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Browsing by Subject "East Africa"

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  • Witting, Ossian (2023)
    Urbanisation threatens species and biodiversity globally. Consequent habitat loss and habitat fragmentation force species upon one another, inevitably also increasing human-wildlife conflicts. Despite the situation growing dire for many organisms, studies also show species from a variety of taxa being able to adapt to urban environments. Most studies of primates’ ability to adapt to urban environments have been done on diurnal species. To my knowledge, the African lesser bushbaby (Galago moholi) is the only nocturnal primate in which this has been studied. To assess urban adaptability in another nocturnal primate, I present transect and recording data on the abundance of the white-tailed small-eared greater galago (Otolemur garnettii lasiotis) in an urban and rural environment in the biodiversity hotspot Taita Hills, Kenya. Sampling was done in Wundanyi town and Ngangao forest and the two locations were then compared by fitting a negative binomial as well as a Poisson model for recording and transect count data. Additionally, preliminary observations are made regarding behavioural and spectral acoustic adaptation, increased sociality, and colouration coupled traits. My results indicate O. g. lasiotis to be significantly more abundant in the town than in the forest. In the town, I observed a two-fold increase in total number of vocalizations and mean vocalization rate, and a seven-fold increase in total number of sightings and mean encounter rate, as indicated by recordings and transects respectively. This discrepancy in estimated abundance differences in location from transect and recording data (two-fold versus seven-fold) suggest that urban individuals vocalize less than rural individuals. The spectral profile of three vocalization types were studied and urban individuals exhibited significantly higher high frequencies in the clustered squawk vocalization. I found town dwelling individuals to be a part of a larger group or pair considerably more often than forest dwelling individuals. A dark morph, as opposed to a light morph, was significantly more frequently encountered in the urban location, whereas both morphs were encountered almost equally often in the rural location. In summary, O. g. lasiotis seems to be capable of adapting to an urban environment, as indicated by its’ greater abundance in the town than in the forest. My data suggest decreased vocalization rate, increased sociality, and colouration coupled traits being possible adaptations affecting O. g. lasiotis’ capability to inhabit an urban environment. Further research is required to draw conclusions on what factors and adaptations might allow for the high abundance of O. g. lasiotis in the town.
  • Witting, Ossian (2023)
    Urbanisation threatens species and biodiversity globally. Consequent habitat loss and habitat fragmentation force species upon one another, inevitably also increasing human-wildlife conflicts. Despite the situation growing dire for many organisms, studies also show species from a variety of taxa being able to adapt to urban environments. Most studies of primates’ ability to adapt to urban environments have been done on diurnal species. To my knowledge, the African lesser bushbaby (Galago moholi) is the only nocturnal primate in which this has been studied. To assess urban adaptability in another nocturnal primate, I present transect and recording data on the abundance of the white-tailed small-eared greater galago (Otolemur garnettii lasiotis) in an urban and rural environment in the biodiversity hotspot Taita Hills, Kenya. Sampling was done in Wundanyi town and Ngangao forest and the two locations were then compared by fitting a negative binomial as well as a Poisson model for recording and transect count data. Additionally, preliminary observations are made regarding behavioural and spectral acoustic adaptation, increased sociality, and colouration coupled traits. My results indicate O. g. lasiotis to be significantly more abundant in the town than in the forest. In the town, I observed a two-fold increase in total number of vocalizations and mean vocalization rate, and a seven-fold increase in total number of sightings and mean encounter rate, as indicated by recordings and transects respectively. This discrepancy in estimated abundance differences in location from transect and recording data (two-fold versus seven-fold) suggest that urban individuals vocalize less than rural individuals. The spectral profile of three vocalization types were studied and urban individuals exhibited significantly higher high frequencies in the clustered squawk vocalization. I found town dwelling individuals to be a part of a larger group or pair considerably more often than forest dwelling individuals. A dark morph, as opposed to a light morph, was significantly more frequently encountered in the urban location, whereas both morphs were encountered almost equally often in the rural location. In summary, O. g. lasiotis seems to be capable of adapting to an urban environment, as indicated by its’ greater abundance in the town than in the forest. My data suggest decreased vocalization rate, increased sociality, and colouration coupled traits being possible adaptations affecting O. g. lasiotis’ capability to inhabit an urban environment. Further research is required to draw conclusions on what factors and adaptations might allow for the high abundance of O. g. lasiotis in the town.
  • Myllylä, Anna-Leena (2016)
    Pro gradu -tutkielmani tarkastelee Itä-Afrikasta Suomeen muuttaneiden naisten käsityksiä seksuaalisuudesta. Kehitysyhteistyön ja suomalaisen valtavirtafeminismin viitekehyksissä afrikkalaisten naisten seksuaalisuus näyttäytyy ongelmakeskeisenä ja suomalainen tasa-arvo voimauttavana. Tutkielmani keskittyy selvittämään sitä, kuinka Suomessa asuvien itäafrikkalaisten naisten käyttämät diskurssit tukevat tai haastavat näitä hallitsevia diskursseja ja pohtimaan, kuinka naisten käsitykset seksuaalisuudesta suhteutuvat voimaantumisen käsitteeseen. Tutkielma sijoittuu jälkistrukturalistisen tutkimusperinteen kenttään. Seksuaalisuus teorisoidaan sosiaalisesti rakentuneeksi ja valtasuhteiden muokkaamaksi. Eri diskursseja asetetaan kontekstiin jälkikolonialistista feminististä teoriaa hyödyntäen. Tutkielman aineisto koostuu neljästä puolistrukturoidusta haastattelusta, joihin osallistui yhteensä yhdeksän Tansaniasta, Keniasta tai Ugandasta Suomeen aikuisiällä muuttanutta naista. Lisäksi työssä on hyödynnetty haastatteluprosessin aikana tehtyjä muistiinpanoja. Haastattelumateriaalin analyysissä käytettiin Norman Faircloughin kehittämää kriittistä diskurssianalyysiä, jonka mukaisesti keskusteluja tarkasteltiin tekstin tasolla, tekstin tuottamista määrittävien diskurssikäytäntöjen tasolla ja osana laajempaa sosiokulttuurista kontekstia. Naisten keskusteluissa seksuaalisuus rakentuu moninaiseksi. Haastattelumateriaali osoittaa kuinka naiset vastustavat patriarkaalisia rakenteita. Tätä tehdään kyseenalaistamalla patriarkaalisia moraalikäytäntöjä, rakentamalla erilaisin keinoin kuvaa aktiivisesta feminiinisestä seksuaalisuudesta sekä vastustamalla kuvaa naisesta, jonka velvollisuus on pyyteettömästi palvella miestään. Keskusteluissa rakentuu myös kuva suomalaisista, jotka eksotisoivat afrikkalaisia naisia. Tutkimuksen tekemisen aikana kävi ilmi, että useat afrikkalaiset maahanmuuttajat tunnistavat afrikkalaisiin seksuaalisuuksiin liittyviä negatiivisia ja rasistisia stereotypioita. Materiaali osoittaa, että ei voida puhua yhdestä itäafrikkalaisesta lähestymistavasta seksuaalisuuteen ja itäafrikkalaisilla naisilla on resursseja vastustaa patriarkaalisia rakenteita ja käytäntöjä tavoilla, jotka haastavat Suomessa hallitsevassa asemassa olevia diskursseja. Naisten keskusteluissa esiintyvä vastarinta eroaa monelta osin suomalaisen valtavirtafeminismin ja kehitysyhteistyön puitteissa rakentuvasta vastarinnankäsityksestä. Näin ollen keskustelu osoittaa myös näihin hallitseviin diskursseihin piiloutuvan kolonialismin perinnön ja moralismin. Naisten diskurssit haastavat kuvaa ’maahanmuuttajanaisesta’ ja osoittavat erilaisia vastarinnan ja voimaantumisen mahdollisuuksia naisten omista lähtökohdista käsin.
  • Evokari, Auri (2016)
    While the economy in Finland is stagnating, the growing economy of Kenya creates much needed export opportunities for Finnish companies. However, only a few have dared to enter this market. This thesis explores this issue from a cultural point of view – how do Finnish people conducting business in Kenya experience the business culture in Kenya, the markets and the future of them? By specifically focusing on Kenya and Finland, this thesis examines the results of the extensive culture research done by Geert Hofstede. We discover that East African countries are culturally a lot closer to Finland than some of Finland’s most important trade partners such as Russia or China. The relevance of this research is discussed in mind of the development in wealth, technological strides and the generational change under way especially in Sub Saharan Africa. In this qualitative research we gain the understanding of how Finnish business representatives experience the Cultural Dimensions of Power Distance and Individualism in Kenya, what kind of opportunities they recognize and what challenges they have encountered. The findings show that the high power distance and collectivist business culture in Kenya is still evident, but does not pose serious threats to operating in Kenya. The experiences and views of the business culture and markets in Kenya are generally very positive. The challenges encountered are of practical nature, with corruption being the biggest issue. When comparing to other countries, Kenya is viewed as an easy culture to adopt into and the markets are deemed more favorable there than in many other countries. Advice regarding the attitude of Finnish company representatives and ways on how to make market entries are shared. Governmental actions and the way media is displaying Africa are criticized by the interviewees.
  • Evokari, Auri (2016)
    While the economy in Finland is stagnating, the growing economy of Kenya creates much needed export opportunities for Finnish companies. However, only a few have dared to enter this market. This thesis explores this issue from a cultural point of view – how do Finnish people conducting business in Kenya experience the business culture in Kenya, the markets and the future of them? By specifically focusing on Kenya and Finland, this thesis examines the results of the extensive culture research done by Geert Hofstede. We discover that East African countries are culturally a lot closer to Finland than some of Finland’s most important trade partners such as Russia or China. The relevance of this research is discussed in mind of the development in wealth, technological strides and the generational change under way especially in Sub Saharan Africa. In this qualitative research we gain the understanding of how Finnish business representatives experience the Cultural Dimensions of Power Distance and Individualism in Kenya, what kind of opportunities they recognize and what challenges they have encountered. The findings show that the high power distance and collectivist business culture in Kenya is still evident, but does not pose serious threats to operating in Kenya. The experiences and views of the business culture and markets in Kenya are generally very positive. The challenges encountered are of practical nature, with corruption being the biggest issue. When comparing to other countries, Kenya is viewed as an easy culture to adopt into and the markets are deemed more favorable there than in many other countries. Advice regarding the attitude of Finnish company representatives and ways on how to make market entries are shared. Governmental actions and the way media is displaying Africa are criticized by the interviewees.