Browsing by Subject "haastattelu"

In pharmaceutical sciences the pharmaceutical supply chain is often examined from a quality perspective. As the world is becoming more uncertain due to pandemics and conflicts the societal and political situation where the supply chain operates should be considered. Understanding the big picture helps to consider the cause and effect that lead to medicinal shortages. Effects of these shortages can be seen on every level of the supply chain from the manufacturer to the patient, which is why actors on the supply chain can benefit from understanding the background factors. The aim of the master’s thesis was to examine, whether pharmaceutical field actors could affect realisation of geopolitical risks by preparation and examination that the pharmacotherapy would not be interrupted. Second aim was to bring forward political and societal aspects to pharmaceutical availability which are often side-lined by quality aspects in pharmaceutical context. The study was conducted as a qualitative semi-structured interview between October 2022 and February 2023. Participants (n=11) were recruited via e-mail using representative sampling. Due to recruitment problems, convenience sampling was also used. Questions presented to the interviewees were depending on the group (n=3) they were assigned. Term ”geopolitics” was associated mainly with political and economic factors. Main geopolitical risks for Finland were seen to be small market size and distant location. For Europe, the risks were centralisation of manufacturing (and dependence) to Asia due to economic factors and long disruption-prone supply chain. Transport of pharmaceuticals from Asia to Europe was with sea and air cargo. Inside Europe, transport to Finland was with mainly with lorries utilising ferries. Rail transport was mentioned to be used only on one interview. The transport routes were seen to be staying the same in the future both for Asia-Europe and Europe-Finland. Even though risk management is an important part of functioning of every company, the change in the type of risks requires a new mindset in the pharmaceutical field both from the individual actors as well as international organisations. From risk of strikes and natural disasters we have moved to trade wars, pandemic restrictions, and the strategic acting of industries critical to society. At the same time, the ability/willingness of societies to pay for pharmaceuticals is decreasing, which leads to the manufacturers to find new ways to ensure business.

Tutkin pro gradu -työssäni henkilöviittauksia haastattelussa eli sitä, kuinka haastatellut viittaavat haastattelutilanteen ulkopuolisiin henkilöihin. Selvitän, millaisia henkilöviittauksia aineistossa esiintyy ja mikä on haastattelijan vaikutus henkilöviittauksiin. Analysoin aineistoani nimistöntutkimuksen ja keskustelunanalyysin keinoin. Aineistoni koostuu kymmenestä Helsingin puhekielen pitkittäiskorpukseen tallennetusta haastattelusta. Kahdeksan aineistoni haastatelluista on naisia ja kaksi miehiä. Haastattelutilanteessa on läsnä kaksi henkilöä, haastattelija ja haastateltava, jotka ovat toisilleen ennalta tuntemattomia. Puheenaiheena haastatteluissa ovat mm. haastateltujen asumis- ja koulutushistoria sekä perhe-elämä. Työni jakautuu kahteen analyysilukuun, joista ensimmäisessä esittelen yhdeksän haastattelun henkilöviittauksia. Toisessa analyysiluvussa keskityn yhteen haastatteluun ja pohdin sen osalta tarkemmin haastattelijan vaikutusta henkilöviittauksiin. Keskityn työssäni yksilöihin tehtyihin henkilöviittauksiin. Jaottelen viittaukset proprisiin viittauksiin (Laura), appellatiivisiin viittauksiin (vaimo) sekä proprisiin ja appellatiivisiin viittauksiin (mun serkku Mallu). Tärkein huomioni on, että aineistoni haastatellut noudattavat henkilöviittauksissaan odotusta, jonka mukaan puhuja pyrkii tulemaan ymmärretyksi mahdollisimman yksinkertaisella viittauksella. Haastatellut eivät käytä henkilöviittauksissa propreja, jos he eivät ole varmoja haastattelijan tunnistavan sen referentin. Appellatiivien yhteyteen he liittävät usein esimerkiksi genetiivimuotoisen persoonapronominin (m(in)un tai mei(d)än), mikä kiinnittää referentin haastatellun huomiopiiriin ja osoittaa haastattelijalle, ettei hänen odoteta identifioivan viittauksen kohdetta

The aim of this thesis is to describe, analyze and interpret the meanings that the administrative representatives of the City of Jämsä Education and Culture Department give to the Music Institute as part of the Education and Cultural Services. The study is a qualitative case study and the data is analyzed according to phenomenographic analysis. The research is motivated not only by the researcher's personal interests in music and musical hobbies, but also by the interest in decision-making and its preparation. The research questions are based on the history of the national music school system and the local music institute, research on folk and music school and their social significance, research on Finnish leisure music hobbies, documents and regulations governing the activities of the city and the Music School, their organization and strategy. Three administrative representatives of the Education and Cultural Services in the City of Jämsä were interviewed for the study. The theme interviews were recorded and transcribed. The analysis of the material proceeded according to the phenomenographic analysis. The results of the study show that the Music School has also cultural, service and collaborative responsibilities in addition to its educational duties. The music school’s strengths include competent, long-term and motivated staff, content and collaboration. Weaknesses are related to financial aspects. The life-cycle perspective of the Quality-of-life Services is comprehensively realized in the Music School. According to representatives of the educational administration, the Music School is an actor to prevent inequality and exclusion, although fees and entrance examinations limit the opportunities for participation. From a communal point of view, the Music School creates a community in itself and it has many successful partners. Related to health improving aspect, the Music School first and foremost improves mental health. According to the interviewees, the Music School strengthens both local music culture and cultural activities. Through its activities, the Music School has been a part of the nationwide history of music schools, for example, by training experts in important musical positions. There have been structural, operational, economic, political and cultural changes in the administration and services of the City of Jämsä. In particular, the Music School supports the fields of well-being and vitality of the “Jämsä 2025” strategy. Economic, cultural and operational challenges are mentioned for the future.

New Finnish national guidelines for early education take effect in August 2016 and will become binding for the first time. The new guidelines define religious education as a general subject where children should get to know all religions that are present in the group. At the moment religious education is not put into effect as supposed. Studies show that religious education consists mostly of Christian traditions even in multicultural day care centers and other religions are hardly discussed at all. Furthermore, early educators find it hard to teach religious education to children from other religions, especially muslims. The aim of this study is to find out about muslim parents’ views on early religious education and how they hope their religion is taken into account by early educators. In this study I interviewed three muslim parents who all had their children in the same day care center in eastern Helsinki. The interviews were semistructured. After careful transcription the interviews were analysed by categorizing similar features. The parents wished that children could learn about islam and it’s traditions in religious education, at least when there are muslim children in the group. However, they were unsure if teaching about islam is at all part of Finnish early education. Parents also found it positive that children would get to know all other religions in addition to their own. Thus, this study shows that muslim parents’ views are in line with the new guidelines for early education. Furthermore, it was obvious from the interviews that the parents’ did not have a uniform point of view and their opinions varied. This supports the idea that people from the same religious group do not necessarily share their views and opinions. This in mind, early educators should not make generalizations based on people’s religion but rather discuss about religion with every parent separately. Generally, the parents were satisfied with how their reli-gion was taken into account in day care. They mostly brought up topics about every day life, for example food restrictions and attending to church visits.

Objectives.The aim of this study is to qualitatively study the experiences of Makumestari tour's visitors. Makumestari tour was organised by Ruokakulttuurikeskus Ruukku Ry. The research findings will evaluate the success of the event and will provide development suggestions for the future Makumestari tour events. Furthermore, visitors' thoughts based on how the event can have an impact on children's food habits will be evaluated in this study. Insufficient diet and lack of vegetables in the diet are the most common problems concerning children and families' food habits. The aim of the flavour education, based on Sapere method, is to provide food education to children, diversify families' diets, and to eliminate neophobia. All this is meant to be carried out with children enjoying themselves with learning. Methodology. Material of this study was collected by interviewing children and adults visiting Makumestari events in Autumn 2015. Adults and children were interviewed in small groups, in six different cities. Interviews were executed after visitors had performed series of tasks concerning different human basic senses. 66 groups and total of 165 people including 93 adults, 41 girls and 31 boys were interviewed for the study. Material was analysed with the content analysis through arranging material by themes and categories based on research questions. Results and conclusions. According to the study Makumestari tour was a successful and well organized event. The event was believed to increase interest towards food, widen notions about food and decrease food neophobia. The event helped people to understand their own senses and people learnt to recognise how important every sense is when it comes to food. In this event children seemed to have the courage to taste new flavours and the children are believed to continue trying new flavours in the future due to the event. The visitors found the event useful and important. On the other hand, visitors were concerned whether the event only reaches people who are already interested in food and healthy eating habits and questioned if the one single event is enough to change people's food habits permanently. In the future the events should be arranged more regularly at public places or in schools and nurseries in order for the event to reach a wider audience.

Goals. In my masters thesis I want to research teachers', whom teach PE, opinions about groupings in PE lessons. I want to find arguments, why PE is usually arranged in Finland so, that boys and girls move in different groups in PE lessons. In addition I want to discuss the aspects of why this kind of boy-girl – grouping can be problematic. Methods. In this thesis I made a pilot study interviewing three (3) teachers who teach PE. Two of them taught PE mainly in a secondary school and one of them taught PE mainly in primary school. I made semistructured interviews with teachers. I wanted to hear both positive and negative arguments about ways to make groups in PE. I transcribed the interviews. I separated meaningful comments from the transcribed interviews and introduced them in my material in the results part. I also supplemented my study with a short interview form targeted to Facebook group members called "Alakoulun aarreaitta". I wanted to know how many of the teachers have faced problems with gender equality in PE classes and what was the nature of these problems. Results and conclusions. As a result I got valuable arguments both ways of dealing groups in PE. As a conclusion may be considered that teachers' preferences about ways to deal the groups in PE correlate with their work experience and their training. Still all three of the teachers found both, positive and negative arguments in both ways of grouping the students. Interview form gave me numbers that one from three teachers had faced the gender equality problems teaching PE.

Artificial light that produces some adverse effects is called light pollution. Light pollution has only recently been recognized as an environmental problem – it has been noticed to have adverse effects to organisms, ecosystems, human health and their well-being. The purpose of this study is to combine two aspects of light pollution that have so far gained little attention: the public’s point of view and the lighting solutions of municipalities and forest industry enterprises. These two aspects can be connected to each other through a concept called condition of lighting. Here the conditions of lighting consist of three areas with notable differences in lighting: city centers, countryside and forest industry production plants along with their surroundings. The study was conducted in South Karelia, Finland, and it was divided into two sections. The first section dealt with the public’s point of view on light pollution. The objective was to find out how South Karelians perceive the effects and obtrusiveness of artificial light both generally and also within areas of differing conditions of lighting. In addition, the intention was to uncover other factors that might influence the opinions of people. The second section of the study concerned the lighting solutions of municipalities and forest industry enterprises. The objective was to examine their lighting planning and implementation as well as the role of light pollution in the process. Interview was selected as the method of research in both sections of the study. The public considered electronic billboards and car headlights as the most obtrusive sources of light pollution. Bright lights and glare, on the other hand, were considered the most obtrusive types of light pollution. Most valued benefits of artificial light were its influence on safety, crime prevention and its positive effect on mood. Not being able to see the stars or experience natural darkness were considered as the biggest disadvantages of artificial light. The conditions of lighting in different areas also influenced the respondents’ experiences: people living in the countryside did not feel insecure in dark places outside the cities and did not consider abundant lighting pleasant. They also felt that being able to experience natural darkness was important. Among other factors, nature orientedness, light sensitivity, environmental attitudes and gender strongly affected the views of the respondents. In the municipalities and forest industry enterprises, the lighting planning concentrated on territorial plans. All but one of the municipalities and enterprises had taken light pollution into consideration at some level at least, but the forms and means varied. In the future both municipalities and forest industry enterprises will invest more in LED technology. The results show that artificial light can cause inconvenience to people who live outside the brightly lighted areas and who were not particularly interested in light pollution. Behind the inconvenience and disturbance were mostly the experiences, habits, values and attitudes of the respondents. The municipalities and enterprises have a lot to improve when it comes to light pollution. They should, for example, invest in comprehensive lighting planning, avoid over-illumination and pay attention to suitable direction and positioning of the light fixtures. In the future, it is important to examine the public’s opinion and to map the landscape of lights at a local scale. This would help in finding the most suitable lighting solutions for different areas. In the opinion polls, the subjective characteristics affecting the views of the respondents should be taken into consideration. Research regarding the municipalities and enterprises should be directed to the areas where light pollution is not regulated, in order to gather information on motivation and implementation of the voluntary activities reducing light pollution.

Tarkastelen tutkielmassa sitä, millaisia puolisoiden yhteisiä ja itsenäisiä ammatti-identiteettejä rakentuu haastattelukeskustelun vastauksissa ja millaisin kielellisin ja vuorovaikutuksellisin keinoin. Aineistona käytän kahta 1,5–2 tuntia kestävää haastattelua, joissa kummassakin haastattelen aviopuolisoja, jotka omistavat yhdessä yrityksen ja työskentelevät siinä keskenään päivittäin. Sonja ja Lasse pitävät maitotilaa ja Harri ja Paula rakennus- ja sisustustarvikekauppaa. Haastattelun teemoina ovat työ, ammatti, pariskuntana oleminen ja näiden yhdistäminen. Puheenaiheet antavat perustan ammatti-identiteettien tutkimiselle. Ammatti-identiteetillä tarkoitan tässä tutkimuksessa yksinkertaistettuna tilanteisesti, vuorovaikutuksellisesti ja kielellisesti rakentuvaa kuvaa itsestä (ja puolisosta) suhteessa ammatillisiin kategorioihin ja ryhmiin. Tutkimuksen metodina on keskustelunanalyysi, jonka avulla tarkastelen keinoja, joilla puolisot osoittavat yhteyttä toisiinsa. Yhteyden osoittamisen myötä pariskuntana oleminen nousee relevantiksi toiminnaksi keskustelussa, jolloin voidaan puhua niin sanotusta pariskuntapuheesta. Toisaalta käsittelen keinoja, joilla puolisosta pyritään kielellisesti erottautumaan. Yhteenkuuluvuuden osoitusten kautta rakentuvat pariskunnan yhteiset ammatti-identiteetit. Puolisosta erottautuminen taas antaa tilan itsenäisten identiteettien muodostumiselle. Yhteyttä puolisoon voidaan osoittaa esimerkiksi samamielisyyden, samankaltaisuuden, solidaarisuuden ja yhteistyöhalukkuuden ilmauksilla. Keskeisinä kielellisinä keinoina toimivat usein persoonamuodot. Monikon 1. persoonalla käsitellään pariskuntaa yhtenäisenä subjektina. Geneerisesti käytetyllä yksikön 3. persoonalla puhuja puolestaan tarjoaa puolisolle kategoriaa, johon tämä voi halutessaan samastua käyttämällä itsestään samaa persoonamuotoa. Toistamalla puolison vuoron elementin puhuja nostaa vuorosta tärkeimmän asian ja osoittaa vahvaa samanmielisyyttä. Yhdessä rakennetulla vuorolla osoitetaan pääsyä yhteiseen tietoon. Puolisosta erottautumiseen puhuja käyttää itsenäisyyden ja erimielisyyden ilmauksia. Yksikön 1. persoonan viittauksella ilmaistaan omaa näkemystä. Viittaukseen liittyvä ainakin-partikkeli ottaa huomioon puolison mahdollisen samanmielisyyden tai erimielisyyden, jolloin erottautuminen lievenee. Puolisoon viittaavalla yksikön 2. persoonalla puhuja voi korjata puolison näkemystä. Vuoronalkuisilla kyllä-partikkelilla, ei-kieltoverbillä tai muulla verbillä muutetaan yhteisen, neuvottelun alla olevan vastauksen suuntaa. Eroa puolisoon puhuja voi osoittaa myös identifioitumalla yhteisesti luotuihin kategorioihin eri intensiteetillä puolisoon verrattuna. Puhujat identifioituvat ammattiin ja työhön monesta näkökulmasta joko yhdessä puolison kanssa tai itsenäisesti. Identiteetin muotoutuminen tapahtuu ammatinvalinnan, ammattiyhteisön ja työnjaon teemojen kautta. Aineistossa nousee esiin myös eroja pariskuntien identifioitumisen välillä. Paula ja Harri rakentavat alueellis-ammatillista identitettiä, kun taas Lassen ja Sonjan suhdetta ammattiin määrittää vapaa-ajan ja työn sekoittuminen.