Browsing by Subject "children"

Objectives. Attachment theory is a theory of social development and personality, known around the world. According to the theory, children have an innate tendency to develop a biologically based and central nervous system-regulated attachment bond to their primary caregivers in order to ensure safety, care, and survival. Early attachment experiences contribute to the way one sees oneself and others and lead to secure, insecure, or disorganized attachment styles, which affect rest of one’s life. Previous research has confirmed the universal nature of attachment, different attachment categories and styles, and early attachment’s links with future relationships and various internal and external problems. Attachment research has traditionally concentrated on early childhood and early childhood environments, whereas middle childhood, adolescence, and school context have been studied less. The objectives of the present study were to find out what kinds of links there are between attachment and the lives of school-aged children and youngsters, what kinds of attachment-related challenges teachers encounter at school, and how teachers could support their students with those attachment-related challenges. The aim is to explore attachment in the lives of school-aged children and youngsters, including at school, to gain a better understanding and to create a valuable foundation for future research. Methodology. The present study was conducted as a systematic literature review, which allowed the gathering of diverse and comprehensive, yet relevant research material, while also supporting objectivity and reproducibility aspects of the study. The material, available through electronic databases, was comprised of research articles from around the world, published in peer-reviewed international research journals. The material was analyzed thematically by research questions and topics, which were then used as a framework in the Results section. Results and conclusions. Early attachment and attachment styles were directly and indirectly linked to the lives of school-aged children and youngsters, including teacher-student relationships, peer relationships, family relationships, and academic achievement, as well as internal and external problems. Various attachment-related challenges and problems were visible at school, but teachers had many ways to buffer them. Current attachment research has not affected or changed school environments enough. Much more attention should be given to attachment within schools, teacher education, and in-service training programs in order to give students better support for their attachment-related problems and challenges.

This thesis examines children’s citizenship in recent empirical research in the field of child-hood studies. The thesis will examine the questions, themes and theoretical approaches that have framed the studies of children’s citizenship. Childhood studies is a multidisciplinary field and the research concerning children’s citizenship is embedded within multifaceted social and political contexts. Children’s relationship with the citizenship is unsettled. Children are being given many rights, responsibilities and possibilities to participate but at the same time they are excluded from citizenship. Children’s place as becoming citizens has been persistent in societies where especially political citizenship remains a field fully open only for adults. This under-standing frames the recent research of children’s citizenship. The study data consists of 17 research articles that are examining children’s citizenship through empirical data. These articles were reviewed and analysed applying narrative analysis. The study data shows that children’s citizenship is constructed in social, political and historical contexts. Political and legislative structures are the basis of children’s social participation. In in-stitutionalised settings, children’s participation is enabled in participatory activities. These par-ticipatory settings facilitate children’s agency and advocacy but also demonstrate some re-strictions. The approaches of lived citizenship have opened new interpretations of the ways that children enact citizenship. The studied articles show that citizenship is a concept that illumi-nates the aspects of the relationship between children and adults and may generate some under-standing of ethical encounters. Examining the marginal positions of citizenship is helpful in discussing children’s place in society. Citizenship as a concept unfolds the different aspects of inclusion and exclusion in society.

Lapsilla gingiviitin esiintyvyys on alhaisempaa kuin nuorilla. Nuorilla gingiviitti on hyvin yleinen muuttuneen hormonitoiminnan seurauksena. Gingiviitin pööasiallinen aiheuttaja on puutteellinen suuhygienia. Aggressiivisen parodontiitin esiintyvyys Suomessa on noin 0,1 %. Aggressiivinen parodontiitti etenee hyvin nopeasti, siksi varhainen diagnosointi ja hoito ovat tärkeässä asemassa. On hyvä huomioida, että aggressiivinen parodontiitti on perinnöllinen sairaus ja nuoren potilaan sisarukset tulisi tutkia myös. Nuorilla esiintyvä paikallinen krooninen parodontiitti on usein alku aikuisiän parodontiitille. Nopealla hoitoon pääsyllä ja hyvällä omahoidolla pystytään ehkäisemään ja hoitamaan hyvin parodontiumin sairauksia. Parodontiumin terveyteen vaikuttavat suuhygienan lisäksi myös yleissairaudet, kuten diabetes, sekä tupakointi, plakkiretentiot, lihavuus ja etniset tekijät

Marketing authorized pharmaceutical preparations that are aimed at adult use cause problems both in administration and when dosing. Over and underdosing are the most common medication errors in pediatric population. Only a fraction of medicinal products are clinically tested and evaluated for pediatric use. Children should have the right for the best achievable health, medical care and rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to determine problematic pharmaceutical preparations, formulations or excipients experienced by healthcare professionals. The another aim of this study was to comprise (?) the view of healthcare professionals about 3D-printed medicinal products by using the collected data. By using the data, the problems, challenges, targets for development and other suggestions regarding pediatric medication were identified. New 3D printed medicines suitable for children can be developed by using the observations of this study. The study was carried out as semi-structured interview. Frameworks of the themes were structured by using the subjects of a recently made semi-structured questionnaire. The semi-structured interview was carried out as a group-interview, where the participants were presented open questions according to the themes structured before. According to the study results, the prejudices of the interviewees towards the new technology were mainly positive. The adjustability of the printed medicine by the means of the patient was most highlighted property in the interviews. Accoring to the experiences of the interviewees’, the most suitable pharmaceutical preparations used are liquid preparations such as oral liquids or suspensions. When using solid oral formulations, the age of the patient was not seen as significant. The most common reason for compounding the preparation was the wrong size of the product or dose. The varying availability of pharmaceutical preparations was seen as delaying factor at the start of the medical treatment. In the interview the pharmacists recognized the most common excipients causing adverse events. The different roles of the occupational groups were identified according to their work duties.

Liikunnallisen elämäntavan tukeminen on ajankohtainen ja yhteiskunnallisesti merkittävä aihe lisääntyneestä liikkumattomuudesta ilmentyvien terveysriskien ja kustannusten vuoksi. Liikunnan hyödyt ovat tutkitusti yksilön hyvinvoinnin ja terveyden kannalta suuria, mikä tekee liikunnallisen elämäntavan omaksumisesta niin yksilön kuin koko yhteiskunnan kannalta tärkeää. Koululiikunta muodostaa lapsille merkittävän ja tasa-arvoisen liikunnallista elämäntapaa tukevan liikuntaympäristön tavoittaen koko ikäluokan. Koululiikunnalla voidaan vaikuttaa lasten myönteisten liikuntakokemusten saavuttamiseen ja kiinnostuksen heräämiseen liikuntaa kohtaan. Liikunnan opetuksen tavoitteeksi on perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelmassa (2014) kirjattu liikunnallisen elämäntavan tukeminen. Tämän kandidaatin tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää, kuinka alakoulun liikunnan opetuksessa voidaan edistää oppilaiden liikunnallista elämäntapaa. Liikunnallista elämäntapaa pidetään suhteellisen pysyvänä ilmiönä, mikä käsittää liikunnallisen jatkumon lapsuudesta aikuisuuteen. Aktiiviseen liikkumiseen tulee kiinnittää huomiota, sillä säännöllinen liikkuminen lapsuudessa ennustaa liikunta-aktiivisuutta aikuisiällä. Tutkielma on toteutettu kuvailevana kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Kirjallisuutta on haettu HELKA-, FINNA-, ERIC- ja DOAJ -tietokannoista sekä Google Scholarista. Hakusanoina olivat koululiikunta, liikunnallinen elämäntapa, liikuntakasvatus, alakoulu, lapset, liikunta-aktiivisuus ja liikunnan lukutaito (physical literacy). Tutkimustulosten perusteella liikunnallisen elämäntavan edistäminen edellyttää oppilaiden motivaation, itseluottamuksen, liikunnan pätevyyden, tietoisuuden sekä ymmärryksen vahvistamista, jotta he sitoutuvat ylläpitämään liikunta-aktiivisuutta koko eliniän ajan. Liikunnan opetuksessa oppilaiden motivaatiota voidaan tukea autonomisuuden, koetun pätevyyden, yhteenkuuluvuuden ja liikunnan nautinnon tarjoamisen kautta. Jokaiselle oppilaalle tulisi taata onnistumisen kokemuksia, sillä ne vahvistavat yksilön fyysistä pätevyyttä ja itseluottamusta omiin kykyihin ja mahdollisuuksiin. Monipuolinen koululiikunta ja liikuntatunneilla opitut liikuntataidot luovat pohjan liikunnan harrastamiseen aikuisena. Liikunnallisen elämäntavan edistämisessä tulisi myös panostaa tietoisuuden ja ymmärryksen vahvistamiseen, jotta oppilaat saisivat myönteisiä liikuntakokemuksia ja ymmärtäisivät liikunnan tuomia merkityksiä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tuoda liikunnanopetuksen kentälle konkreettisia keinoja tukea lasten liikunnallisen elämätavan muodostumista. Tutkielman on tarkoitus toimia Pro gradu -työn teoriapohjana. Jatkotutkimuksena voitaisiin tutkia, mitkä tekijät koululiikunnassa ovat vaikuttaneet positiivisesti tai negatiivisesti aikuisiän liikunta-aktivisuuteen.

Abstract The theoretical framework for this study comes from Carol Dweck’s (2000, 2006) theory of mindsets. Mindsets impact on core beliefs that individuals hold about the malleability of qualities of the human condition. A person with a growth mindset believes that abilities can be developed. A person a with fixed mindset believes that people have a certain amount of abilities, such as talent and intelligence. Mindsets have an impact on learning results, persistence and goals. Mindset also affects on how person reacts to challenges. Whilst theory of mindsets is internationally known and well researched, there has been less research regarding young children’s mindsets. The aim of this study is to examine what are the school subjects third grade pupils like and which factors influence that. In addition, study aims to examine what factors in learning motivates third grade pupils and how mindsets are presented in pupil’s answers. This study examined third grade students from two primary schools in Helsinki. The data of this study was collected as a part of Kirsi Tirri’s Copernicus research project’s intervention which utilized growth mindset pedagogy. The data of this study was gathered before intervention. The study utilized both qualitative and quantitative methods. The analysis was performed using inductive and deductive content analysis. Statistical methods were used to examine how two factors, gender and school, impact on pupils answers. The results of this study showed that mathematics was clearly the most popular subject, which differs from the previous study. Results suggest that subject-specific motivation was most often affected by a factor inherent in the nature of the subject, such as calculation. Factors behind learning motivation highlighted learning environment, especially it’s social dimensions. Mindsets were one of the factors that affected subject-specific motivation and learning motivation. Most pupils reflected a fixed mindset. Mindsets were presented in many ways. Pupils answers highlighted attitudes towards challenge. The results also implicate that mindset can differ in different subjects.

Antibioottiresistenssi on maailmanlaajuisesti kasvava uhka terveydenhuollolle. Monille antibiooteille resistenttien (multidrug resistant – MDR) bakteereiden aiheuttamat infektiot ovat vaikeammin hoidettavia, niihin liittyy pidemmät hoitoajat ja suurempi kuolleisuus ja ne aiheuttavat terveydenhuollolle huomattavia lisäkustannuksia. MDR-bakteerien kantajuus lisää riskiä MDR-bakteerien aiheuttamille infektioille. Bakteerien moniresistenssi lisääntyy erityisen nopeasti köyhillä alueilla, joissa hygieniaolosuhteet ovat huonot, väestöntiheys on korkea ja antibioottien käyttö on kontrolloimatonta. Kansainvälisten matkailijoiden, ruuan ja eläinten mukana MDR-bakteerit leviävät ympäri maailmaa. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin ulkomailla sairaalahoitoon joutuneiden lasten MDR-kolonisaation yleisyyttä ja riskitekijöitä. Kyseessä oli retrospektiivinen tutkimus, jonka aineistoksi kerättiin MDR-viljelylöydökset 121 potilaalta, jotka olivat olleet ulkomailla sairaalahoidossa viimeisen vuoden aikana aikävälillä 1.1.2014-30.6.2017. Potilasasiakirjoista kerättiin tiedot matkan ja sairaalahoidon yksityiskohdista. Aineiston potilaista kolmasosa oli kolonisoitunut ainakin yhdellä MDR-bakteerilla. Subtrooppisilla ja trooppisilla alueilla tapahtunut sairaalahoito oli merkittävä riski MDR-kolonisaatiolle. Muita MDR-kolonisoitumisen todennäköisyyttä lisääviä tekijöitä olivat: antibioottihoito matkan aikana tai näytteidenoton aikana, sairaalahoidon kesto, kirurginen toimenpide ulkomailla, asuminen ulkomailla sekä vierailu ystävien ja sukulaisten luona. Yhdella tutkimusaineiston potilaista oli MDR-bakteerin aiheuttama infektio. Tutkimuksen löydökset vastasivat varsin hyvin aiemmissa vastaavissa tutkimuksissa aikuisilla saatuja tuloksia. Uusia riskitekijöitä ei tunnistettu. Lasten MDR-kolonisaation riskitekijöiden määrittäminen on oleellista seulontaohjelmien tehostamiseksi. Lapsipotilailla MDR-kantajuuden tehokas seulonta osana infektioiden ehkäisyä on ensiarvoisen tärkeää tehokkaiden antibioottihoitovaihtoehtojen ollessa rajallisempia kuin aikuisilla. Lisätutkimuksia lasten MDR- kantajuuden riskitekijöistä tarvitaan. (200 sanaa)

The details of the mission of Manichaeism—a religion that rose out of a Jewish-Christian milieu in Roman Babylonia in the 3rd century CE—emerge from both polemical sources and genuine Manichaean sources, the latter of which have been greatly expanded in the past century with a number of discoveries. This thesis presents a comparative study that critically evaluates the sources for and identifies the practices of the Manichaean mission in the Roman West between the 3rd century CE, when the religion was founded, and the 6th century CE, when the religion was persecuted off the face of the Western Roman Empire. By comparing the corpus of Augustine (who was himself a Manichaean for 9 years) and Manichaean sources, the thesis identifies a total of eight Manichaean practices that can be tied to the Roman West: (1) the undertaking of polemical treatises and doctrinal debates; (2) the command of a broad range of languages; (3) exegesis of the New Testament to unearth Manichaean beliefs; (4) the comparison of Old and New Testament passages (= disputations) to demonstrate the falseness of the Old Testament, which no true Christian should believe in; (5) missions in the guise of merchant trade; (6) the appeal to similarities with the disciples of Jesus; (7) sensationalist appeals to the appearances of poverty and association with women; and (8) the donation of children by lay Manichaeans to become missionaries. Among those identified here, practices (6)–(8) seem to be unique contributions to the field; chapter 3 furthermore reconstructs the theological underpinning of practice (8). Previous scholarship has not focused specifically on a critical examination of the Manichaean mission. In using a comparative method, this thesis compares attestation of Manichaean missionary practices internally (i.e., within, for instance, Augustine’s corpus to see if he is consistent in his attestation of the same practice) and externally (i.e., to see if polemical reports match up with genuine Manichaean reports). When making external comparisons, if attestation is found in Augustine but not in Manichaean sources, it is surmised that the practice is likely a heresiological invention; if in Manichaean but not in Augustinian sources, then perhaps a missionary practice that was not used or else simply not attested in the Roman West. The standard is generally, at any rate, to seek attestation in both sources and thus to verify that the practice was indeed used and witnessed in the Roman West. Finally, the appendices present the first English translation of a recently discovered sermon by Augustine (Serm. 350F) and two tables compiling Manichaean disputations.

The purpose of my study was to find out how children aged 2–6 take part in cooking dinner in families. The aim was to get information about how often and in which cooking tasks children take part in cooking dinner and find the reasons why children take part in cooking or not. The aim was also to get information about the meanings parents give to their children´s participations in cooking dinner. Based on these results I examined is there any connection between participation and children’s eating problems and future skills in cooking. These considerations I process mainly in my last chapter discussion, because this study is not wide enough to give reliable information to these perspectives. Five families with children aged 2–6 years took part in my study. All the families were nuclear families and at least one of the parents was in working life. In every interview the mother was selected to be interviewed. Interviews were carried out in October or November 2016 and were recorded and transcribed. Semi-structured interview were used in interviews, and content analysis in data analysis. According to my research results children aged 2–6 take part in cooking dinner variously. Participation varied from weekly attendance to that there was not any attendance. According to parents the participation was generally speaking slight, but they still listed lots of tasks that children had done. The most common tasks were mixing food, frying on a pan, cutting vegetables, taking away their own dishes after dinner and filling up and emptying dishwasher. The reasons for children´s participation was their own interest towards making food, spending time together. And reasons why they did not participated are the daily rush and safety issues. The meanings parents gave to children´s participation varied a lot between different families. Parents thought that cooking dinner together brought joy to children, helped them to under-stand cooking steps, and added children´s interest against food and cooking skills. Every parent felt their children's participation in cooking with family was important, without exception.

Tässä kirjallisuuskatsauksessa käsitellään suomalaisia ravitsemussuosituksia sekä suomalaisten lasten ravitsemusta ja niissä tapahtuneita muutoksia 1970-2019 luvulla. Ravitsemussuositukset on haettu Ruokaviraston sivuilta ja kirjana julkaistuista suosituksista ja lasten ravitsemusta koskeva aineisto Pubmedistä, Ovidista sekä Medicistä hakusanoilla lapsi, children, nuori, adolescent, ravitsemus, ravinto, nutrition, Finland. Lasten ja aikuisten ylipaino ja ruokavaliosta aiheutuvat terveyshaitat ovat yleistyneet. Länsimaissa lapset eivät saavuta kaikkien ravintoaineiden suosituksia. Ravitsemustottumukset muodostuvat jo lapsena. Olisi tärkeää, että terveydelle edulliset elintavat opittaisiin jo nuorena. Ravitsemussuositukset pyrkivät koko väestön terveyden parantamiseen ja ylläpitoon. Niissä annetaan ohjeita ruokavalion oikeanlaisesta koostamisesta, ravintoainemääristä ja fyysisestä aktiivisuudesta. Lapsille on tehty myös omia ruokasuosituksia. Ravitsemussuosituksiin pohjautuva ruokavalio ehkäisee ylipainon syntymistä sekä ylläpitää hyvää suun- ja yleisterveyttä. Lasten ruokavalio on muuttunut 1970-luvulta 2019 luvulle. Kokonaisenergian ja -rasvan saanti on vähentynyt ja rasvan laatu parantunut, mutta tyydyttynyttä rasvaa saadaan silti liikaa. D-vitamiinin ja raudan saanti on pysynyt niukkana. Lisätyn sokerin osuus ruokavaliossa on liian suuri.