Browsing by Subject "survey"
Now showing items 1-20 of 26
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(2023)The institutional history of the Finnish Rescue Services dates back to the establishment of volunteer fire brigades in the 19th century, when Finland was a part of the Russian Empire. Throughout the 20th century, the rescue services have been institutionalized as public services. As of 2023, the Rescue Departments have been relocated to a new political and administrative context in the Wellbeing Services County reform. This recent structural reform of the rescue services on a public administrative level has inspired this thesis to explore the role of the Finnish Rescue Services personnel in public administration and policy process. The thesis investigates the applicability of street-level bureaucracy theory and politics-administration dichotomy in the rescue services personnel’s strategy implementation. While there is some research about the societal and cultural significance of the Finnish rescue services, its political and public administrative dimension has received only little attention in the scientific literature. The thesis is conducted as survey research. The research method is quantitative data analysis and theory-driven analysis. The questionnaire data measures the rescue services personnel’s features as classic public administrators and as street-level bureaucrats, and evaluates the personnel’s willingness to implement central strategies of the rescue services. It is argued that the FRS personnel’s involvement in public discussion as street-level bureaucrats is playing a decisive role in realising the rescue services-related strategies. The findings indicate that the rescue services personnel embody ideal-type bureaucratic features and street-level bureaucratic features. However, only the street-level bureaucratic features are dominant in explaining the variation in the personnel’s willingness to implement strategies. It is suggested that the personnel’s stronger participation in political discussion and policy process would result in better strategy implementation level. This thesis contributes to the development of the political and administrative position of the Finnish Rescue Departments and strengthens their role as active partakers in the public sphere.
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(2023)The institutional history of the Finnish Rescue Services dates back to the establishment of volunteer fire brigades in the 19th century, when Finland was a part of the Russian Empire. Throughout the 20th century, the rescue services have been institutionalized as public services. As of 2023, the Rescue Departments have been relocated to a new political and administrative context in the Wellbeing Services County reform. This recent structural reform of the rescue services on a public administrative level has inspired this thesis to explore the role of the Finnish Rescue Services personnel in public administration and policy process. The thesis investigates the applicability of street-level bureaucracy theory and politics-administration dichotomy in the rescue services personnel’s strategy implementation. While there is some research about the societal and cultural significance of the Finnish rescue services, its political and public administrative dimension has received only little attention in the scientific literature. The thesis is conducted as survey research. The research method is quantitative data analysis and theory-driven analysis. The questionnaire data measures the rescue services personnel’s features as classic public administrators and as street-level bureaucrats, and evaluates the personnel’s willingness to implement central strategies of the rescue services. It is argued that the FRS personnel’s involvement in public discussion as street-level bureaucrats is playing a decisive role in realising the rescue services-related strategies. The findings indicate that the rescue services personnel embody ideal-type bureaucratic features and street-level bureaucratic features. However, only the street-level bureaucratic features are dominant in explaining the variation in the personnel’s willingness to implement strategies. It is suggested that the personnel’s stronger participation in political discussion and policy process would result in better strategy implementation level. This thesis contributes to the development of the political and administrative position of the Finnish Rescue Departments and strengthens their role as active partakers in the public sphere.
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(2020)A relational database management system’s configuration is essential while optimizing database performance. Finding the optimal knob configuration for the database requires tuning of multiple interdependent knobs. Over the past few years, relational database vendors have added machine learning models to their products and Oracle announced the first autonomous (i.e self-driving) database in 2017. This thesis clarifies the autonomous database concept and surveys the latest research on machine learning methods for relational database knob tuning. The study aimed to find solutions that can tune multiple database knobs and be applied to any relational database. The survey found three machine learning implementations that tune multiple knobs at a time. These are called OtterTune, CDBTune, and QTune. Ottertune uses traditional machine learning techniques, while CDBTune and QTune rely on deep reinforcement learning. These implementations are presented in this thesis, along with a discussion of the features they offer. The thesis also presents an autonomic system’s basic concepts like self-CHOP and MAPE-K feedback loop and a knowledge model to define the knowledge needed to implement them. These can be used in the autonomous database contexts along with Intelligent Machine Design and Five Levels of AI-Native Database to present requirements for the autonomous database.
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(2015)The literature review focused on the chemical properties of Fusarium mycotoxins and their masked forms, analytical methods for their determination and the toxicological and legislative aspects. In the experimental study, a multi-method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of several Fusarium toxins and their masked forms in barley, oats and wheat using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) technique. The simple “dilute-and-shoot” sample preparation procedure was applied, where the extraction was performed with a mixture of acetonitrile, water and acetic acid (79:20:1, v/v/v). Moreover, the aim was to obtain new data on the occurrence of the masked mycotoxins in barley, oats and wheat by analysing 95 cereal grain samples. The type A trichothecenes T-2 and HT-2 toxins (T-2 and HT-2) and the type B trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) as well as zearalenone (ZEN), together with 11 masked forms of them, were included based on their importance for the food safety in northern Europe. The analytes were separated on a reversed-phase column and detected in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Better peak shapes for the early eluting compounds and shorter analysis time were obtained with acetonitrile than methanol as the organic phase, thus it was chosen for the method. The method was validated according to the criteria set in the legislation. The limits of quantification varied from 0.3 to 15.9 ?g/kg. The recoveries were 92?115%, thus being within the tolerable ranges established in the legislation. The inter-day precisions (4?27%) were under the maximum permissible values. Therefore, the method proved to fit for the purpose. In this study, occurrence data on the masked mycotoxins in Finland were obtained for the first time. The presence of ZEN-16-glucoside (ZEN-16-G) and NIV-3-glucoside (NIV-3-G) were reported for the first time worldwide in some of the cereals. The most frequently found toxins were DON, NIV and HT-2. All of the masked mycotoxins included in the method were determined, the most common being DON-3-glucoside (DON-3-G), HT-2-glucoside (HT-2-G) and NIV-3-G.
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(2020)Otoksen edustavuus on yksi keskeisimpiä asioita kyselytutkimusten hyvyyttä tarkasteltaessa. Edustavuutta voi mitata usealla eri tavalla. Perinteisin mittari on vastausaste. Korkea vastausaste ei kuitenkaan ole yksinään mikään tae otoksen edustavuudesta. Toimivia edustavuusmittareita on pitkään pyritty kehittämään. Yksi näistä on $R$-indikaattori, jota tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan. Tilastokeskuksen perinteisen Kuluttajabarometrin sisältöä muutettiin toukokuussa 2019. Keskeisimmät muutokset olivat: 1) siirtyminen yhdistelmätiedonkeruuseen, 2) ikäjakauman kaventaminen 3) osan haastattelukysymyksistä vaihtuminen. Samassa yhteydessä tutkimuksen nimeksi vaihdettiin Kuluttajien luottamus. Tämän tutkielman kannalta keskeisin mainituista muutoksista oli siirtyminen puhelinhaastatteluista yhdistelmätiedonkeruuseen. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää haastattelutavan muutoksen vaikutusta otoksen edustavuuteen. Edustavuusmittariksi valittiin $R$-indikaattori. Tutkimusaineistona oli kuluttajabarometridata vuoden 2012 tammikuusta vuoden 2019 toukokuuhun. Kuluttajabarometridatan lisäksi käytössä oli Kuluttajien luottamus -tutkimuksen data neljältä ensimmäiseltä kuukaudelta toukokuusta elokuuhun 2019. Tutkimuksen tuloksena oli, että siirtyminen yhdistelmätiedonkeruuseen ei heikentänyt otoksen edustavuutta. Toisaalta kävi kuitenkin ilmi, että $R$-indikaattorin saamat arvot eivät koko tutkimusperiodilla olleet valittujen hyvyysrajojen mukaan riittävän korkealla tasolla. Toinen tarkastelluista muutoksista oli ikäjakauman kaventaminen molemmista päistä. Yläpäästä jätettiin kokonainen ikäluokka pois (75-84 v.). Alapäästä jätettiin pois osa nuorimmasta ikäluokasta (15-17 v.). Vanhin ikäluokka oli aktiivisin vastaajaryhmä ja vastaavasti nuorin ikäluokka oli passiivisin vastaamaan. Ikäjakauman kaventaminen ei kuitenkaan heikentänyt otoksen edustavuutta. Edustavuuden kehityksen lisäksi tarkasteltiin vaihtoehtoisia edustavuusindikaattoreita ja $R$-indikaattorin erilaisia versioita. Suurin osa vaihtoehtoisista indikaattoreista antoi hyvin samankaltaisia tuloksia, kuin $R$-indikaattori. Mikään testatuista vaihtoehtoisista indikaattoreista ei osoittautunut merkittävästi helpommin tulkittavaksi kuin $R$-indikaattori.
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(2020)Otoksen edustavuus on yksi keskeisimpiä asioita kyselytutkimusten hyvyyttä tarkasteltaessa. Edustavuutta voi mitata usealla eri tavalla. Perinteisin mittari on vastausaste. Korkea vastausaste ei kuitenkaan ole yksinään mikään tae otoksen edustavuudesta. Toimivia edustavuusmittareita on pitkään pyritty kehittämään. Yksi näistä on $R$-indikaattori, jota tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan. Tilastokeskuksen perinteisen Kuluttajabarometrin sisältöä muutettiin toukokuussa 2019. Keskeisimmät muutokset olivat: 1) siirtyminen yhdistelmätiedonkeruuseen, 2) ikäjakauman kaventaminen 3) osan haastattelukysymyksistä vaihtuminen. Samassa yhteydessä tutkimuksen nimeksi vaihdettiin Kuluttajien luottamus. Tämän tutkielman kannalta keskeisin mainituista muutoksista oli siirtyminen puhelinhaastatteluista yhdistelmätiedonkeruuseen. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää haastattelutavan muutoksen vaikutusta otoksen edustavuuteen. Edustavuusmittariksi valittiin $R$-indikaattori. Tutkimusaineistona oli kuluttajabarometridata vuoden 2012 tammikuusta vuoden 2019 toukokuuhun. Kuluttajabarometridatan lisäksi käytössä oli Kuluttajien luottamus -tutkimuksen data neljältä ensimmäiseltä kuukaudelta toukokuusta elokuuhun 2019. Tutkimuksen tuloksena oli, että siirtyminen yhdistelmätiedonkeruuseen ei heikentänyt otoksen edustavuutta. Toisaalta kävi kuitenkin ilmi, että $R$-indikaattorin saamat arvot eivät koko tutkimusperiodilla olleet valittujen hyvyysrajojen mukaan riittävän korkealla tasolla. Toinen tarkastelluista muutoksista oli ikäjakauman kaventaminen molemmista päistä. Yläpäästä jätettiin kokonainen ikäluokka pois (75-84 v.). Alapäästä jätettiin pois osa nuorimmasta ikäluokasta (15-17 v.). Vanhin ikäluokka oli aktiivisin vastaajaryhmä ja vastaavasti nuorin ikäluokka oli passiivisin vastaamaan. Ikäjakauman kaventaminen ei kuitenkaan heikentänyt otoksen edustavuutta. Edustavuuden kehityksen lisäksi tarkasteltiin vaihtoehtoisia edustavuusindikaattoreita ja $R$-indikaattorin erilaisia versioita. Suurin osa vaihtoehtoisista indikaattoreista antoi hyvin samankaltaisia tuloksia, kuin $R$-indikaattori. Mikään testatuista vaihtoehtoisista indikaattoreista ei osoittautunut merkittävästi helpommin tulkittavaksi kuin $R$-indikaattori.
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(2012)Purpose of this study was to examine the residents' survey, what kind of relationship with residents and their urban forest might have and what attitude they may have when facing the urban forest management. The study serves the Helsinki department of public works, who can thus be valuable information for the above-mentioned lack of knowledge in the data. The study was conducted as a quantitative survey. The sample was selected on the Helsinki Urban Facts and the register of the population consisted of 1000 persons selected the elders of the economy. The response rate was 42, which can be regarded as a good result in comparison with earlier similar studies in the Helsinki area. In order the complete this study in were used in statistical analysis cross tabulation, x2-and t-test. Results of this research was that the majority of the Laajasalo´s population is clearly positive on the Helsinki City Public Works carried out by the forest management. In addition, the results can be concluded that a clear majority of residents felt positive the changes that took place in nearby forests after forest management. A clear majority of respondents considered treatment works and the implementation of the outcome of good or excellent. On the other hand the results shows that there is a problem in the design process, the nature management works planning and implementation of the information. However significant number of residents were not know the area planning, which are based on forest management, and in addition a significant proportion of residents felt that the treatment works began suddenly and without any information. That it may draw the conclusion that the area planning process, information is not sufficient, and people do not, it may well affect the very moment when the decisions of their local forest conditions to be made. In addition, based on the results is also noticeable that a significant number of respondents felt that local forest management activities being too open, noisy or impoverished nature value. In addition, a significant number of respondents did not know how to respond to biodiversity and important information. This can draw a clear conclusion that the general principles of Public Works, in the care and respect for nature may not have sufficiently clear for the general public, and the average inhabitants. This study confirms previous similar studies, the results of the residents has been seen in grouping in relation to the urban woodlands and their management. The conclusion here is that these groups should be taken into account in the future more clearly throughout the design process, from regional planning information until the off-road information.
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(2012)Internet-yhteyksien käyttö yleistyi Suomessa vuoden 1993 jälkeen, mistä lähtien Internetiä on alettu käyttämään yhä enemmän tiedonkeruun apuvälineenä. Apuvälineenä Internetiä käytetään sekä yhteydenotossa vastaajiin että vastauksien keruussa. Internetin avulla tehtyihin kyselytutkimuksiin liittyy edelleen paljon avoimia metodologisia kysymyksiä. Useimmiten perinteistä, satunnaistettua otoksen keruuta ei voida suorittaa, koska kehikkoperusjoukkoa ei pystytä määrittelemään. Tällöin joudutaan turvautumaan itsevalikoituneeseen verkkotiedonkeruuseen, jossa kyselyä mainostetaan avoimesti tutkimuksen kohteena olevalle ryhmälle ja vastaajat itse päättävät osallistuvatko kyselyyn vai eivät. Samalla Internet-populaation alipeitto voi aiheuttaa harhaa tutkimustuloksiin, jos tavoiteperusjoukkona on jokin suuri populaatio, jossa kaikki eivät käytä Internetiä. Tutkielman tavoite on antaa kuva verkkotiedonkeruun ajanmukaisista menetelmistä sekä erityisesti selvittää itsevalikoituneen verkkotiedonkeruun tilastollista metodologiaa, mahdollisuuksia ja rajoituksia. Tarkoituksena on myös selvittää, kuinka hyvin valikoituneen verkkokyselytutkimuksen harhan korjaaminen onnistuu ajanmukaisilla painotusmenetelmillä. Kyselytutkimusten vastauskadosta sekä valikoituneisuudesta johtuvaa harhaa voidaan korjata painotusmenetelmillä, jos vastauskadon mekanismia tai valikoitumismekanismia pystytään selittämään. Harhaa voidaan korjata sopivien apumuuttujien avulla, jotka korreloivat tulosmuuttujan tai osallistumispäätöksen kanssa. Apumuuttujien tiedot täytyy olla tiedossa sekä kyselyyn osallistujilta että ei-osallistujilta. Perinteisen todennäköisyysotantaan perustuvan aineiston vastauskadosta johtuvaa harhaa korjataan useimmiten jälkiosituspainoilla. Itsevalikoituneen verkkokyselytutkimuksen valikoitumisharhan korjaamiseen on esitetty kaksivaiheista painotusmenetelmää, jonka tarkoituksena on korjata harhaa, joka johtuu Internetin käyttömahdollisuudesta sekä itse osallistumispäätöksestä. Internetin käyttömahdollisuus voidaan mallintaa propensiteettipistemäärän avulla, jonka käänteislukua voidaan käyttää painokertoimena harhan korjaamiseksi. Osallistumispäätöksestä johtuvaa harhaa voidaan korjata tasaamalla aineiston apumuuttujien reunajakaumat vastaamaan populaation reunajakaumia. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan kolmea aineistoa. Kelan tutkimusosasto keräsi vuoden 2010 syyskuussa pilotin itsevalikoituneesta verkkokyselytutkimuksesta. Kyselyllä pyrittiin kartoittamaan Suomen 16–80-vuotiaiden kansalaisten yksityisten terveys- ja hammashoitopalvelujen hintatietoja ja tarpeita. Sama kysely lähetettiin myös otosperusteisesti Kelan työntekijöille. Molemmissa kyselyissä vastaukset kerättiin sähköisellä Internet-kyselyllä. Lisäksi tutkielmassa tarkastellaan TNS Gallupin otosperusteisesti Suomen kansalaisilta keräämään suppeampaa puhelinhaastattelukyselyä, jota käytettiin myös itsevalikoituneen aineiston kalibrointiaineistona. Kyselytutkimusaineistojen vastauskatoa korjattiin erilaisilla painotusmenetelmillä, joiden avulla pystyttiin tarkastelemaan kuinka hyvin eri painotusmenetelmät pystyvät korjaamaan valikoitumisesta johtuvaa harhaa. Otosperusteisia verkkokyselytutkimuksia korjattiin jälkiosituspainoilla ja painotuksissa onnistuttiin hyvin, koska aineistossa ei ollut suurta valikoituneisuutta. Itsevalikoituneen verkkokyselytutkimuksen painotuksessa jouduttiin kohtaamaan paljon ongelmia, koska aineisto oli suuresti valikoitunut, ja siinä oli paljon vastauskatoa. Itsevalikoituneen aineiston valikoitumisen harhaa onnistuttiin kuitenkin osaksi korjaamaan, ja osa tulosmuuttujien jakaumatiedoista vastasi lähes otosperusteisen kyselytutkimuksen jakaumatietoja. Tutkimuksen keskeisin tulos oli, että vaikka verkkokyselyn tekeminen on halvempaa ja vähemmän työläämpää kuin otosperusteisen kyselytutkimuksen tekeminen, verkkokyselytutkimuksen suunnitteluun on panostettava entistä enemmän. Itsevalikoituneen verkkokyselytutkimuksen keruussa on suunniteltava tarkemmin kyselyn mainostaminen vastaajaehdokkaille, jotta valikoitumisesta johtuvaa harhaa voidaan paremmin hallita. Tutkimuksessa kävi myös ilmi, että sekä asennetta ja käyttäytymistä kuvaavia kysymyksiä on tärkeä olla kyselytutkimuksissa mukana, koska näiden avulla pystytään selittämään paremmin valikoitumisesta johtuvaa harhaa, kuin pelkästään sosiodemografisten muuttujien avulla.
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(2019)Surveytutkimuksessa saadaan harvoin kerättyä täydellisen edustavaa aineistoa tavoitellulta vastaajajoukolta. Lähes aina osa vastauksista tai vastaajista jää puuttumaan. Puuttuneisuudella voi olla suuri merkitys aineiston tilastollisen analyysin kannalta. Se vähentää aineistosta laskettavien estimaattien tarkkuutta ja voi pahimmillaan myös aiheuttaa harhaa estimaatteihin. Otantatutkimuksessa virhettä tulee lisäksi itse otannasta. Puuttuneisuudesta ja otannasta johtuvia virheitä surveyaineistossa pyritään usein korjaamaan aineiston uudelleenpainotuksella. Tässä työssä on tutkittu kalibrointiin ja vastaustaipumuksen mallintamiseen perustuvien uudelleenpainotusmenetelmien vaikutusta estimoinnin laatuun, kun otosaineistosta halutaan estimoida erilaisten tutkimusmuuttujien keskiarvoja perusjoukossa. Näiden kahden eri lähestymistavan vertailun lisäksi on haluttu tutkia, voisiko vastaustaipumusmallilla tuotettuja painoja parantaa kalibroimalla (eli muodostamalla ns. yhdistelmäpainot). Käytetty tutkimusaineisto on peräisin Suomessa vuosien 2009 ja 2010 taitteessa toteutetusta EU-rikosuhritutkimuksen pilottivaiheesta. Aineisto sisältää erilaisten rikosten kohteeksi joutumiseen ja turvallisuuden tunteeseen liittyviä muuttujia. Rikosuhritutkimuksessa kerätty otosaineisto on tätä tutkimusta varten monistettu koko populaatiota edustavaksi synteettiseksi dataksi. Synteettisestä perusjoukosta on poimittu satunnaisotoksia jäljitellen aitoa otantatutkimuksen tilannetta. Eri tavoin painotetuista otoksista laskettuja estimaatteja on verrattu toisiinsa sekä tunnuslukujen oikeisiin arvoihin perusjoukossa. Painojen muodostuksessa ja tunnuslukujen estimoinnissa on käytetty SAS-ohjelmistoa. Kalibrointipainot on laskettu käyttämällä Calmar 2-nimistä SAS-makroa, jonka voi ladata ilmaiseksi Ranskan kansallisen tilasto- ja taloustutkimuslaitoksen INSEEn internetsivuilta. Estimoinnin tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että uudelleenpainotuksella pystyttiin parantamaan estimoinnin laatua lähes kaikkien tarkasteltujen muuttujien kohdalla. Kaikki painotusmenetelmät eivät kuitenkaan toimineet kaikissa tilanteissa yhtä hyvin. Estimoitaviksi oli tarkoituksella valittu eri tyyppisiä muuttujia. Toiset muuttujista olivat helpompia estimoitavia, eli painotuksella päästiin lähelle estimoitavan muuttujan oikeita arvoja. Osa muuttujista oli kuitenkin sellaisia, joiden kohdalla mikään uudelleenpainotus ei tuonut kovin hyviä estimointituloksia, vaan estimaatteihin jäi reilusti harhaa. Estimointituloksissa näkyi selviä eroja vertailtavien menetelmien välillä. Useimpien muuttujien kohdalla parhaat estimointitulokset saatiin yhdistelmäpainoilla. Yhdistelmäpainojen etu on se, että niissä yhdistyy yksilö- ja makrotason lisäinformaation hyödyntäminen estimoinnin harhan korjaamisessa. Myös puhtailla kalibrointipainoilla saatiin joidenkin muuttujien tapauksessa muita parempia tuloksia, mutta kyse oli sellaisista muuttujista, joiden kohdalla parhaatkaan estimaatit eivät olleet kovin harhattomia. Vastaustaipumusmallinnukseen perustuva menetelmä toimi yleisesti ottaen hyvin, mutta yhdistelmäpainot olivat yleensä vähän paremmat, eli kalibroinnista oli apua. Kalibroinnin kanssa on kuitenkin noudatettava varovaisuutta, koska sillä voidaan pahimmillaan myös huonontaa estimaattien laatua, kuten yhdessä esimerkkitapauksessa näkyi. Lähes kaikkien muuttujien kohdalla estimaatteihin jäi uudelleenpainotuksenkin jälkeen vielä harhaa, joten menetelmien suhteen jäi vielä parannettavaa. Kehitettävää voi löytyä vastaustaipumuksen mallinnuksessa itse mallista. Kalibroinnin tapauksessa on huomattava, että vaikka menetelmällä saadaan reunajakaumat täsmäämään, se ei kuitenkaan takaa, että itse tutkimusmuuttujat estimoituisivat hyvin. Uudelleenpainotuksessa on myös oletettu, että puuttuvuus voidaan selittää käytettävissä olevilla taustamuuttujilla, ja ettei se riipu tutkittavista muuttujista. Näin ei kuitenkaan välttämättä aina ole.
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(2010)Purpose and aim of loyalty programs are to commit and bind customers and increase shopping amounts and times and create loyalty. Loyalty programs aim to achieve this by producing benefits to its members. Using multiple measures such as advertisement, producing benefits and offering discounts and introducing systems to encourage commitment achieve influencing attitudes and commitment towards loyalty programs. Aim of this thesis was to find out from consumers perspective what do customers think of loyalty programs. What types of attitudes do consumer programs show and does loyalty programs work in consumer’s minds. Does loyalty programs affect to consumers commitment and do they drive to concentrating in to specific companies. Consumers belong to multiple loyalty programs and from many of the programs there has been studies made on how they work from the companies’ perspective. Purpose of this thesis was to find out the consumers view on being a loyal customer and from loyalty programs. The research method of this thesis was quantitative. During summer 2008 through internet survey over 800 responses were collected. Survey was published on the consumer agency web pages and a link to the survey was published also in the Helsingin sanomat newspaper during August. Most of the respondents were from south Finland and from Uudenmaan district. Majority of respondents were women and most common age among respondent were between 26 to 35. Respondents belonged to multiple loyalty programs and in general the respondents liked loyalty programs. Centralising and commitment was slightly seen but in general also commonly lower price level companies were preferred. According to respondents the companies behind loyalty programs benefit more from the programs then the consumers. Never the less majority of the respondent felt that loyalty programs gave positive experiences and vast majority felt that they received benefits on monthly bases from the loyalty programs. Respondents felt in many cases that there are already too many loyalty programs offered toward consumers and those are not commonly compared with other loyalty programs. Based on this most often consumers are part of the most common programs existing but there is no apparent reason behind this other then their commonness. Joining to loyalty programs was met with carefulness and majority of respondents does not actively recommend loyalty programs to others.
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(2017)Aims and Objectives. Devices for treating stuttering have become more common in the last decades. One of these is an anti-stuttering device based on Altered Auditory Feedback (AAF). The auditory feedback of speech can be altered so that the speaker hears their voice either with a delay (DAF, Delayed Auditory Feedback) from a different frequence (FAF, Frequency Altered Feedback) or utilizing both of these settings simultaneously. The Hospital Districts of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS) Foniatrics Unit launched an anti-stuttering device trial in 2008. The aim of this study is to provide information on that anti-stuttering device trial, the use of the device and the effects it has on speech. The aim is to discover the occasions when the device can be useful, on what occasions it cannot be used, and what kind of issues the use has caused. There is no former Finnish study on the use of anti-stuttering devices, but internationally the topic has been widely researched. Methods. The research method in this thesis was a survey sent by post. The survey was sent to patients who had participated in the anti-stuttering device trial, and it included two different forms, A and B. Form A was for patients who were still using the device and form B for those who had either returned the device or were not using it. The forms comprise of both open and closed questions. The responses to the open questions were analysed qualitatively by categorizing and sorting into themes, and then coding them to the same data along with the closed question responses. The quantitative analysis of the final data was made with an SPSS-program by calculating frequencies and relative frequencies and by cross-tabulating the dependencies between the variables. Results and conclusions. The results showed that the experiences of the trial participants varied greatly. A majority of the respondents had returned the device, yet almost half of all those who answered the survey had found the device useful. The most common finding was that the anti-stuttering device cannot be utilized in background noise. There had also been technical difficulties with the devices, concerning the settings and battery life. Those who answered form A, i.e. device-users, found it useful on singular occasions, e.g. while speaking on the phone or face to face with another person, or in all communication situations in general. Majority of the respondents had received positive feedback on their speech while using the anti-stuttering device. The most frequent feedback was that the speech of the stutterer was slower and clearer. All those who had received positive feedback would have recommended the anti-stuttering device to stutterers. Opinions on the use of the device are mixed, but based on individual positive experiences testing the device can be recommended when deciding on rehabilitation and therapy methods.
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(2017)Aims and Objectives. Devices for treating stuttering have become more common in the last decades. One of these is an anti-stuttering device based on Altered Auditory Feedback (AAF). The auditory feedback of speech can be altered so that the speaker hears their voice either with a delay (DAF, Delayed Auditory Feedback) from a different frequence (FAF, Frequency Altered Feedback) or utilizing both of these settings simultaneously. The Hospital Districts of Helsinki and Uusimaa (HUS) Foniatrics Unit launched an anti-stuttering device trial in 2008. The aim of this study is to provide information on that anti-stuttering device trial, the use of the device and the effects it has on speech. The aim is to discover the occasions when the device can be useful, on what occasions it cannot be used, and what kind of issues the use has caused. There is no former Finnish study on the use of anti-stuttering devices, but internationally the topic has been widely researched. Methods. The research method in this thesis was a survey sent by post. The survey was sent to patients who had participated in the anti-stuttering device trial, and it included two different forms, A and B. Form A was for patients who were still using the device and form B for those who had either returned the device or were not using it. The forms comprise of both open and closed questions. The responses to the open questions were analysed qualitatively by categorizing and sorting into themes, and then coding them to the same data along with the closed question responses. The quantitative analysis of the final data was made with an SPSS-program by calculating frequencies and relative frequencies and by cross-tabulating the dependencies between the variables. Results and conclusions. The results showed that the experiences of the trial participants varied greatly. A majority of the respondents had returned the device, yet almost half of all those who answered the survey had found the device useful. The most common finding was that the anti-stuttering device cannot be utilized in background noise. There had also been technical difficulties with the devices, concerning the settings and battery life. Those who answered form A, i.e. device-users, found it useful on singular occasions, e.g. while speaking on the phone or face to face with another person, or in all communication situations in general. Majority of the respondents had received positive feedback on their speech while using the anti-stuttering device. The most frequent feedback was that the speech of the stutterer was slower and clearer. All those who had received positive feedback would have recommended the anti-stuttering device to stutterers. Opinions on the use of the device are mixed, but based on individual positive experiences testing the device can be recommended when deciding on rehabilitation and therapy methods.
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(Helsingin yliopistoUniversity of HelsinkiHelsingfors universitet, 2006)The study examines various uses of computer technology in acquisition of information for visually impaired people. For this study 29 visually impaired persons took part in a survey about their experiences concerning acquisition of infomation and use of computers, especially with a screen magnification program, a speech synthesizer and a braille display. According to the responses, the evolution of computer technology offers an important possibility for visually impaired people to cope with everyday activities and interacting with the environment. Nevertheless, the functionality of assistive technology needs further development to become more usable and versatile. Since the challenges of independent observation of environment were emphasized in the survey, the study led into developing a portable text vision system called Tekstinäkö. Contrary to typical stand-alone applications, Tekstinäkö system was constructed by combining devices and programs that are readily available on consumer market. As the system operates, pictures are taken by a digital camera and instantly transmitted to a text recognition program in a laptop computer that talks out loud the text using a speech synthesizer. Visually impaired test users described that even unsure interpretations of the texts in the environment given by Tekstinäkö system are at least a welcome addition to complete perception of the environment. It became clear that even with a modest development work it is possible to bring new, useful and valuable methods to everyday life of disabled people. Unconventional production process of the system appeared to be efficient as well. Achieved results and the proposed working model offer one suggestion for giving enough attention to easily overlooked needs of the people with special abilities. ACM Computing Classification System (1998): K.4.2 Social Issues: Assistive technologies for persons with disabilities I.4.9 Image processing and computer vision: Applications
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(2012)In Finland first pharmacists started to work on wards in 1980s and 1990s. Ward pharmacy increased mainly in consequence of the lack of nurses. Common tasks were taking care of drug logistics (stock control), dispensing drugs to patient specific doses, preparing and diluting intravenous drugs and providing drug information to ward personnel. During the 2000s, ward pharmacy services have been increasing a lot. New tasks are, e.g., reviewing medications and prescriptions, medication counselling, and taking part in medical rounds. However, the tasks are still rather logistics compared to the United States and the United Kingdom where a pharmacist has an established role in a multiprofessional team. Internationally it has been proved that it is possible to achieve decreased and enhanced quality of care and patient safety with hospital clinical pharmacy services. The aim of this study was to explore the extent and benefits of ward pharmacy services in Finland. An online survey was conducted by sending the invitations to the chiefs of hospital pharmacies (n = 24) and medical dispensaries (n = 94) by using the e-mail register of the University of Helsinki and Satefa (Finnish Association of hospital and health centre pharmacists). Before compiling the questionnaire six theme interviews were conducted to set up the questionnaire. The survey respondents were asked to submit information about development projects and research reports if they had explored the benefits of ward pharmacy services. The response rate was 60 % (n/N = 72/118). A half of the respondents (n = 36) reported having ward pharmacy services in their units. Benefits were explored in 12 units and nine project reports were received. Altogether 157 pharmacists were working in 242 wards at the time of the survey in spring 2011. Most common tasks were providing drug information to ward personnel, drug logistics and dispensing drugs to patient specific doses. Patient oriented tasks were increased, including prescription and medication reviews, taking part on medical rounds and medication counselling gave patient information were reported. The most reported benefits on ward pharmacy services were increased multiprofessional collaboration, saved working time of nurses and physicians, decreased drug costs and decreased number of medication errors and/or enhanced reporting habits and developed functions on wards. Respondents also believed that ward pharmacy services can have positive impact on length of stay, readmission and hospitalisations and mortality during hospitalization, but these benefits were not demonstrated by studies. In the future it would be important to develop the Finnish ward pharmacy services by following the international example and the principles of pharmaceutical care. The help of automation technology and pharmacy technicians should be exploited more in drug logistics. The economical and patient related outcomes of new clinical and patient oriented services should be proved in Finland and the results of the researches and projects made in hospital and health centres should be published more.
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(2017)Imputoinnilla tarkoitetaan sellaisia tilastollisia menetelmiä, joiden tarkoitus on täydentää puuttuvuutta sisältävää aineistoa. Puuttuvuus on iso ongelma tutkimuksissa, ja usein puuttuvat havainnot ja jopa kokonaiset havaintorivit jätetään huomiotta analyysejä tehdessä. Tämä voi kuitenkin merkittävästi vääristää analyysien tuloksia. Tässä tutkielmassa esitellään erilaisia puuttuvuuden tyyppejä, käydään läpi puuttuvuuden mahdollisia syitä ja perehdytään erilaisiin imputointimenetelmiin. Imputointimenetelmien käyttöä havainnollistetaan esimerkeillä, jotka liittyvät GeneRISK-tutkimuksen perustietokyselyyn. GeneRISK-tutkimuksella pyritään selvittämään erityisesti sydän- ja verisuonitautien taustalla piileviä perinnöllisiä riskitekijöitä, sekä sitä, kuinka riskitiedon saaminen vaikuttaa yksilöiden myöhempään terveyskäyttäytymiseen. Puuttuvuuden tyyppi vaikuttaa imputointimenetelmän valintaan, ja tutkielmassa esitelläänkin niin täysin satunnainen, satunnainen, kuin ei-satunnainenkin puuttuvuus. Lisäksi sivutaan suunniteltua puuttuvuutta ja aineiston rakentamisvaiheessa syntyvää puuttuvuutta. Jos vastauksia puuttuu yksittäisiltä vastaajilta osasta kysymyksiä, on kyse erävastauskadosta, ja jos aineistosta puuttuu kokonaisia havaintorivejä, puhutaan yksikkövastauskadosta. Tutkielmassa keskitytään erävastauskatoon. Tutkielmassa käytetään GeneRISK-tutkimuksen Kymenlaakson sairaanhoito- ja sosiaalipalvelujen kuntayhtymä Carean perustietokyselyaineistosta 18.1.2016 jäädytettyä otosta, ja sieltä valikoituja 1278 havaintoriviä. Tutkielmaan valikoitiin kiinnostuksen kohteena oleviksi muuttujiksi ruokailuun ja liikuntatottumuksiin liittyviä muuttujia, sekä taustamuuttujia. Aineistosta poistettiin kaikki sellaiset rivit, jotka sisälsivät puuttuvuutta näissä muuttujissa, ja tämän jälkeen täydelliseen aineistoon simuloitiin eri tyyppisiä puuttuvuuksia. Puuttuvuutta pyrittiin korjaamaan niin yksinkertaisilla imputointimenetelmillä kuin kahdella erilaisella moni-imputointimenetelmälläkin. Yksinkertaisiin imputointimenetelmiin lukeutuu mm. mediaani-imputointi. Ehdollisten mallien moni-imputoinnin ja yhdistettyjen mallien moniimputoinnin on osoitettu kirjallisuudessa toimivan paremmin kuin yksinkertaisten imputointimallien, mutta tätä ei tässä tutkielmassa pystytty osoittamaan. Yhtenä syynä tähän saattaa olla kiinnostuksen kohteeksi valikoituneiden muuttujien väliset riippumattomuudet, sekä vastaajien keskinäinen samankaltaisuus. Edelleen hyvin yleinen tapa käsitellä puuttuvuutta on jättää se kokonaan huomiotta. Tutkielmassa kuitenkin huomataan, kuinka radikaaliin aineiston hupenemiseen se voi johtaa. Tutkielmassa osoitetaankin erityisesti se, kuinka tärkeää puuttuvuutta on tarkastella monelta eri kantilta aina puuttuvuuden syistä aineiston jatkokäyttötarkoituksiin asti.
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(2023)This thesis examines Japanese castle reconstructions in the Heisei (1989–2019) and Reiwa eras (2019–) and links them to the ideas of cultural heritage and authenticity in traditional architecture. Japanese castles are opportune for examining the development of the role of architecture in cultural heritage throughout history. The role of castles as symbols of authority and later as symbols of local culture and history has changed according to the fluctuations of time and the needs of the contemporary people and thoughts. After majority of the feudal castles were demolished during Japan’s modernization, there have been three distinctive “booms” during which castles have been reconstructed. In the post-war era, dozens of ahistorical concrete replicas of castles were rebuilt concrete as local town symbols, and to many they symbolized the rebuilding of post-war Japan. From the early 1990s, however, a new castle boom has taken place, with the reconstructions emphasizing on using wood and historical evidence. Most notable of these reconstruction projects is the Nagoya Castle reconstruction project, in which the post-war concrete castle tower is to be demolished and rebuilt from wood using original methods and historical plans. This thesis examines these reconstructions in contemporary Japan, aiming to understand how authenticity and cultural heritage are related to this ongoing boom. In this study, a country-wide visitor survey on 10 Japanese castle sites was conducted, supported by two expert interviews from supervisors of two Heisei era castle reconstructions in Ōzu and Kakegawa cities. The findings supported the hypothesis, which suggested that the current appeal of castles is linked not only to their symbolic value to the castle towns, but also their value as objects of cultural heritage. This is why “authentic”, wooden reconstructions are preferred, which was evident from the visitor surveys, as all the respondents favored wooden reconstructions over concrete ones. Furthermore, majority of the respondents wished for more authentic castle reconstructions to be built.
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(2023)This thesis examines Japanese castle reconstructions in the Heisei (1989–2019) and Reiwa eras (2019–) and links them to the ideas of cultural heritage and authenticity in traditional architecture. Japanese castles are opportune for examining the development of the role of architecture in cultural heritage throughout history. The role of castles as symbols of authority and later as symbols of local culture and history has changed according to the fluctuations of time and the needs of the contemporary people and thoughts. After majority of the feudal castles were demolished during Japan’s modernization, there have been three distinctive “booms” during which castles have been reconstructed. In the post-war era, dozens of ahistorical concrete replicas of castles were rebuilt concrete as local town symbols, and to many they symbolized the rebuilding of post-war Japan. From the early 1990s, however, a new castle boom has taken place, with the reconstructions emphasizing on using wood and historical evidence. Most notable of these reconstruction projects is the Nagoya Castle reconstruction project, in which the post-war concrete castle tower is to be demolished and rebuilt from wood using original methods and historical plans. This thesis examines these reconstructions in contemporary Japan, aiming to understand how authenticity and cultural heritage are related to this ongoing boom. In this study, a country-wide visitor survey on 10 Japanese castle sites was conducted, supported by two expert interviews from supervisors of two Heisei era castle reconstructions in Ōzu and Kakegawa cities. The findings supported the hypothesis, which suggested that the current appeal of castles is linked not only to their symbolic value to the castle towns, but also their value as objects of cultural heritage. This is why “authentic”, wooden reconstructions are preferred, which was evident from the visitor surveys, as all the respondents favored wooden reconstructions over concrete ones. Furthermore, majority of the respondents wished for more authentic castle reconstructions to be built.
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(2023)While natural language generation (NLG) and large-language models (LLM) seem to be transforming many industries, video games have yet to be affected. This study investigates the potential of using NLG systems to generate dialogue for non-playable characters (NPCs) in role-playing games (RPGs). For this, dialogue data is extracted from six popular RPGs and is then used to fine-tune Microsoft’s GODEL to create an “RPG chatbot” (RPG-GPT). Motivated by computational creativity frameworks, a survey and an interactive experiment were conducted to evaluate the creativity and the effectiveness of RPG-GPT in generating relevant and engaging responses to player input. Survey respondents rated dialogues on a 5-point agree-disagree Likert scale, with questions related to e.g. the relevance of the NPC answers. Results indicate that RPG-GPT can provide relevant responses with a mean difference of game relevance of 3.93 vs. 3.85 of RPG-GPT (p=0.0364). Also, the participants of the interactive experiment reported engagement when interacting with RPG-GPT. Overall, the results suggest that creative NLG has the potential to enhance gaming experiences through task-oriented game dialogue (TOGD) systems. In this framework, creative TOGD systems could solve a common issue where pre-written NPCs are unable to provide the specific information sought by players. Additionally, the study discusses a concept of how players through their interaction with the NLG models can expand the lore of a game, which is a new consideration for game designers and developers when implementing such systems. Future work could explore ways to incorporate external knowledge and context to improve the performance of a TOGD system.
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(2023)While natural language generation (NLG) and large-language models (LLM) seem to be transforming many industries, video games have yet to be affected. This study investigates the potential of using NLG systems to generate dialogue for non-playable characters (NPCs) in role-playing games (RPGs). For this, dialogue data is extracted from six popular RPGs and is then used to fine-tune Microsoft’s GODEL to create an “RPG chatbot” (RPG-GPT). Motivated by computational creativity frameworks, a survey and an interactive experiment were conducted to evaluate the creativity and the effectiveness of RPG-GPT in generating relevant and engaging responses to player input. Survey respondents rated dialogues on a 5-point agree-disagree Likert scale, with questions related to e.g. the relevance of the NPC answers. Results indicate that RPG-GPT can provide relevant responses with a mean difference of game relevance of 3.93 vs. 3.85 of RPG-GPT (p=0.0364). Also, the participants of the interactive experiment reported engagement when interacting with RPG-GPT. Overall, the results suggest that creative NLG has the potential to enhance gaming experiences through task-oriented game dialogue (TOGD) systems. In this framework, creative TOGD systems could solve a common issue where pre-written NPCs are unable to provide the specific information sought by players. Additionally, the study discusses a concept of how players through their interaction with the NLG models can expand the lore of a game, which is a new consideration for game designers and developers when implementing such systems. Future work could explore ways to incorporate external knowledge and context to improve the performance of a TOGD system.
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