Browsing by Subject "learning"

This study's key goal was to compare the brain morphology of musicians who play symmetric instruments to musicians who play asymmetric instruments. Also, musicians' brain morphology of both groups together were compared with the brain morphology of non-musicians. The participants in this study completed questionnaires regarding their musical backgrounds. MRI scans of their brains were analyzed using FreeSurfer- software. Our two main hypotheses were that 1) asymmetrical instrumentalists have a larger right hemisphere precentral gyrus than symmetrical instrumentalists and 2) symmetrical instrumentalists have larger corpus callosa (CC) than asymmetrical instrumentalists. We also aimed to replicate other findings related to these brain areas from previous studies. To a nonsignificant level, the key findings in this study are: musicians have a larger central and anterior CC compared to non-musicians and symmetrical instrumentalists have a larger anterior CC than asymmetrical instrumentalists. Compared to non-musicians, musicians have larger absolute volumes of precentral gyri in the right hemisphere but smaller in the left. When comparing relative sizes, both precentral gyri are larger in musicians than in non-musicians. Asymmetrical instrumentalists have a larger LH and RH precentral gyri, relatively and absolutely. Our findings partly support our theses to a statistically nonsignificant level.

In my Master’s thesis, I offer a novel interpretation of Gilles Deleuze’s (1925-1995) conception of transcendent thinking. As a first approximation, transcendent thinking is an unconscious disruption of quotidian thinking (i.e. empirical thinking). Deleuze’s conception is an important attempt at explaining the emergence of thought from material reality. Additionally, it offers insights into the conditions of creating something new in thinking. In Deleuze’s account, these two are closely connected. My interpretation is mainly based on Deleuze’s Difference and Repetition (1968), but I also draw from Deleuze’s other works and philosophers he discusses. Deleuze’s reading of Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) is important for my interpretation. I proceed by close readings of Deleuze and compare my interpretations to others from secondary literature. My thesis is divided into five chapters and I begin by introducing my reading of the relevant features of Deleuze’s overall project in Difference and Repetition. In chapter one, I introduce Deleuze’s novel philosophy of difference. According to Deleuze, all continuity we experience is constituted by the interplay of internal difference and hidden repetition. In chapter two, I introduce the relevant features of Deleuze’s ontological scheme in Difference and Repetition. According to it, actual objects are constituted through the process of different/ciation; two figures of internal difference, the differential relations of virtual Ideas and intensive differences, produce the actual objects we perceive in our experience. Situating Deleuze’s transcendent thinking into his overall project is necessary to interpret it correctly and to grasp its significance. Next, I interpret what Deleuze means by thinking. In chapter three, I read Immanuel Kant’s (1724–1804) determining judgment (e.g. “This is a dog”) as providing a case of Deleuze’s empirical thinking. This kind of thinking is what human subjects experience in the quotidian. However, transcendent thinking goes beyond empirical thinking. In chapter four, I show how transcendent thinking is comprised of a series of encounters where the different faculties (i.e. cognitive capabilities) of the thinker are elevated to their transcendent exercise. This series starts as sensibility encounters sensible intensity and it continues as subsequent faculties are traversed by a virtual Idea. In these encounters, the faculties confront their internal differences, which reveal their limits and what is most singular to them. However, intermediary encounters do not correspond to any conscious empirical experiences, nor does the whole of transcendent thinking either. In the final chapter of my Master’s thesis, I begin by arguing that my interpretation ameliorates on previous readings. First, it reveals that transcendent thinking is a case of different/ciation unravelling through the faculties of a psychic system. Second, my reading distinguishes between empirical thinking and transcendent thinking—both being kinds of thinking, for Deleuze. Third, it clarifies that learning is an instance of transcendent thinking (not vaguely thinking in general). Next, I discuss how transcendent thinking reveals the possibility of creation in thinking. Empirical thinking is incapable of change because in it, the faculties function according to the model of recognition: the thinker only recognizes what is already known using pregiven concepts. Transcendent thinking, as a case of different/ciation progressing through the faculties, changes the faculties and, in doing so, transforms the composition of the psychic system. This process is carried out on the level of being and results in something new emerging in thinking. However, transcendent thinking is involuntary and unconscious, leaving the conception of creative agency in Difference and Repetition restricted.

Background. Aphasia is a language disorder caused by brain damage that occurs in up to 40% of stroke survivors. People with aphasia (PWA) often experience abnormalities in learning, short-term memory, and auditory processing, which are interconnected with their language processing deficits. Rehabilitation can induce changes in the auditory processing of PWA, and those changes can be linked also to language recovery. Singing abilities can be preserved in aphasia, which enables enjoyable and sociable therapy models for aphasia. This electroencephalography (EEG) study set out to explore the effects of multimodal choir-singing intervention on the implicit auditory processing capacities of PWA, reflected by the mismatch negativity (MMN), and whether the effect is correlated with changes in communicational abilities and verbal learning. Methods. 34 PWA took part in a 16-week intervention, which comprised of choir singing, melodic intonation therapy and home training. Participants trained one of two novel songs during the intervention. Before and after the intervention, the participants’ brain responses were recorded with EEG, while they listened to modulated versions of the two novel songs, one of which was rehearsed during the intervention. In this passive oddball-design, the songs contained deviations in pitch and phonemes. Communicational abilities and verbal learning were also assessed before and after the intervention. Linear mixed models were used to analyze the change that occurred during the intervention in the MMN response for both trained and untrained songs. Those changes were correlated with changes in communication and learning. Results and conclusions. The intervention had a statistically significant effect on the MMN to phoneme deviations in the trained and untrained songs in the left frontotemporal area. The amplitude of the MMN to phoneme deviations in the trained song decreased, while the amplitude of the MMN to phoneme deviations in the untrained song increased. Furthermore, the attenuation of the MMN to the trained song was correlated with improvement in language performance. These results imply that singing intervention can affect implicit auditory processes in PWA, and that changes in those processes can be accompanied by improved communication abilities.

Domesticated horses have been used for various tasks over their thousands of years of shared history with humans. To be able to perform these tasks every horse needs to learn the needed skills, and this requires systematic training. Training of adult horses has been studied for a long time and comparisons between the efficacy of different training methods have been done. There have also been some studies comparing how much and when young foals need to be handled for them to grow into easily trainable adults. From adult horses it is known that emotional state affects cognitive processes and with that also their learning efficiency and speed. The early stages of training young horses have not been studied very well. There is no clear picture about how young horses feel during training and how that affects their learning. In my thesis I studied young horses’ emotional states while learning new tasks and how that affects their learning. I followed the early training of 19 young horses (11 one-year-olds and 8 two- and three-year-olds) by videotaping five training sessions and collecting saliva samples before and after three of those sessions to analyse cortisol and oxytocin. From the videos I analysed how fast horses responded to trainer’s asks and how unfocused they were. From the hormone samples I measure the change in cortisol and oxytocin levels during training. Salivary cortisol has been widely used to measure acute stress. Oxytocin on the other hand is a newer indicator for positive emotions. To the best of my knowledge salivary oxytocin has never been used in horses. My data showed that the horses learned the required tasks: they became quicker at their responses and focused better during the course of training. Because my data was quite small and individual variation in the hormone levels was high, the results might have been affected by these factors. Linear mixed effect models showed that higher oxytocin levels before training session predicted quicker responses during training and lower levels after training predicted lower focusedness. Bigger increase in cortisol levels during training compared to the before level explained quicker responses and better focusedness, but higher levels before training resulted to lower focusedness and slower responses. This is in line with previous studies of adult horses, that showed that horses in a better emotional state and with less stress learn faster and are more interested in working with humans. This shows that it is important to not only focus on physical wellbeing but also mental wellbeing from early on in horses’ life.

New words are acquired during childhood but also in adulthood, for example by learning neologisms or foreign languages. Known words differ from novel, previously unknown, words in that their phonological forms as well as meanings are stored in neural memory traces. This difference between familiar and novel words can also be seen in the event-related potentials (ERPs) for these stimuli measured by electroencephalogram (EEG). Earlier studies observed that when novel spoken words are presented repeatedly within a short (~14 – 30 min) exposure, the ERP response increases and begins to resemble the response to familiar words. This phenomenon is called rapid word learning, which purportedly reflects cortical memory trace formation for the newly acquired words. The neural memory trace formation for novel words with unfamiliar phonology, on the other hand, has been observed to be weaker. This Master’s thesis investigated the effect of articulatory rehearsal on rapid learning of novel words. Participants (n = 19) listened to familiar Finnish words and two types of novel words: wordforms with familiar phonology and non-native wordforms with unfamiliar phonology. Continuous EEG was recorded in two conditions with different tasks: participants were instructed to either attentively listen to and memorise the spoken word stimuli or repeat the words. aloud. The active training conditions were preceded and followed by passive listening of the same stimuli. Behavioural learning was tested with a word recognition test after both conditions. In this study the focus is on the results of the active training sessions. ERPs were analysed by comparing responses to each word type in the early, middle and late phases of attentive and articulatory training. An ERP response to novel wordforms (~50 ms after the point at which the word could be identified) was modulated by the type of training and word type. During the attentive training the response to novel wordforms with familiar phonology increased, as expected. Responses to novel non-native wordforms and familiar words showed no significant changes during attentive listening. Within the articulatory rehearsal condition, however, responses to novel non-native wordforms but also to familiar words enhanced significantly. A later response ~135 ms after word disambiguation point increased during training irrespective of condition or word type. Behavioural word recognition did not differ between training conditions, and familiar words were recognised with highest precision. The ERP-results of this study suggest that attentive training enhances learning of novel words with native phonology while repeated articulation seems to enhance the formation of neural memory traces for novel non-native words.