Browsing by Subject "kysyntäjousto"
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(2020)Abstract Finland's goal is to significantly increase the use of renewable energy sources in energy production and to be carbon neutral in 2035. This poses challenges to the flexibility of electricity production and security of electricity supply. In this work, I examine the possibilities of Finnish electricity gen-eration, focusing especially on production forms that act as a regulating force and solutions that increase demand response. My intention is to answer questions about how it is possible to increase control capacity in the electricity network, what kind of technological solutions to increase flexibility can be expected in the next few years and what issues in the electricity system affect the cost-effectiveness of the system. In particular, the theoretical basis is the economic concept of cost-effectiveness. In addition, I deal with demand response, overall economic efficiency and decen-tralized electricity generation. The work is a literature review, in which the relevant scientific litera-ture, reports, recommendations, and roadmaps have been used as source material. Decentralized energy production, electricity storage, for example as heat, and the role of the con-sumer in maintaining the system are particularly important in the work. The development of tech-nological solutions is still ongoing and investment in new solutions is needed. There are already examples of large-scale electricity storage in the world, and in Finland, for example, various heat pumps are used, which can be used to store heat and thus increase demand response. The elec-tricity system of the future will not only utilize one technology, but the system will be built on many different solutions. Alongside large power plants, smaller plants will emerge that generate electric-ity for, for example, the neighborhood or several farms. The electricity generation system must be able to support new innovations on the part of society without compromising security of electricity supply. Based on my results, the various solutions must be treated openly and their introduction must be supported by economic instruments, but the old centralized forms of energy production should still be considered part of the system.
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(2019)Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Variable electricity production poses challenges for the electricity grid, where demand and production must be balanced at all times. Transition to variable electricity production requires new solutions for grid flexibility. Electricity consumption has traditionally been an inflexible component in the electricity system but technological development enables demand side flexibility. Demand response (DR) is demand side measure, where energy consumption is shifted due to an external incentive. DR has multiple benefits such as improving reliability with high integration of variable energy production and cutting emissions during peak production. Despite years of modelling and analysing DR, there is lack of experience with commercial end-users in real-life context. In recent years, transmission system operator Fingrid has conducted experiments with stakeholders to find new demand response resources outside the traditional industrial end-users. The market models and services have not yet matured and therefore actors experiment to find solutions to resolve demand response barriers. The difficulty of scaling up sustainable innovations is a well-known challenge in energy transition research. In strategic niche management theory experiments are seen as tools for sustainable transition. This qualitative case study examines how piloting demand response in grocery store promotes energy transition. I chose the case of Virtual Service Environment (VIRPA-B) experiment, where participants tested DR in two grocery stores. The data were gathered in eight interviews with stakeholders and experts and through literature review. With theoretical framework I analysed, how the experiment contributes to implementation of demand response through expectations, learning and the ways pilot was scaled up after the experiment. Thesis sheds light to stakeholders’ role in implementing new technology and business model in real-life context. The results indicate that DR does not disturb the functions of the grocery store. The technology is matured, but the instalment practises have not been standardized. The greatest barrier for upscaling seems to be the regulations of the electricity markets, as they do not encourage end-users to invest in DR. VIRPA-B experiment did not lead to a rapid upscaling. However, lessons scaled up through other projects that support the niche development. For actors experiments are a platform to develop expertise and influence the new business models. To overcome the barriers, more attention should be directed at the synergies between the technologies. In VIRPA-B pilot actors noted benefits with solar panels, energy efficiency and DR. Combining technologies can lead to significant electricity savings. Promoting DR as a part of intelligent building automation system could also help overcome DR barriers. The results of thesis indicate that experiments can produce capabilities that promote energy transition.
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