Browsing by Subject "terveystieto"

Tiedolla johtamisen merkitys on korostunut urheilussa. Sattuman rooli pyritään minimoimaan urheiluorganisaatioiden strategisessa päätöksenteossa. Yksi merkittävä tekijä tässä toiminnan optimoinnissa on data-analytiikka, jolla tarkoitetaan urheilijoita koskevan datan keräämistä, käsittelyä ja hyödyntämistä urheilullisen ja taloudellisen menestyksen tavoittelussa. Datan avulla voidaan esimerkiksi parantaa yksilöiden suorituskykyä ja ehkäistä loukkaantumisia, tehostaa joukkueiden rekrytointia, valita ottelupäivän kokoonpanoja tai päättää nuoren akatemiaurheilijan uran etenemisestä. Ideaalitilanteessa datan perusteella tehdyt ratkaisut johtavat kaikkien osapuolten menestykseen. Käytännön tasolla urheilun data-analytiikkaan liittyy kuitenkin useita juridisia haasteita. Nämä haasteet ovat seurausta eri suuntiin viettävistä intresseistä, kuten esimerkiksi siitä, tavoitteellaanko menestystä lyhyellä vai pitkällä aikavälillä. Yksilön ja kollektiivin välisten valtasuhteiden epätasapaino voi johtaa siihen, että urheilijat eivät kykene täysipainoisesti toteuttamaan tiedollista itsemääräämisoikeuttaan tai suojaamaan yksityisyyttään. Ammattiurheilu on poikkeuksellinen toimintaympäristö, sillä sen piirissä työntekijöiden teknologiavälitteinen seuranta voi olla jatkuvaa. Sillä, miten urheilijat syövät, palautuvat ja nukkuvat, on työnantajille merkitystä. Juridisesti mielenkiintoisen tarkastelukohteen muodostaa erityisesti puettaviin teknologioihin perustuva analytiikka, jossa keskiössä ovat urheilijoiden suorituskykyä ja ominaisuuksia kuvaavat, osittain sensitiiviset data-aineistot. Tutkielmassa perehdytään ensin tällaisten tietojen oikeudellisiin määritelmiin sekä selvitetään, millaisia intressejä niihin liittyy ja miten urheilutoimijat voivat toteuttaa näitä intressejään sopimusoikeudellisesti. Dataa voidaan määritellä tarkemmin esimerkiksi jalostusasteensa mukaan. Yksittäisistä biteistä koostuvan raakadatan luonne poikkeaa niin tietosuojaoikeudellisesti kuin varallisuusoikeudellisesti algoritmin avulla ymmärrettävään muotoon muunnetuista tietoaineistoista. Keskeisiä data-analytiikan intressiryhmiä ovat urheilijat, joukkueet, seurat, liigat ja lajiliitot sekä analytiikkayhtiöt. Näiden toimijoiden välinen sopimusverkko sisältää mm. kahdenvälisiä urheilijasopimuksia, työehtosopimuksia, lisenssijärjestelyjä sekä urheiluanalytiikkapalveluiden tarjoamista koskevia asiakassopimuksia. Tällaisissa sopimuksissa on mahdollista määritellä tarkemmin, milloin dataa kerätään, mihin tarkoituksiin ja millä perustein. Tärkeää olisi, että urheilijan edulle ja heikomman suojalle annetaan sopimuksellisia reunaehtoja määriteltäessä erityistä painoarvoa. Intressiperusteisen ja sopimusoikeudellisen tarkastelun ohella tutkielmassa selvitetään data-analytiikan kannalta keskeisiä Euroopan unionin oikeussääntöjä sekä niiden vaikutusta osapuolten sopimusvapauteen. Perus-oikeuksista merkityksellisimpiä tässä tarkastelussa ovat henkilötietojen suoja, yksityisyydensuoja ja omaisuudensuoja sekä tietynlaisena perusvapautena datan vapaa liikkuvuus. Erityinen huomio kiinnittyy siten tietosuojasääntelyn soveltumisen arviointiin, rekisteripitäjinä toimivien urheiluorganisaatioiden ja analytiikkayhtiöiden keskeisten velvoitteiden tunnistamiseen sekä urheilijoiden, niin täysi-ikäisten kuin vajaavaltaisten, tieto-suojaoikeuksiin. Omaisuudensuojan kannalta mielenkiintoisia ovat immateriaalioikeudellisen tietokantasuojan sekä liikesalaisuus- ja salassapitosääntelyn luomat puitteet taloudellisesti arvokkaiden urheilijadata-aineistojen, suojaamiselle ja hyödyntämiselle. Samaten EU:n datastrategiaan perustuvat säädösehdotukset, kuten datasäädös, tuovat kiinnostavaa tarttumapintaa urheilijadataan kohdistuvien oikeuksien tarkasteluun. Tutkielman lopuksi arvioidaan eri perusoikeuksista johdettujen säädösten välisiä kollisiotilanteita, joita aiheutuu, kun pelaajatietokantoihin ja vastaaviin data-aineistoihin kohdistuu samanaikaisesti niin rekisteröidyn (urheilijan) oikeuksia kuin urheiluorganisaatioiden tai analytiikkayhtiöiden taloudellisia oikeuksia.

Objectives. The aim of this study was to examine class teachers' opinions and experiences of teaching health education in primary school level. The main purpose was to explore what kind of significant experiences do teachers have of teaching health education, in which kinds of situations do they teach contents of health education, and do they appreciate health education as a school subject in primary school. The health of children and youth has gotten worse during the last decades. It provides food for thought about the importance of coherent health education even for young kids. Methods. The study involved six class teachers, men and women, aged between 26 and 55. They worked as class teachers in the metropolitan area or in the North of Finland. They all had taken university degree of education in a Finnish university. Three of them worked as teachers for second graders, three of them taught pupils at 5th or 6th grade. Research material was collected by interviewing the teachers with structured theme-interview in April-May 2016. After interviews the recordings was transcribed and analyzed using the methods of content analysis. Results and conclusions. The results show that the class teachers give health education mainly without consciously considering that as health education. For the most part, the interviewees didn't consider the contents as a health education except for when they taught contents of puberty and sexuality at grades five and six. Overall, health education as a school subject is experienced challenging because of its common essence. The conclusions are that teachers teach health education according to their own values of health and when the topics come up in the daily life. The teachers aren't conscious enough about the contents of curriculum of health education and aren't that sure about the role of health education as a school subject in primary school level.

In this masters thesis, I examine the presence of the diversity of gender and sexuality in middle school health information textbooks. Drawing mainly on the theories of philosopher and feminist theorist Judith Butler, I analyze the language used in the books to understand how gender and sexuality are constructed and represented. Through a discourse analysis, I am looking to answer to the following questions: What kind of sexualities and genders appear as norms in middle school textbooks? In what ways and in which contexts is the diversity of gender displayed in middle school textbooks? I have selected health information books from three different book series, which have been used in teaching at the same time, as material for the thesis. In my analysis, I found five discourses in the research data. The dichotomous and heteronormative discourse created the assumption of a heterosexual, binary student. Discourses emphasizing similarity and difference described diversity in textbooks. Minority discourse appeared in textual selections where gender and sexual minorities were described as one similar group. My research results show that there is an urgent call for acknowledging equality and diversity in the study materials as a base for teachers and teaching.

Aims. Purpose of the thesis is to present viewpoints on culturally diverse sex education in junior high school on the light of literature. The research problem is to clarify what a junior high school teacher should take note in culturally diverse sex education. The aim was to describe the viewpoints and notes that literature presented for teaching. The hypothesis was that the teacher should be culturally sensitive and unprejudiced. There is only a few former studies on this matter. Sex education and cultural diversity has been researched and modelled mainly separately. The interest to the thesis took off from practical need. The number of immigrants has increased in Finland past years and the education must answer to the needs of the circumstances. I see that especially sex education is a sensitive subject on different culture perspectives, and that teachers should consider this when individualizing education suited for the needs of culturally diverse class. Methods. The research method of the thesis was systematic literature review that included also descriptive extract. Research of the field and literature over the years 2004–2017 were chosen for the thesis material using the most common information retrieval databases of the library. The criterion of choice was that the research concerned culturally diverse sex education in western countries. Results and conclusions. The results show that cultural sensitivity demands conscious work and reflection so that man could develop in it. Students and their parents saw the sex education as an important part of adolescent well-being and growing up. The role of the teacher in successful education and interaction was essential so that education was efficient, understandable and equal. Additionally, a teacher must pay attention at least to the cultural background, differences, religion, knowledge and skills of the students. The most crucial conclusion is that facing cultural diversity demands also scrutinizing man`s own values and worldview. The teacher grows into his or her role often only through experience when facing cultural diversity and developing suitable methods for it. Teacher should strive to respect the student and the education must be executed from students bases in safe environment so that the education becomes meaningful. The results can be exploited to support sex education in culturally diverse class.

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli syventää ymmärrystä hevosenomistajien tiedon etsinnästä hevosten terveydenhoitoon liittyen. Huomiota kiinnitettiin erityisesti siihen, millaisissa tilanteissa tietoa haetaan ja millaista tietoa etsitään. Samoin perehdyttiin eri lähteiden käyttöön, tiedon ja eri lähteiden luottavuuden arviointiin, tiedonhaun haasteisiin sekä tiedon hyödyntämiseen. Tutkimuksen teoriaosuus käsittelee sekä ihmisten omaa terveyttä koskevaa terveystiedon etsintäkäyttäytymistä että lemmikinomistajien lemmikkien terveyttä koskevaa tiedon etsintää. Myös hevosen erityispiirteet lemmikkinä on huomioitu. Teoriaosuuden pohjalta koostettiin tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys, malli hevosenomistajien tiedonhausta. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiiin teemahaastattelujen avulla. Haastateltavaksi valittiin viisi hevosenomistajaa harkinnanvaraisella otannalla. Kaikki hevosenomistajat olivat ratsuhevosen omistajia, jotka tekevät oman hevosensa terveydenhoitoa koskevat päätökset. Aineisto analysoitiin teemoittelun avulla. Tutkimuksen perusteella hevosenomistajien kaipaama tieto riippuu osittain siitä, mitä käyttöä varten tietoa haetaan. Tiedonhaku on erilaista esimerkiksi sairauksiin ja niihin liittyvään päätöksentekoon liittyen verrattuna sairauksia ennaltaehkäisevään, terveyttä ylläpitävään tiedonhakuun. Omistajien erilaiset tiedontarpeet tulee huomioida esimerkiksi internetsivujen rakentamisessa ja eläinlääkärien kommunikaatiossa asiakkaidensa kanssa. Hevosenomistajat käyttävät tiedonhaussaan useita eri lähteitä. Eläinlääkärien asema tiedonlähteenä korostui esityisesti sairauksien ja muiden ongelmien kohdalla. Hevosenomistajan ja eläinlääkärin välinen kommunikaatio on tärkeässä roolissa esimerkiksi sen suhteen, että hevosenomistaja kokee saavansa itseään tyydyttävää tietoa. Internet puolestaan on merkittävä tietolähde sekä helpon saatavuutensa että tiedon suuren määrän ansiosta. Hevosenomistajat ovat aktiivisia internetin käyttäjiä ja he hakevat hevosen terveydenhoitoon liittyvää tietoa säännöllisesti. Tämän vuoksi vaikuttaa siltä, että hevosenomistajat ovat hyvin tavoitettavissa internetin kautta. Työ toteutettiin toimeksiantona Orion Pharmalle.

Although teacher’s work is guided by many norms, the practical choises and everyday decisions in school are the teacher’s responsibility. Teachers have to make many different decisions continuously and in most cases fast and intuitively. Because teachers are in a position of authority with their pupils it is crucial to consider the ethical aspect of teaching. The purposes and goals behind decision making have special significance in ethical analysis. That is why reflection, evaluation and contemplation are essential in teacher’s work. The aim of this study was to deepen understanding of teachers’ ethics and teachers as moral actors in the school system. In addition special attention was paid to ethical issues in teaching health education. The study was conducted as a qualitative study and the research data was collected using semi-structured interviews. The participants of the study were ten health education teachers who had taken part in training organized by MIELI Mental Health Finland (non-governmental mental health organization). The interviews were analyzed using data-driven content analysis methods. Teachers were asked to describe their own values and the values they wanted to impart to their pupils. Three larger categories were found in the values: common values, school-related values and values related to healthy life. The ideal of an ethical teacher was characterized by the combination of care and justice. Teachers also criticized teacher ideals and wished to highlight humanity as a part of ethicality. Teachers’ descriptions of moral conflicts were related to classroom management challenges and reflections on justice and fairness. Because health education deals with personal issues and sensitive matters, such as emotions and sexuality, teachers of the subject are expected to have special ethical sensitivity.

Objectives. The aim of this study is to find out how class teachers implement health educa-tion in Primary School. The study is limited to dealing with the 3rd to 6th graders of a prima-ry school. Earlier studies show that there is not a lot of studies about health education in primary schools compared to studies about secondary and high schools. The theory of the research is largely based on the Curriculum and the didactics of health education. The as-signment of this study is ”How are the goals set by the curriculum implemented in the teaching of the primary school’s health education from the class teachers’ point of view?” Methods. The study was conducted as a qualitative case study. Eleven (11) class teachers from the Helsinki Metropolitan Area participated in this study. Teachers were interviewed with theme interviews. The analysis of the material was done by analyzing the content of the qualitative data, utilizing the thematic analysis and the Atlas.ti-analysis program. Results and Conclusions. According to the results of the study, class teachers felt they were motivated to teach health education. The teaching of health education emphasized the pupils’ everyday skills and their development. The importance of extensive expertise was highlighted by the importance of physical activity, interpersonal relationships and interaction. Nutrition, hygiene, sleep and rest were also relevant health education contents. Class teachers felt that they were doing a lot of multiprofessional co-operation with pupils' well-being, but most teachers felt they would cooperate most with the pupils’ parents. Teachers felt that the greatest responsibility for well-being was seen to be the pupils themselves. According to the conclusions, health education is perceived as a very talkative and functional subject that is taught especially through everyday situations in the primary school. Health education is a very important part of the growth and development of pupils but there is no need for health education to be its own subject in primary school. The purpose of health information is to promote the well-being and health of students and the development of everyday skills.

Objectives. Health Education has been a subject within the general studies group of exams in the matriculation examination, since spring 2007. The exam has been criticized for being easier than other subjects offered, and has gained a reputation with the students for being a subject in which they can obtain good grades with comparatively little effort, to other subjects. In the upper secondary school curriculum, the subject of sex education is integrated into health education. This study examines how the knowledge provided by formal learning, is in addition supplemented by knowledge gained from informal learning and incorporated into the students answers for the Health Education matriculation examination. The aim of this study is to find out what kind of information the candidates' answers are reflecting: is the used knowledge based on formal knowledge and sex education or informal learning. Methods. The research approach of this study was qualitative. The research data consisted of 66 essays completed as test answers in the 2011 matriculation examination for Health Education, within the general studies group of subjects. The task for the candidates was to explain the changes in Finnish sexual culture in the last four decades. The data was analyzed by qualitative content analysis, which was guided by the theory and the collected qualitative material. Results and conclusions. The results showed that in the research data, the knowledge based on informal learning was more obvious than information provided by formal learning. In the result section, essays were divided into two different categories based on candidate's scores. 73% of all responses were placed in the lower rating category. From these responses, only 31% expressed information based on formal learning. The unifying feature of the informal learning based explanations was an attempt to argue the changes in sexual culture with personal opinions, incorrect interpretations and incorrect information.