Browsing by Subject "sadonmuodostus"

Biochar has been proposed to a promising future product as a carbon sink in carbon sequestration and as a soil conditioner. The aim of this master thesis is to clarify, how biochar affects on the crop formation and yield of faba bean Vicia faba in Southern-Finland. The research includes 3 growing seasons (2010-2012), but the biochar was spred in spring 2010. The study was carried out at the fields of the Viikki research farm, owned by the University Of Helsinki. The study was a split plot experiment, in which as the main plot factor was biochar rate (0, 5, 10 t ha?1). As the sub-plot factor was used fertilizing rate (12, 26 and 40 kg ha?1). To analyzing the yield components, the crop mass samples from the vegetation of every experimental plot were taken. The samples were taken at the end of crop maturation, at the development stage of > 85 (BBCH). Then the samples were dried. The yield components from the samples were separated, such as vegetative (leaves, stalks) and generative parts (pods). After that these parts were weighed. Pods were also calculated and seeds were separated from the pods, and then they were weighed. From obtained data, it was then possible to calculate the key number of yield com-ponents. And finally, the statistical analysis were done with these data. Biochar reduced the plant density at dry growing seasons 2010-2011. But at the same time it enhanced the number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod. At moist year 2012 there were no significant differences in these components. Biochar didn’t affect significantly on the seed yield of faba bean. Fertilizing didn’t affect significantly on any yield component. Biochar and fertilizing affected significantly together only on 1 000 seeds weight on the year 2010. The lack of statistically significant affects was possibly due to the high fertility of the experimental field. There was evidence that biochar may enhance yield formation of faba bean through the ability of plants to compensate the decreased plant density during dry years. In this situation, a plant in-creases the other yield components. Due to biochar, the tolerance of plants to drought stress can become better. As a conclusion, biochar can be remarkable soil conditioner in the future, in particular during dry growing seasons. However, in fertile soils of Southern-Finland, there are no expected big yield increases in the first three years.

Kaura (Avena sativa L.) on Suomessa toiseksi viljellyin viljakasvi. Kaura on useana vuonna ollut Suomesta eniten viety vilja ja sen käyttö elintarvikkeena on kasvussa lukuisten terveysvaikutusten vuoksi. Kaura soveltuu hyvin pohjoisiin kasvuolosuhteisiin ja sen jalostuksella on Suomessa pitkät perinteet. Satoisuus on ollut tärkeä ominaisuus kauralajikkeiden jalostuksessa mutta uusien käyttötarkoitusten myötä myös sadon laadullisiin ominaisuuksiin kiinnitetään yhä enemmän huomiota. Kauran hyvien laatuominaisuuksien myötä kaura sopii monenlaisiin käyttötarkoituksiin. Kauran keskimääräinen sato vuosina 2002 – 2016 oli 3293 kg/ha. Viimeisten 15 vuoden aikana kaurasadoissa ei ole havaittu tilastojen mukaan suuria muutoksia. Vuonna 2016 Kymenlaaksossa tehdyssä kenttäkokeessa vertailtiin kuuden eri kauralajikkeen eroja, satokomponenttien muodostusta sekä niiden vaikutusta sadonmuodostukseen ja sadon laatuun. Tutkimuksessa oli mukana neljä Suomessa jalostettua kauralajiketta: Iiris, Niklas, Steinar ja Meeri sekä kaksi Keski-Euroopassa jalostettua kauralajiketta: Canyon ja Harmony. Kokeessa selvitettiin lajikkeiden soveltuvuutta elintarvikekäyttöön. Kauralajikkeiden kasvustoista määritettiin fytomassan kertyminen, kasvurytmi, lakoisuus ja kasvuston korkeus. Lisäksi määritettiin siemensato, satoindeksi, jyväntäyttymisnopeus, jyväkoko, tuhannen jyvän paino ja muita laadullisia ominaisuuksia. Kenttäkoe toteutettiin lohkoittain täydellisesti satunnaistettuna kokeena kolmella kerranteella. Kauralajikkeiden kasvuaika korreloi vahvasti jyväsadon kanssa. Kasvuajaltaan myöhäisimmät lajikkeet, Canyon, Harmony ja Iiris, tuottivat runsaimman ja laadukkaimman sadon. Tulosten perusteella satoisimpien kauralajikkeiden satoindeksit eivät kuitenkaan olleet suurimpia. Jyväntäyttymisvaiheen pituudella on suuri vaikutus kauran laadullisiin ominaisuuksiin tarkasteltuna elintarvikekauran laatuvaatimusten osalta, joita ovat suuri jyväkoko sekä korkea hehtolitrapaino. Jyväntäyttymisvaiheen pituus korreloi positiivisesti tuhannen jyvän painon sekä seulonnan kanssa. Hehtolitrapainon yhteyttä kauralajikkeiden jyväkokoon ei havaittu.

Suomi on sitoutunut tavoitteisiin pyrkiä lisäämään ravinteiden kierrätystä ja toimimaan ravinteiden kierrätyksen mallimaana. Suomessa syntyy vuosittain yli 21 miljoonaa tonnia erilaisia biomassoja, joita hyödyntämällä voidaan vähentää maatalouden riippuvuutta tuontilannoitteista ja vähentää näin alkutuotannon riippuvaisuutta uusiutumattomista raaka-aineista. Kierrätysraaka-aineisiin pohjautuvat orgaaniset ja epäorgaaniset lannoitteet eroavat toisistaan käytetyn raaka-aineen ja käsittelymenetelmien suhteen, ja nämä tekijät vaikuttavat niiden olomuotoihin, orgaanisen aineksen määrään ja ravinnepitoisuuksiin. Orgaanisten ja epäorgaanisten lannoitteiden merkittävin ero on niiden sisältämien ravinteiden olomuoto. Orgaaniset ravinteet vaativat mineralisoitumisprosessin. Tutkimukset osoittavat, että kierrätysravinteilla voidaan saada väkilannoitteiden veroisia satoja, mutta lisätutkimusta tarvitaan muun muassa niiden käytön pitkäaikaisvaikutuksista. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, onko kierrätyslannoitevalmisteilla lannoitetun kauran sadonmuodostuksessa ja sadon laadussa eroja verrattuna väkilannoitekontrolliin ja lannoittamattomaan käsittelyyn yhden kasvukauden aikana. Tutkimuksen aineisto saatiin HYKERRYS-hankkeen (2016-2019) peltokokeesta kasvukaudella 2017. Tutkittavat kierrätyslannoitekäsittelyt olivat lihaluujauho mikrobilisällä, ammoniumsulfaatti, mädätejäännös täydennettynä ravinnelisällä sekä kiinteä matokomposti täydennettynä matokompostiuutteella. Koeruuduilta ennen puintia kerätyistä kasvustonäytteistä laskettiin pääversojen ja sivuversojen määrä, röyhyjen ja jyvien osuus kasveista, jyväsato, satoindeksi sekä maanpäällinen biomassa. Kasvustonäytteistä laskettuja satoja verrattiin puituihin satoihin ja käsittelyiden tuottamat typpisadot laskettiin. Tutkituista käsittelyistä mädätysjäännöksen, ammoniumsulfaatin ja lihaluujauhon sadot olivat väkilannoitekontrollin veroisia. Matokompostikäsittely ei eronnut satokomponenttien tai sadon suhteen lannoittamattomasta käsittelystä. Muut kierrätyslannoitteet olivat väkilannoitteen veroisia myös kasvuston muodostuksen, röyhyjen ja jyvien määrän ja jyväpainon suhteen. Suurin biomassa saatiin ammoniumsulfaattikäsittelyllä. Lannoittamaton kontrolli tuotti viljavalla maalla hyvän sadon, ja erot kierrätyslannoitteisiin verrattuna jäivät pieniksi. Tulosten perusteella voidaan sanoa, että matokomposti poisluettuna kierrätyslannoitteiden sadonmuodostus ja sadon laatu ei eroa väkilannoitekäsittelystä. Koekenttä oli kuitenkin jo kokeen aloitusajankohtana valmiiksi multava ja ravinteikas, mikä rajoittaa tämän tutkimuksen yleistettävyyttä samankaltaisen ravinnetilan omaaville peltolohkoille.

Meadow fescue is a perennial forage grass and it belongs to the Poaceae-family. Fescues are cultivated for feed for domestic animals such as cattle or horses. Usually meadow fescue is cultivated in a mixed sward and therefore it is the second most cultivated forage grass after timothy in Finland. Meadow fescue has a good ability to recover after cutting. It also tolerates lower stubble height, more frequent cutting and more intense grazing than timothy. However, the quality of forage is not as good as the quality of timothy. Meadow fescue is also sensitive to drought. In 2005, there were 612 000 ha of perennial grasslands in Finland. In Finland, the seed production area of meadow fescue was 1 510 hectares in 2006. The average seed yield in 1983-2006 was 460 kg of certified seed per hectare. It has been observed that seed yields of meadow fescue have decreased in Finland during the past 10-15 years. Similar observations were made also in Norway. It is hypothesized that the decrease in seed yield is due to forage orientated plant breeding. This might have resulted in good quality, highly productive forage grasses on the cost of traits most effective in seed formation. Low seed yields of the fescues are more than likely to depress farmers’ interest in production of fescue seeds which may lead to shortage of locally produced seed. Locally produced seed improves the winter survival and canopy formation of forage grasses and thus it is the basis of successful forage production. The field experiment was carried out at the University of Helsinki, Viikki Experimental Farm to compare differences in seed formation traits between the old cultivar, Kalevi and the new cultivar, Fure. Total dry matter accumulation, forage quality, number of flowers per panicle and accumulation of dry matter in spikelets were determined during the summer 2006. Seed yield was harvested and number of tillers, panicles and seeds were counted. Also the dry matter of straw, leaves, panicles and seeds were determined as well as seed yield, seed weight and germination percentage. Leaf dry weight of the new cultivar, Fure, was higher than leaf weight of the old cultivar, Kalevi. However, the panicle weight of Kalevi was higher than that of Fure. Even though Kalevi produced more tillers than Fure, in Fure a larger proportion of tillers remained at the vegetative stage. Kalevi also produced more panicles than Fure though the panicles of Fure had more florets and seeds. In both cultivars 20 % of florets were aborted. Thousand seed weight of Kalevi was higher than that of Fure. There was not significant difference in seed yield which indicated that meadow fescue cultivars studied had ability to compensate changes in traits affecting the seed yield similarly to small grain cereals. Based on stepwise regression analysis increase in the tiller number of Kalevi tends to result in lower seed yield as well as increase in the seed number per panicle of Fure. Increase in plant dry matter at the stem elongation phase tends to decrease the seed yield of Fure unlike in Kalevi whose seed yield tended to increase in this case. The forage quality of meadow fescue cultivars studied differed only in the longevity of D-value (digestibility), which remained high for a longer period in Kalevi than in Fure.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important cop in the world. It is used as raw material for fodder, brewing, bakery and foodstuff industry. Barley needs nutrients and nitrogen is the most important. Barley takes nitrogen 100 to 120 kg per hectar as ammonium and nitrate, which it uses during the growing season to form biomass and leaf chlorophyll to photosynthesize. Nitrogen deficiency causes dwarfism to stem and undeveloped state to phosynthesizing leaves. Nitrogen can be applied as inorganic and organic fertilizers and also as microbe content organic mineral fertilizers. The aim of the thesis was to examine how conventionally and organically cultivated methods affected two-row barley’s yield and quality in field experiment in 2009. There were six different cultivation methods; Berner Plant protection, University of Helsinki, Nylands Svenska Lantbrukssällskap (NSL) and Raisio Agro used conventionally cultivated methods and Elosato and ProAgria Organic used organically cultivated methods. Treatmens were fertilized by nitrogen from 71 to 118 kg per hectar where conventionally cultivated treatments were fertilized by nitrogen from 85 to 118 kg per hectar and organically cultivated treatments were fertilized by 71 kg per hectar. Seed population was from 400 to 500 seeds per m2. The results indicated that NFC Tipple matured 4 to 5 days earlier in organically cultivated treatments than conventionally cultivated treatments which had an effect to grain size. Early maturing was caused by low nitrogen fertilizer amount and plant disease amount. Vigorously grown barley resulted in higher yield and better yield quality when it was conventionally cultivated in comparison to organically cultivated. Quench responded better to nitrogen fertilizer when nitrogen than NFC Tipple and Fairytale. Number and timing of fungicide treatment had no effect to Quench’s growth’s disease amount.