Browsing by Subject "Kenya"

Introduction Kenya has recently acquired lower-middle income country status and is facing the triple burden of malnutrition. There is a shortage of data on food intake habits of children and adolescents especially in the rapidly changing urban environments. To be able to reliably measure food intake, one must be able to accurately estimate food portion sizes. Children’s ability to recall portion sizes consumed can vary widely. When a photographic food atlas designed for children with applicable portions is used, it can improve children’s estimation of food portions. Objectives The aim of this study was to develop a photographic food atlas to be used in assessing portion sizes among Kenyan adolescents aged 9-14 years living in urban areas, to support a quantitative 7-day food frequency questionnaire. The second aim was to assess the usability of the atlas amongst 9-14-year-olds and professionals working in the field of nutrition. Methodology A steering group of Finnish and Kenyan nutritionists was formed to oversee the development of the atlas. Literature and other official documents were reviewed to identify the most commonly consumed foods among 9-14-year-old Kenyans. To obtain weighed portion size data, participants were recruited in Nairobi sub-counties Embakasi Central and Langata to represent low- and middle-socioeconomic status respectively. Twenty-one participants aged 9-14 years participated in the weighing of portion sizes, food portions from street markets were also weighed. Three portion sizes (A, B, C) were calculated for most of the 88 food items in the photographic food atlas. Portion B was the average of all weighed portion sizes, portion A was half of B, and portion C was one and half times B. Cooking demonstrations were arranged with the families of participants and the food portions were weighed out and photographed. A photographic food atlas was compiled, and its usability was tested amongst eight adolescents and four nutrition professionals. The usability survey consisted of Likert scale and open-end questions to ascertain acceptability of the atlas. Verbal feedback and observations were also recorded. Results Based on the usability survey, the photographic food atlas received the Usability Score of “OK” and “Good” from adolescents and nutrition professionals respectively. All eight adolescents agreed that the atlas helped them recall portion sizes, but half disagreed and one was unsure whether they could use the atlas on their own. All four professionals agreed they would use the atlas in their work, but all found the quality of photographs poor. Two adolescents disagreed when asked if the portion sizes were small enough and one disagreed when asked if the portion sizes were large enough. However, all professionals agreed that portion sizes were reasonable for the age group. Professionals gave verbal suggestions on improvements, for example, which foods were missing, how to adjust layout as well as the shapes of portion sizes. Conclusion An atlas consisting of 88 most commonly consumed Kenyan foods was developed based on weighed portion sizes of 9-14-year-old Kenyans. The shapes of portion sizes as well as range of portion sizes were crucial for its usability. Poor picture quality hampered recognition of pictures. Clear instructions and explanation of the purpose of the atlas were crucial. A second version of the atlas was developed based on the feedback. The updated atlas, including 173 food items, was used in a cross-sectional study in Nairobi. Further research is recommended to validate the photographic food atlas in order to identify the possible bias it may introduce to portion size estimation.

Chinese infrastructural investments in Africa have increased significantly. In mainstream development studies, such investments are strongly encouraged due to their potential to create economic growth and modernisation. Because of controversies around such projects, regarding their impacts on the economy and locals, they require continuing political-economic analysis. Using Lamu Port in Kenya as a case study, this thesis provides a critical analysis of the justification, planning, implementation and construction processes of the project are examined especially from the point of view of local artisanal fishermen. Framed around the theory of social costs developed by K.W.Kapp, as a critique of neoliberal modernisation, fieldwork was carried out in Lamu to systematically analyse both the official justification of the project and the perceptions of local fishers and other locals on the impacts of the port construction on their lives. Data collected from one-on-one interviews have been systematised using Attride-Stirling’s thematic networks analysis. Along with a textual analysis of original official documents by the Government of Kenya and the LAPSSET authority, the thesis avoids earlier problems of methodological nationalism and, instead, develops a holistic analysis of social costs. The results show that, while some local jobs have been created, they are temporary and marginal and are nowhere near significant enough to make up for the undermining of local livelihoods through the reduction of fish stocks. A wider question of food security and long-term job security needs to be raised. The local economy before the construction of the port was stagnant, but it was stable. New jobs related to port construction proved not to be available. Widespread discrimination against locals further complicates the social costs of public-private enterprise. These results show a lack of congruence between the statements by the Government of Kenya, the optimism by international development agencies, and modernisation theorists on the one hand and the lived realities of fishers on the other. The transnational corporations constructing the port in this case the China Communications Construction company have, in the meanwhile, continued to make more profit and increased the price of their share on the world market. This disconnect indicates one way in which development projects are socially constructed and justified, while the dominance of a profit-oriented capitalistic system shifts costs of production to third parties and the environment in order to continue to extract profit from the Global South. As these social costs are systemic, their remedy would require restructuring the institutional foundations of the local, national, and global political economy of development and change

While the economy in Finland is stagnating, the growing economy of Kenya creates much needed export opportunities for Finnish companies. However, only a few have dared to enter this market. This thesis explores this issue from a cultural point of view – how do Finnish people conducting business in Kenya experience the business culture in Kenya, the markets and the future of them? By specifically focusing on Kenya and Finland, this thesis examines the results of the extensive culture research done by Geert Hofstede. We discover that East African countries are culturally a lot closer to Finland than some of Finland’s most important trade partners such as Russia or China. The relevance of this research is discussed in mind of the development in wealth, technological strides and the generational change under way especially in Sub Saharan Africa. In this qualitative research we gain the understanding of how Finnish business representatives experience the Cultural Dimensions of Power Distance and Individualism in Kenya, what kind of opportunities they recognize and what challenges they have encountered. The findings show that the high power distance and collectivist business culture in Kenya is still evident, but does not pose serious threats to operating in Kenya. The experiences and views of the business culture and markets in Kenya are generally very positive. The challenges encountered are of practical nature, with corruption being the biggest issue. When comparing to other countries, Kenya is viewed as an easy culture to adopt into and the markets are deemed more favorable there than in many other countries. Advice regarding the attitude of Finnish company representatives and ways on how to make market entries are shared. Governmental actions and the way media is displaying Africa are criticized by the interviewees.

Grass biomass has many important and diverse roles for ecosystems functioning, the carbon cycle, rangeland productivity and local livelihoods. Quantifying and understanding grass biomass in dynamic savanna ecosystems during dry season is important for sustainable land management and monitoring grazing pressures, especially amidst climate change. Traditional ground-based methods to assess vegetation are subjective and time consuming, while remote sensing provides efficiency in monitoring grass biomass at large scales. Grass biomass assessments using remote sensing data have been extensively conducted worldwide, but such research in African savannas remains rare. This study aimed to study connections between dry season grass biomass measured in savanna rangelands and airborne hyperspectral imagery data obtained simultaneously in LUMO Conservancy area of South-Eastern Kenya. Two modelling techniques were compared: averaged plot values (n=24) and individual sample values (n=96). Three vegetation indices (RSI, NDSI, RDSI) were computed and Generalised Additive Models (GAM) were applied to portray the relationship between measured grass biomass and VIs. The highest explanatory power for both modelling techniques was found with RSI and NDSI indices with averaged plot level values having the highest performance (D2 = 0.79, RMSE = 40.15 g/m2), with the band combination of B78 and B43 (908 nm / 667 nm). The best performing vegetation index (RSI) was used to predict grass biomass in the study area, which indicated a biomass range of 0 to 2894 g/m2. The study highlights the potential of using hyperspectral imagery to assess grass biomass in the savanna environments. However, challenges and limitations were faced related to the heterogeneous nature of savannas, varying weather conditions affected by rainfall, the temporal limits of the study, and disturbances in spectral information caused by heavily grazed areas, dead material, and preprocessing techniques. It is suggested that future research considers these factors by incorporating a broader set of variables, extending the duration of the study, exploring various preprocessing techniques, increasing the sample size, and employing additional data sources, such as active sensors and hyperspectral satellite imagery, to enhance model performance and improve accuracy.

Carnivores all around the world are struggling as a result of increased anthropogenic activity. In many areas, human-carnivore conflict is a main driver of this struggle, driven by environmental challenges and leading to negative results for both people and the wildlife. The natural habitat of most carnivore species is also disappearing fast, which can lead to population decreases and even local or global extinctions of some of the world’s most recognised carnivores. Carnivores have high ecological and cultural significance, and therefore it is vital to understand how these challenges are affecting the different species in various environments. Even though the struggle of carnivores is widely recognised, it has not been widely studied in all parts of the world. In my thesis I study how large carnivores in Sibiloi National Park, northern Kenya, are responding to a quickly increasing anthropogenic pressure in the area. Together with the Daasanach, camera traps were used near bomas for a timespan of three years to discover which species are still habiting this rapidly evolving landscape. I assumed that because of the different robustness at which different carnivore species are able to respond to environmental changes, the most commonly observed species would be the ones that have previously been often seen in the area by the Daasanach and researchers and exhibit a generalist behaviour towards prey and habitat preferences, such as the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). In total I observed over 20 different mammal species out of which 6 were chosen as the focal carnivore species due to the higher amount of interactions they typically have with the people and their livestock. In addition I focus on the possible ecological and behavioural adaptations of the focal species, especially daily activity patterns near the bomas and seasonal variation of encounter rates. These results help us understand how carnivores have adapted to the changing landscape of Sibiloi where human-carnivore conflict has been increasing in recent years. My first hypothesis is that carnivores have become more nocturnal around the bomas than they would be in a completely natural habitat with little anthropogenic pressure to reduce the risk of being harmed by humans. I also hypothesise that there are more carnivores present during the dry seasons (June-September and January-February) due to the decrease in wild herbivores that forces the carnivores near the bomas. Through statistical analysis I will also study the probability of meeting a carnivore near the bomas. I predict that the frequency at which carnivores approach humans and their livestock will depend on the season and if there are either wild herbivores or livestock nearby. In the end I will discuss what implications the study results can have for the future conservation of Sibiloi National Park and why the discoveries of this study are important for mitigating the increasing conflict between the Daasanach and carnivores.

Background and aims: Infants under two years of age have significant nutritional demands to promote growth and development, and to prevent malnutrition. However, in low-income countries, complementary feeding practices are often inadequate. In Kenya, there is a low availability of nutrient-dense complementary foods for infants in this age group. Thus, micronutrient deficiencies are widespread among infants and young children. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the gaps in the nutritional intake of infants aged 6-23 months living in Nairobi City County and Chuka Town, Kenya, and to examine if there were any specific dietary patterns associated with those gaps. Further, since earlier studies have demonstrated the high nutritional value and potential of amaranth to improve the diet of Kenyan infants, the suitability of amaranth foods for the improvement of infants’ diets in the study areas will be discussed. Methods: This thesis uses data from the InnoFoodAfrica Food Consumption Survey in Kenya in 2021. Single 24-hour recalls, and background questionnaires were available from 407 infants aged 6-23 months (207 from Nairobi City County and from 200 Chuka Town). Median nutrient intakes and interquartile range were compared to the recommendations by the WHO to define a nutrient gap. Dietary patterns were extracted with principal component analysis. The association between dietary patterns and nutrient gaps was evaluated using logistic regression analysis with age, gender, and infant’s energy intake as confounding variables. Results: Among infants aged 6-23 months assumed nutritional gaps were identified in folate, niacin, thiamin, vitamin B12, calcium, and zinc. Three dietary patterns were extracted based on the dietary data: “high-carbs” (high in cereals, bakery products, sugars) “high-fat” (high in oils, fats, fried potatoes, chips, popcorn), and “healthy” (high in egg dishes, roots and tuber dishes, vegetables, and fruits). Both the “high-carbs” and “healthy” patterns were associated with a higher likelihood of meeting the recommendations for most of the nutrients. The “high-fat” pattern was only associated with the likelihood of meeting the recommendations of vitamin B12 and zinc. Conclusions: In this population of infants from Nairobi City County and Chuka Town, Kenya, assumed nutritional gaps are present in the intake of niacin, thiamin, folate, vitamin B12, calcium and zinc. The “high-fat” pattern, associated with a lower likelihood of meeting the recommended intakes for most nutrients, may be associated with the nutritional gaps. Based on nutrient composition of amaranth flour (analyzed in the InnoFoodAfrica project), amaranth would not be suitable for the preparation of snacks to fill the gaps of the infants’ diets.

Human trafficking is a fast growing crime and a fundamental offense against human rights. Human trafficking is linked, inter alia, to social, economic and cultural factors; and the impact on individuals, societies and nations is destructive. Trafficking has been studied increasingly in the recent years. Though only few primary research has been conducted of human trafficking in Kenya, where trafficking is a widely spread problem. Furthermore, vulnerability towards human trafficking and reintegration of its victims has been studied more extensively on international level, but the research done on Kenyan context is very limited and the main focus stays on economical factors. Only a few studies have focused on experiences of vulnerability and reintegration of trafficking victims. Therefore, the objective of this research is to provide more information and study the complexity of victims’ experiences by the following research question: What factors former victims of trafficking have experienced as causes to their vulnerability towards trafficking and what difficulties former victims of traf- ficking have faced during their reintegration process after trafficking in Kenya? The aim of this research is to provide information that can be utilized in the development of contra human trafficking programmes in Kenya. This study is a qualitative research. The research material, 12 semi-structured interviews with former victims of human trafficking, was collected during a six-month period in 2015- 2016 in Kenya. The method used for analysing the data was qualitative content analysis. In- tersectionality was also used as an analytical tool. The experiences of vulnerability towards trafficking were mainly in relation to social problems within families, financial difficulties and obligations towards family members. The experiences of reintegration were also hampered by financial difficulties, obligations towards family members and social problems; stigmatization, blame and discrimination. This study suggests dynamics within families and communities, when allied with other factors, may become significant intersectional factors, for individuals, of vulnerability and reintegration. The findings were consistent with previous research, even though the findings cannot be generalized to larger populations. However, this research provides important pieces of information that can be utilized in relating research and in the development of contra trafficking programmes in Kenya.

In the light of increasing socio-ecological crises, there has been a surge in the promotion of, and investments in, renewable energy in the Global South. Previous theories and research, largely framed around conservative and liberal paradigms, have hailed these developments as a breakthrough. Yet, just sustainability theorists have pointed to logically plausible problems in these alternatives, suggesting that they do not go far enough and could, indeed, worsen the present crises. From these critiques, the conservative and liberal advocacy of a shift towards a low-carbon society does not, and cannot, automatically guarantee just sustainabilities. Although controversial, neither conservative, liberal, nor just sustainability theorists have empirically ascertained these claims about the nature of sustainable development. Africa’s largest wind power plant, the Lake Turkana Wind Power (LTWP) project in Kenya, provides a useful case study for this purpose. In addressing this lacuna, this thesis attempts to answer two fundamental questions related to the project. First, which are the dominant discourses on the LTWP project in Kenya? and second, what are the prospects of these discourses to drive just sustainability in Kenya? To address these questions, a range of rich data was collected, consisting of eight semi-structured interviews with key informants in Kenya and Finland, written documents including 12 news and feature articles, two policy documents and one company impact assessment. The data was systematised using critical discourse analysis (CDA) set within a political-economic framework of just sustainabilities in which wind power is dialectically linked to the dominant fossil fuel system built on global inequalities. Based on this methodology, this thesis argues that not only is the LTWP project not regarded as an environmental sustainability initiative, it is mostly understood as satisfying economic needs. More fundamentally, as the LTWP is realised within the dominant capitalist frame, guided by a reliance on market forces, new technologies and a search for new frontiers of capital accumulation, processes that are erected on, and typically drive, local and global inequalities, it does not address wider concerns of inclusion, raised by representatives for local communities in Northern Kenyan in the semi-structured interviews. Analytically, this evidence shows that mainstream conservative and liberal theories of development and energy are insufficient for analysing the transition from fossil to alternative fuels, let alone provide a canvass for a total liberation of the Global South. Clearly, the political economy of LTWP also calls into question the objectives of donor nations involved in the project as financiers. This evidence provides further basis to put the case for understanding alternative energy projects, particularly the LTWP under study, within a much broader framework of alternative, radical theories of just sustainabilities centred on concepts such as just land.

While waste is becoming an increasingly contested issue on a global level due to sustainability concerns, informal waste management, or waste picking, has been a major livelihood around the world for decades. In urban areas of the Global South, the informal sector accounts for 50 to 100 percent of all waste collection. In Kenya, virtually all recycling is done by the informal sector. Despite the significance of the work the informal sector is doing, they are usually stigmatized by the public and disregarded by policymakers. Due to this contradiction, this thesis concentrates on analyzing the construction of the problem of informality in Kenyan waste management policies. The thesis utilizes the ‘What’s the Problem Represented to Be?’ -approach by Carol Bacchi in its analysis. The WPR-approach is a poststructuralist approach to critical policy analysis. Within the context of the approach, the word ‘problem’ does not carry the negative connotations it usually does, as it is merely used to refer to what is intended to be changed through policymaking. The approach consists of six questions that are applied to uncover how we are governed through the way issues are problematized through policy discourse. The WPR-approach views power as productive, and concentrates on how practices and relations produce subjects, objects and places. These practices become explicit through policy analysis. Additional data was retrieved from Kenyan media outlets, as media is another position of power in the context of the WPR-approach. Another additional data source was an individual interview done with a key informant. The theoretical framework of this thesis is based on critical geography, and particularly on the concept of primitive accumulation, originally coined by Karl Marx, and its latter conceptualizations. Through this critical framework, the thesis interrogates how primitive accumulation is sometimes reproduced by the state, through governing (e.g. policymaking), and how the global ideal of development may sometimes be utilized to accommodate market interests. Within this framework, waste is conceptualized as a form of urban commons under contestation. The results of this research indicate that privatization is seen as a solution to inefficiency and sustainability issues in waste management, while informal waste management is not a priority within the political agenda, though the policies include some notions of integrating waste pickers into formal waste management services. The position of waste pickers in the policies is constructed through the problem representations of poor livelihoods, adverse health effects and inefficiency, despite the fact that most recycling in the country is done by the informal sector. Simultaneously, the policies present waste as an underutilized resource in the generation of employment and wealth, especially through incentivizing private sector involvement. The research found some contestations of the position of waste pickers as marginalization in the media in narratives that emphasized the livelihood as a viable option, but the sector is rarely covered by the media. Within the critical framework of this thesis, these results are discussed as a form of primitive accumulation, or accumulation by dispossession, reproduced by the state through policymaking. The underpinnings of this discussion also include the notion of how the global ideal of development is sometimes utilized, in spite of local conditions, to reproduce primitive accumulation, e.g. through appropriating waste as a form of urban commons and creating extremely low-cost idle labor power, while noncapitalist systems and skills are disregarded. Jätehuollosta ja uusiomateriaalista on tulossa enenevässä määrin kiistanalainen aihe globaalilla tasolla kestävyyshaasteiden takia. Samanaikaisesti epävirallinen kierrätys on ollut pitkään merkittävä elinkeino ympäri maailmaa. Globaalin etelän kaupunkialueilla 50-100 prosenttia jätehuollosta toteutetaan epävirallisen sektorin toimesta. Keniassa käytännössä kaikki kierrätys tapahtuu epävirallisen sektorin toimesta. Työn merkittävyydestä huolimatta epäviralliseen jätteiden keräämisen elinkeinoon liitetään usein vahva stigma sekä yhteiskunnan että päättäjien toimesta. Tämän ristiriidan vuoksi tutkielmassa tarkastellaan epävirallisen kierrätyksen elinkeinon ongelmallisuuden diskurssia Kenian jätehuoltopolitiikassa kriittisen analyysin avulla. Tutkielman metodologinen viitekehys perustuu Carol Bacchin kehittämään poststrukturalistiseen diskurssianalyyttiseen lähestymistapaan. Lähestymistapa koostuu kuudesta kysymyksestä, joiden avulla tarkastellaan sitä, miten politiikan kautta rakennetaan ’ongelmia’ ja näiden ongelmien rakentumiseen käytettyjä diskursseja. Lähestymistavan yhteydessä sanaan ’ongelma’ ei liitetä sen tavanomaista kielteistä merkitystä, vaan sillä viitataan asioihin, joita politiikan kautta yritetään muuttaa. Bacchin lähestymistapa näkee vallan toimintana, jonka tarkoituksena on politiikan kautta rakentaa hallitsevaa tietoa, merkityksiä ja subjekteja. Lähestymistavan tarkoituksena on kyseenalaistaa ja purkaa näitä rakennelmia. Politiikkadokumenttien lisäksi tutkielmassa käytettiin lähteinä kenialaisia medialähteitä sekä yhtä avaininformanttihaastattelua. Tutkielman teoreettinen viitekehys perustuu kriittiseen maantieteeseen. Viitekehyksen kautta elinkeinon rakentumista politiikkadokumenteissa tarkastellaan erityisesti Karl Marxin alun perin kehittämään primitiivisen akkumulaation käsitteeseen liittyvien nykyteorioiden kautta. Viitekehyksen kautta tarkastellaan myös käsityksiä siitä, miten valtio ja valta tuottavat primitiivistä akkumulaatiota esimerkiksi politiikan kautta. Lisäksi tarkastellaan sitä, miten käsitystä globaalin kehityksen ihanteesta käytetään joskus markkinoiden hyödyksi. Tutkielman tulosten perusteella on selvää, että politiikan pyrkimyksenä on modernisoida Kenian jätehuolto erityisesti yksityistämisen kautta. Tällä hetkellä lähes kaikki kierrätys Keniassa tapahtuu epävirallisen tahon toimesta, mutta tahon huomioiminen politiikassa on vähäistä, vaikkakin politiikkadokumenteissa on myös viitteitä aikomuksista integroida epävirallinen sektori osaksi virallista jätehuoltojärjestelmää. Vaikka kierrätys Keniassa perustuu epävirallisen sektorin toiminnalle, elinkeino näyttäytyy politiikassa marginalisoitujen ihmisten pienimuotoisena toimintana. Ongelman rakentumista perustellaan politiikassa kehnon elinkeinon, haitallisten terveysvaikutusten ja tehottomuuden diskurssien kautta. Samanaikaisesti jätehuolto ja kierrätys näyttäytyvät politiikkadokumenteissa mahdollisuutena vaurastumiseen ja työllisyyden parantamiseen, ennen kaikkea yksityisen sektorin sitouttamisen kautta. Kenialaisessa mediassa epävirallisen kierrätyksen elinkeinosta puhutaan hyvin vähän, vaikkakin mediassa korostui myös elinkeinon mahdollisuudet toimeentulon kannalta. Tuloksia pohditaan tutkielman kriittisen viitekehyksen kautta primitiivisen akkumulaation muotona, jota valtio tuottaa politiikanteon kautta. Pohdintaa tukee myös käsitys kehityksen globaalista ihanteesta, jota voidaan hyödyntää primitiivisen akkumulaation edistämisessä esimerkiksi yhteiskäytössä olevien resurssien taltiointiin. Samalla prosessi sivuuttaa ei-kapitalistisia taitoja ja järjestelmiä, ja luo reservissä olevaa halpaa työvoimaa.

Kenya’s education system and Kenyan teachers are confronted with growing diversity in classrooms and the hierarchies that come along with it (Möllendorff 2022). As role models for future teachers, a lot of responsibility is placed on the shoulders of Kenyan teacher educators to train pre-service competent to face these challenges and become reflective professionals (see Moloney & Turunen 2019). Religious diversity and religious freedom, in particular, have been a very discussed topic during the last decade. Religious and worldview competence, thus, becomes necessary for teachers. This competence concerns attitudes, knowledge, and skills for encountering and interacting with religious and worldview diversity. The aim of this research is to investigate the religious and worldview competence of the teacher trainers who participated in the TOTEMK-project’s fourth training during winter 2022-2023. My goal is to find out what knowledge, attitudes, and skills in relation to religious and worldview competence the studied teacher trainers have. Additionally, I am interested in finding out how the TOT4 training lectures and materials speak to the model of religious and worldview competence and if the teacher educators share more views related to the theme after the training. The theoretical framework is based on studies addressing religious and intercultural competence. Following Darla Deardorff’s (2006) model of intercultural competence and other studies about religious and worldview competence, I adapted a new model of religious and worldview competence to support the research. The study was conducted following case study strategy (see Yin 2009). The research data was gathered by two questionnaires. The materials of the TOTEMK-training were also used as qualitative data. The data analysis methods were thematic analysis and participant observation. The data reveals that the studied teacher trainers had a lot to say in relation to religious and worldview diversity and they were aware of the issues concerning the theme already prior to the training. Based on the findings, the interlocutors have a good overall knowledge of religious and worldview diversity. The findings suggest that their attitudes generally are quite positive towards religious and worldview diversity, while some interlocutors expressed reserved attitudes towards certain religions and worldviews. Some of the participants were able to express having important skills in relation to religious and worldview competence. According to the analysis, the training presentations reflected well on the model of religious and worldview competence. Based on the teacher trainers’ self reporting, the training enhanced their awareness of religious and worldview diversity and awoke new views concerning the theme. In the future, the findings of the study could be used to create a more profound study for a longer period of time and combining together different versatile study methods such as observation, interviews and self-reporting.