaisia. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia camelinan soveltuvuutta valkuaisrehuksi lypsylehmillä. Tutkimus koostui kahdesta osakokeesta, joissa mitattiin ohutsuoleen virtaavan käyttökelpoisen valkuaisen määrää in vitro. Osakokeessa 1 verrattiin kahta eri camelinalajiketta rypsiin ja osakokeen 2 koe-dieetti sisälsi camelinaa nousevina tasoina siten, että camelinavalkuainen korvasi rypsivalkuaista 0, 1/3, 2/3 ja 3/3. Hypoteesi oli, että camelina voi korvata rypsin täysin ilman ohutsuoleen virtaavan käyttökelpoisen valkuaisen määrän vähenemistä. Tutkimuksessa koerehuista analysoitiin perusanalyysien lisäksi aminohappokoostumus ja Cornellin typpifraktiot. Typpifraktioiden perusteella camelinalla ja rypsillä on samankaltainen hajoavuuspoten-tiaali pötsissä. Ohutsuoleen virtaavan käyttökelpoisen valkuaisen määrää mitattiin laboratoriossa Bioprocess control’in Gas Endeavor in vitro –laitteella inkuboimalla rehuja naudan pötsinesteessä. Osakokeiden tulokset olivat keskenään ristiriitaisia. Osakoe 1:n mukaan ohutsuoleen virtaavan käyt-tökelpoisen valkuaisen määrässä ei ollut merkittäviä eroja valkuaisrehujen välillä. Osakoe 2:ssa ohutsuoleen virtaavan käyttökelpoisen valkuaisen määrä yllättäen väheni camelinan annostasoa nostettaessa. Tässä tutkimuksessa hypoteesi ei toteutunut kaikkien tulosten osalta, mutta sekä osakoe 1:n että typpifraktioiden mukaan camelinan pitäisi soveltua rypsin korvaajaksi valkuaisrehu-na. On epäselvää, miksi osakoe 2:ssa tämä ei toteutunut. Tulevaisuudessa tarvitaan lisää tutkimuk-sia camelinan soveltuvuudesta valkuaisrehuksi, ja in vitro -menetelmä on hyvä tutkimuskeino ennen in vivo -kokeita.

Palkokasveja sisältävissä kasvustoissa teollisten typpilannoitteiden tarve on vähäistä palkokasvien oman typensidontakykynsä ansioista. Palkokasveista esimerkiksi puna-apila (Trifolium pratense) ja härkäpapu (Vicia faba) menestyvät Suomen kasvuolosuhteissa. Härkäpavun kohdalla varsinkin, jos koko kasvusto korjataan säilörehuksi. Lypsylehmä ei kuitenkaan pysty hyödyntämään palkokasvien suurta raakavalkuaispitoisuutta ilman typpihukkaa, joten valkuaisen hyväksikäyttöä halutaan parantaa. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena oli vertailla härkäpapu- ja puna-apilasäilörehun, sekä rypsi- ja härkäpapuvalkuaislisän vaikutuksia valkuaisen hyväksikäyttöön lypsylehmien ruokinnassa. Tutkimus tehtiin Helsingin yliopiston Viikin tutkimustilan navetassa 17.10.2020-9.1.2021. Kokeen malli oli kerran toistettu tasapainotettu 4 × 4 latinalainen neliö, jossa oli kahdeksan lypsylehmää, neljä jaksoa ja neljä seosrehuruokintaa. Koeasetelma oli 2 × 2 faktoriaalinen ja tutkittavina tekijöinä olivat säilörehun kasvilaji sekä valkuaislisä. Karkearehuna oli joko härkäpapupitoinen säilörehu (HP), josta 2/3 karkearehun kuiva-aineesta (ka) oli härkäpapusäilörehua ja 1/3 timotei-nurminatasäilörehua tai puna-apilapitoinen säilörehu (AP), jossa oli 51 % puna-apilaa ja 49 % timotein, nurminadan ja italianraiheinän seosta. Lisäksi seosrehuissa oli valkuaislisänä joko härkäpapujauhoa (Hp, 15,6 % seosrehun ka:sta) tai rypsipuristetta (Rp, 12,2 % seosrehun ka:sta). Kaikissa koeruokinnoissa oli lisäksi ohra-kauraseosta sekä kivennäistä. Väkirehun osuus ruokinnasta oli 45 % ka:sta. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin ruokintojen vaikutusta syöntiin, ravintoaineiden saantiin ja sulavuuteen, maitotuotokseen, plasman aminohappopitoisuuksiin sekä typen hyväksikäyttöön. Kuiva-aineen syönnissä ei ollut eroa ruokintojen välillä. Raakavalkuaisen (rv) sekä välttämättömien aminohappojen kokonaissaanti oli suurempi HP-säilörehusta kuin AP-säilörehusta. HP-ruokinnat lisäsivät maidon valkuaispitoisuutta sekä suuntaa-antavasti rasvapitoisuutta verrattuna AP-ruokintoihin. Sen sijaan maitotuotos oli suuntaa-antavasti suurempi AP-ruokinnoista verrattuna HP-ruokintoihin. Rp:n ollessa valkuaislisänä maito- ja valkuaistuotos olivat suurempia kuin Hp-ruokinnoissa, mutta maidon rasva-, valkuaisja laktoosipitoisuuksissa ei ollut eroa valkuaislisien välillä. Härkäpapu lisäsi maidon ureapitoisuutta sekä säilörehuna että valkuaislisänä. Välttämättömien aminohappojen imeytyminen verenkiertoon oli vähäisempää Hp-ruokinnoista verrattuna Rp-ruokintoihin. Histidiinin ja lysiinin ja suuntaa-antavasti tryptofaanin pitoisuus plasmassa oli suurempi lehmien saadessa HP-säilörehua AP-säilörehun sijaan. Syödystä typestä suurempi osuus erittyi maitoon, mutta myös sontaan AP-ruokinnoista verrattuna HP-ruokintoihin. Typen suurempi eritys sontaan johtunee AP-säilörehun heikommasta rv:n sulavuudesta verrattuna HP-säilörehun rv:n sulavuuteen. Typen eritys maitoon oli tehokkaampaa Rp-ruokinnoista verrattuna Hp-ruokintoihin. Tämän tutkimuksen mukaan typen jakautumisen ja maidon ureapitoisuuden perusteella puna-apilasäilörehu ja rypsivalkuaislisä ovat valkuaisen hyväksikäytön kannalta härkäpapusäilörehua ja härkäpapuvalkuaislisää parempia vaihtoehtoja lypsylehmien ruokinnassa.

Tämän maisterintutkielman tavoitteena oli tutkia, miten härkäpavun kaksi eri annostustasoa vaikuttavat lypsylehmien maitotuotokseen rypsirouheeseen verrattuna, kun karkearehuna käytetään heinäkasvisäilörehua. Koe tehtiin keväällä 2013 Viikin opetus- ja tutkimustilan navetassa osana Kotipalko-hanketta. Kokeessa oli 12 ayrshire-lehmää, joista kuusi oli poikinut vähintään kaksi kertaa ja loput olivat ensimmäisen kerran poikineita hiehoja. Lehmien poikimisesta oli kulunut keskimäärin 115 päivää kokeen alussa. Koe järjestettiin cyclic change over –koemallin mukaisesti. Kokeessa oli kaksi blokkia, joista toisen blokin muodostivat vähintään kaksi kertaa poikineet lehmät ja toisen blokin ensimmäisen kerran poikineet hiehot. Kokeen väkirehuista muodostettiin kuusi erilaista koekäsittelyä 2x3 faktoriaalisen asetelman mukaisesti. Kokeessa oli väkirehun raakavalkuaistasoina 154 g/kg ka ja 190 g/kg ka ja valkuaislähteinä rypsi, rypsin ja härkäpavun seos ja härkäpapu, niin että raakavalkuaisen saanti oli yhtä suuri kaikista vaihtoehdoista. Karkearehuna käytettiin 1.sadon timoteinurminatasäilörehua. Lehmien säilörehun syönti vähentyi, kun rypsiä korvattiin härkäpavulla ja syönti vähentyi enemmän, kun valkuaisrehujen määrä oli suurempi ruokinnassa. Orgaanisen aineen, NDF:n ja raakavalkuaisen saannit vähentyivät myös, kun rypsiä korvattiin härkäpavulla. Raakavalkuaisen saanti ja pötsin valkuaistase lisääntyivät, kun ruokinnan raakavalkuaispitoisuutta lisättiin. Ohutsuolesta imeytyvän valkuaisen hyväksikäyttö heikkeni, kun ruokinnan raaka-valkuaispitoisuus oli 190 g/kg ka. Myös lehmien maito-, valkuais- ja laktoosituotokset vähentyivät, kun rypsiä korvattiin härkäpavulla. Maidon ureapitoisuus ja virtsassa erittyvän typen määrä lisääntyivät, kun rypsiä korvattiin härkäpavulla ja ruokinnan raakavalkuaispitoisuus lisääntyi. Tulosten perusteella rypsiä ei voi korvata härkäpavulla ilman lehmien rehun syönnin ja maitotuotoksen vähentymistä. Osa rypsistä voidaan korvata härkäpavulla ilman, että lehmien rehun syönti tai maitotuotos vähentyvät niin paljon kuin rypsin korvaamisella kokonaan härkäpavulla. Rypsin ja härkäpavun seoksella voidaan myös varmistaa paremmin lehmien riittävä aminohappojen saanti kuin pelkällä härkäpavulla.

Finding a hybrid breeding method for turnip rape (Brassica rapa L. ssp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.) would allow the breeding of semi-dwarf cultivars that usually tend to lodge less and have a higher yield index. Some dwarf genes can shorten not only stem but also root which is not optimal for water and nutrient uptake. The effects of the dwarf gene BREIZH (Bzh) on turnip rape have not been reported earlier. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of the Bzh gene on the structure of shoot and root of turnip rape and estimate if Bzh could be used in breeding semi-dwarf turnip rape cultivars. The research was organized in Viikki Greenhouse in Helsinki, and four turnip rape F2-lines were used in research. The progeny was presumed to distribute according to Bzh gene 1 : 2 : 1 (dwarfs : semi-dwarfs : wild types). Also field experiment was organized but it had to be discarded because of damages caused by geese. In the greenhouse the genotype was estimated twice according to length of hypocotyl. The starting and finishing time of flowering was recorded. After flowering the stems were cut from root and the height of stem and also the heights to the lowest and the highest branches were measured. The number of branches and nodes were counted as well. The roots were washed and the length of the main root and the dry weight of the root were measured. The correctness of the genotype estimate that was formatted by estimated hypocotyl length and measured stem length was evaluated by High Resolution Melting analysis. The control samples were sequenced in order to get information about the base sequence in mutation area. The Bzh gene shortened the stem by shortening the internode length. Also height to the lowest branch was significantly lower in semi-dwarfs. Usually these features together cause the better lodging resistance of the semi-dwarf cultivar. The gene also increased the amount of branches but didn’t affect the amount of nodes. Bzh didn’t affect the length of the main root but slightly decreased the dry weight of the root. There was a large variety in the appearances of the roots. Bzh also delayed flowering and decreased duration of it by one day. HRM analysis is a quick method for determining the Bzh genotype in turnip rape. Estimating genotype by phenotype of the plant is only directional. The Bzh mutation is a mutation of two single nucleotides (G-->A) and it is similar on both turnip rape and oilseed rape. According to the effects on structure, the Bzh gene seems to be suitable for breeding semi-dwarf turnip rape cultivars in future.

Finland's latest government program outlines Finland's role as an ecologically sustainable leader in mitigating climate change and safeguarding biodiversity. In addition, the aim is to support investments promoting nutrient recycling and to improve Finland's protein self-sufficiency, which is currently only about 15%. The aim of this study is to explore the suitability of meat-and-bone-meal (MBM) for organic rapeseed farming. Rape and rapeseed are the most important protein crops grown in Finland, excluding cereals and grass. In addition, this study explores the effects of three different undergrowth plants on the quantity and quality of rapeseeds harvest. Undergrowth plants play an important role in organic farming, since they may improve soil nutrient management, combat weeds, and promote biological nitrogen fixation if pulses are used. The undergrowth plant is sown on the parcel at the same time as the main crop and is often left to grow after the harvest of the main crop. In addition, this study aims to explore which undergrowth plant would be best suited for use with MBM fertilizers. Rapeseed (Brassica rapa, oleifera group) is a cruciferous oil plant and a subspecies of turnip. Rapeseed is used as a raw material for edible oil and for animal protein feed. Like oil plants in general, rapeseed is a nutrient-demanding plant. Organic rapeseed is sown in early June, when the soil temperature is 15-20 degrees celsius. At that time the seedlings start to grow so strongly that the fleas do not have time to destroy them. Organic rapeseed can be fertilized using livestock manure or other organic fertilizers such as MBM. MBM is a highly nutrient-containing by-product of the slaughtering industry. It contains nitrogen and phosphorus and is rich in trace elements and therefore has a good fertilizing effect. The experimental part of the study explored the fertilizer properties of MBM and MBM product in terms of yield and quality of spring rapeseed. Slurry and non-fertilized screens were used as reference data. In addition, the experiment explored the effects of different undergrowth plants. The undergrowths used in this study were Italian ryegrass, white clover and Persian clover. The experimental part consisted of two randomized quadratic tests, conducted in 2006 and 2007 at MTT's Research Center in Karila, Mikkeli. I have received the research data ready for analysis. I have analyzed both years crop yield amount (in 9% humidity), the amount of oil, the amount of nitrogen and protein production, as well as in concentrations as in total amounts (kg/ha), so that the explanatory variables are fertilizers and undergrowth plants. Particularly the MBM product obtained the highest qualitative yields in both the year 2006 and 2007 tests for all criteria, excluding the oil content. However, in 2006 the oil content exceeded the criteria for edible oil. There were no statistically significant differences found in total yields between different fertilizers in 2006. In the 2007 trial, MBM fertilizers proved to be at least better than the non-fertilized screen, but the difference compared to slurry was not statistically significant. Based on these results, it can be said that MBM and MBM product are good fertilization alternatives for organic rapeseed, at least if the rapeseed is used for feed. No interactions with the undergrowth plants were found for MBM and MBM product. From the 2007 trial it can be concluded that Italian ryegrass is not suitable for undergrowth of rapeseed as it reduces both the quantity and the quality of the crop. No other statistically significant observations were made for other undergrowth plants.

In order to increase protein self-sufficiency and food production, it is necessary to study new protein feeds. Faba bean (Vicia faba) is a nitrogen-fixing plant, and thereby a good choice for versatile rotation of crops. Faba beans contain less crude protein and considerably more starch than rapeseed meal. Most of the faba bean protein degrades in rumen and it contains less methionine than rapeseed meal protein. Microalgae contain plenty of crude protein and their production requires less surface area than cultivation of field crops. Microalgae can also be grown in harsh climate conditions. However, microalgae have, in some of the earlier studies, reduced palatability of the diet. Aim of this Master’s Thesis was to compare rapeseed meal, faba bean seeds and Spirulina microalgae effects on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows. Hypothesis were decreased feed intake when Spirulina was added to the diet; lower milk production with faba bean diet than with rapeseed diet; and increased milk production when a part of faba bean protein was replaced with Spirulina protein. The study was conducted at Viikki research farm at Helsinki during the spring of 2015. Eight multiparous ayrshire dairy cows were used. At the beginning of the study, on average 113 days were passed since calving of the cows. The study design was a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square. Cows of the other square were rumen fistulated. Treatments (rapeseed, rapeseed + Spirulina, faba bean, faba bean + Spirulina) were isonitrogenous. In microalgae treatments protein from Spirulina was used to substitute half of the protein from rapeseed or faba bean. Total mixed ration (TMR) included in addition to protein feeds grass silage, barley, molassed sugar beet pulp and vitamins and minerals. Cows received TMR ad libitum. There were no differences in dry matter intake (DMI) between rapeseed and faba bean treatments. According to the hypothesis, DMI was decreased with Spirulina diets. Hypothesis regarding milk production were also realised. Milk, energy-corrected milk, fat, protein and lactose yields were lower with faba bean than with rapeseed treatments. Adding Spirulina to diet increased milk yield in faba bean treatment, but decreased it in rapeseed treatment. Adding Spirulina to diet did not affect energy-corrected milk yield significantly. Spirulina did not affect fat yields, and it lowered the protein and lactose yields in rapeseed treatment, and increased them in faba bean treatment. Based on the findings of the study, faba bean and Spirulina are inferior protein feeds compared to rapeseed meal in grass silage and grain based diets. Faba bean protein’s high rumen degradability and low methionine concentration probably limit milk production. Spirulina and faba bean combined meet dairy cow’s amino acid needs better than faba bean alone. However, Spirulina’s negative impact on DMI may restrict its usage as a protein feed for dairy cows.

The aim of supplementary protein feeding of dairy cattle is to increase dry matter intake and milk yield. In Finland, rapeseed (Brassica rapa L. oleifera, Brassica napus L. oleifera) is commonly used protein feed in animal nutrition. However, low self-sufficiency of supplemental protein and a changing climate increase the need to find alternatives for conventional protein feeds. Micro algae might be potential protein feed for dairy cattle. The aim of the study was to evaluate if protein feeding and replacing rapeseed meal by micro algae Spirulina platensis as a protein supplement affect feed intake, milk production and milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows. The study was conducted in the Viikki research farm of the University of Helsinki. Eight multiparous Finnish Ayrshire cows (186 d in milk on average) were used in balanced, replicated 4x4 Latin square with 21-d periods. There were four experimental concentrate feedings (12 kg/d). The control treatment was negative control without a protein supplement. Three other treatments were supplemented isonitrogenously with rapeseed meal, Spirulina or a mixture of rapeseed meal and Spirulina (1:1 on the crude protein basis). Cows were offered 2nd cut grass silage (D-value 656 g/kg dry matter) ad libitum and concentrates were given separately. In the study, protein supplementation tended to increase silage intake compared to control feeding. However, treatment had no effect on total dry matter intake. The substitution of the rapeseed meal by Spirulina decreased concentrate intake and it also tended to decrease milk protein yield. There was no difference in milk, ECM or milk fat yield between the treatments. In milk production, lack of response to protein feeding might be explained by a shortage of energy in the rumen due to low D-value of the silage. Because the diets were low in fat, there were only minor changes in milk fatty acid composition. Changes in milk fatty acid composition reflected the differences in the fatty acid composition of the protein feeds. Substitution of the rapeseed meal by Spirulina decreased stearic acid (end-product of oleic acid ruminal biohydrogenation) but increased palmitic and γ-linolenic acid proportion in milk fat. Spirulina lipid contains γ-linolenic acid more than conventional animal feeds. According to this study, it is possible to replace rapeseed meal by Spirulina partly or completely without a decrease in total dry matter intake or milk yield on separate feeding. However, in this study protein supplementation did not increase dry matter intake or milk yield of dairy cattle in mid-lactation.

The literature review examined structures and functionalities of two major canola proteins, cruciferin and napin. In addition, fundamental functional properties of proteins and the impact of high intensity ultrasound on functionality of other proteins were reviewed. Ultrasound treatment has been successfully used to improve several functional properties of other proteins such as soy, pea and egg white proteins. However, research on high intensity ultrasound treatment for improving canola protein functionality is limited. The aim of the experimental part was to improve solubility, rheological and emulsification properties of canola proteins using high intensity (20 kHz) ultrasound. The effects of ultrasound treatment on protein structures were also examined. Canola samples were first preheated (95 °C, 5 min) and then treated with ultrasound at different power intensity levels (200 and 400 W) and durations (10 and 30 min). Albumin fractions were obtained by water extraction (pH 7.3) and NaCl extraction (1 M, pH 6.3) was used to obtain globulin fractions. The soluble protein concentration was determined using DC Protein Assay (Bio-Rad, USA), free sulfhydryl content was measured according to Ellman’s procedure and electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was performed for the determination of protein composition. Emulsifying ability, creaming index, average particle size, viscosity, storage modulus (G’) and loss modulus (G’’) were determined from the heat-induced emulsion gels. Solubility and emulsion stability of ultrasound treated canola samples were improved compared to control samples. In addition, ultrasound treatment reduced the average particle size. However, the electrophoretic profiles of the control and ultrasound treated canola protein samples did not differ significantly. Based on the rheological measurements, all the emulsion gels were shear thinning and indicated elastic properties (G’>G’’). These results suggest that high intensity ultrasound treatment modified the structures of canola proteins enabling increased molecular interaction and enhancing particularly emulsion gel stability.

From the beginning of 2013, the European Commission restricted the use of neonicotinoid based insecticides on honeybee attracting plants, such as Brassica oilseeds. This was done because neonicotinoids were believed to cause the death of honeybees. The initiative for this study came from the need to adapt to the change in insecticide use on oilseed crops. Adaptation had to happen at a time when the environmental effects of chemical control agents are evaluated from all sides. The aim of the study was to investigate if there was a correlation between seedling stage trichome abundance, or seed glucosinolate content, and flea beetle damage in Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera. The usability of trichomes and seed glucosinolates in increasing plant resistance against flea beetles was evaluated according to the results. The significance of seedling stage trichome density on the amount of flea beetle damage was investigated in field assays at Jokioinen 2015, and Loimaa 2016. Total glucosinolate content of different lines was determined from crushed seeds. Leaf trichome density, or seed total glucosinolate content, didn´t have a statistically significant effect on the formation of flea beetle damage. However, there is a multitude of scientific literature repeatedly suggesting that leaf trichomes can decrease flea beetle damage. This raises a question about the purposefulness of the methods used in exploring the phenomenon. Despite of this, the study revealed lines which suffered little beetle damage, because of an unknown reason. In the case of future research focus should be aimed at determining the resistance mechanisms in these lines. The role of glucosinolates, and their various hydrolysis products, as flea beetle repelling agents should be examined one compound at a time. This is because of their varied effects on flea beetle behaviour. Repelling substances are needed especially at the early seedling stage, because plants are most vulnerable to flea beetle damage at this growth stage. To maintain good nutritional and feed value, glucosinolates appearing in the seed should be avoided.

Increasing crop yield is one of the objectives of plant breeding to turnip rape (Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera), which could be achieved with hybrid breeding method. Most promising method for turnip rape is the Ogu-INRA cms / Rf hybrid seed production method, which transferred from Japanese radish (Raphanus sativus) to rapeseed (Brassica napus subsp. oleifera). The hybrid breeding method for turnip rape still lacks a fertility restorer paternal line and solution has been sought through interspecific crosses between turnip rape and rapeseed. Turnip rape, rapeseed and radish contain similar regions in their genetic material, which allows the transfer of radish’s fertil-ity restoring PPR-gene region from rapeseed to turnip rape. The aim of this Master’s thesis was to develop an SNP-tool for the identification of R9 chromo-some regions and using SNP-tool to identify turnip rape F1 hybrid offsprings, which have fertility restoring PPR-B gene region, integrated from radish extra chromosome into the turnip rape ge-nome. Earlier in the project PPR-gene was located to the R9 chromosome with BAC64-clone, therefore work focused solely on identifying R9 chromosome regions. For the development of the SNP-tool, objective was to search for a database and select species-specific SNP-markers with in silico-method. B.rapa databases were selected for the work and SNP-markers species specificity tested in the laboratory. The developed SNP-tool consisted of species-specific 28 radish SNP-markers and 48 turnip rape SNP-markers. The results showed amplification of four radish SNP-markers in fertile indi-viduals of turnip rape offspring, which located closest to the PPR-B gene region that restores fertility on the R9 chromosome. However, the SNP-tool could not determine whether integration occurred in fertile individuals of F1 hybrid offsprings, or whether the fertility restoring PPR-B gene region was unintegrated radish chromosome, as all SNP-tools turnip rape SNP-markers am-plified in the turnip rape offsprings. The SNP tool cannot be utilized to develop turnip rape hybrid breeding method, because screening of integration would done to turnip rape F1 hybrids. In fertile individuals amplificated radish SNP-markers could be used as DNA selection markers to identify the individuals with the PPR-B gene region, that restores fertility in F1 hybrids. In addition, the SNP-tool revealed, that the excess of extra radish chromosome is not complete in the genome. This research is part of a research project of the development of a hybrid breeding method for turnip rape, which is studying the utilization of cross breeding between closely related plant spe-cies in the breeding to turnip rape in cooperation with Boreal Plant Breeding Ltd.