Browsing by department "Institutionen för beteendevetenskaper"

In Finnish language there is an opposition between long and short phonemes, so changing the duration of the phone changes the meaning of the word. The purpose of this study was to find out how short and long vowels actualize in the speech of a 2-year-old child and in a speech of an adult in the first syllable of the word. The research question was that is the differentiation between short and long vowels in speech of a child regular and similar to the one in the speech of an adult. For the study I recorded the speech of a 2-year and 5-month-old child and his 29-year-old father as they named object shown in the pictures. First vowels of first syllable of the word was separated from the speech-samples and their duration was measured with Praat-software. Durations of vowels was analysed statistically by comparing both speaker's mean values and standard deviations of short and long phones of every vowel. Child seems to pursue the quantity opposition realized in adult speech, although there is a clearer distinction between durations of short and long vowels in the speech of an adult speaker. Especially short vowels are on average longer in child's speech than in adult's speech, and there is significantly more differences between the mean values of different vowel in the speech of a child. Child also has more deviation in the different variations of the same vowel.

Äänenlaatu on vahvasti liitetty persoonallisuuspiirteiden havaitsemiseen puheesta. Äänenlaadun havaitseminen on subjektiivista tulkintaa ja sitä tutkitaan auditiivisten havaintojen pohjalta. Se on määritelty osaksi puheen ekstra- ja paralingvistisiä piirteitä. Yleisimmät äänenlaatua kuvaavat termit ovat: käheä, karhea, nasaalinen, henkäyssoinnillinen, vuotoinen, ohut, falsettinen, kuiskattu, narina, tiukka tai rento ääni. Persoonallisuuspiirteet ovat mitattavissa ja määriteltävissä oleva joukko ihmisten suhteellisen vakinaisia käyttäytymismalleja, ajatuksia ja tunteita. Viiden suuren persoonallisuuspiirteen mallista on rajattu keskeisimmiksi tutkittavaksi havaintopiirteiksi ulospäin suuntautuneisuuden tasot ekstroversio ja introversio. Tämä kandidaatintutkielma perustuu kiinnostukseen tutkia puhujien persoonallisuuspiirteiden ja eri äänenlaatujen suhteita, Äänenlaadun tarkemman ymmärryksen on todettu auttavan ihmisten välistä kommunikointia, ja se on siksi mielenkiintoinen tutkimusaihe ja valittu tämän tutkielman tarkastelun lähtökohdaksi. Tutkimuksessa pyritään selvittämään pystyykö kuulija havainnoimaan ja arvioimaan puhujan äänenlaadunpiirteiden ja puheen tuottotavan perusteella puhujan ulospäin suuntautuneisuutta. Tutkimukseen osallistui neljä 23–24-vuotiasta naiskoehenkilöä pääkaupunkiseudulta. Tutkittavilta äänitettiin normaalia spontaania puhetta Helsingin yliopiston Käyttäytymistieteiden laitoksen äänitysstudiossa. Puhenäytteet analysoitiin kuulonvaraisesti kahdessa eri ryhmässä. Ensimmäisen ryhmän muodostivat ääninäytteen antaneet puhujat ja toisen ulkopuoliset kuuntelijat. Puhujat täyttivät äänenlaadun havainnoista itsearviointilomakkeen ja tekivät Myers-Briggsin tyyppi-indikaattoriteoriaan pohjautuvan persoonallisuuspiirretestin. Toisen äänenlaadun havaintoryhmän muodosti 5 fonetiikan alan opiskelijaa, jotka arvioivat puhenäytteistä puhujan äänenlaatua, puheen tuottotapaa, sekä persoonallisuuspiirteitä. Tutkimuksen havaintoarvioiden mukaan 75 % koehenkilöistä kuvasti äänenlaatunsa perusteella ekstroverttiä puhujaa. Kuuntelijoiden havaintoarviot vastasivat persoonallisuuspiirretestin tuloksia. Ekstrovertin äänenlaatu havaittiin vaihtelevasti karheaksi, kirkkaaksi, korkeaksi, falsettiseksi ja täyteläiseksi. Otoksen koehenkilöistä 25 % kuvasti äänenlaatunsa perusteella introverttia puhujaa. Havainnot vastasivat piirretestin tulosta. Introvertin puhujan äänenlaaduksi havaittiin yhtenäisesti ohut, nielusointinen, matala, nariseva, vuotoinen ja henkäyssointinen ääni. Puhujien itsearviot vastasivat kuuntelijoiden havaintoja äänenlaadusta, mikä tuki myös taustateoriaa persoonallisuuden heijastumisesta äänenlaatuun. Tulosten perusteella voidaan päätellä, että persoonallisuus vaikuttaa äänenlaatuun ja sitä pystytään havaitsemaan puhujan auditiivisen signaalin ja erityisesti äänenlaadun havainnoinnin perusteella. Tutkimuksessa on kuitenkin otettava huomioon muiden nonlingvististen piirteiden vaikutus koehenkilöistä tehtyihin persoonan havaintoihin vaikka niitä ei tässä yhteydessä ole huomioitu osaksi havaintotutkimusta.

In this Bachelor's Thesis, the effect of the attachment style on the coping strategies of adults in romantic relationships and on the relationship satisfaction is examined. The attachment styles were examined in the framework of the attachment theory developed initially by the British psychiatrist, John Bowlby. The study questions were 1) how individuals of different attachment styles experience relationship satisfaction and what kind of coping strategies they use in emotionally stressful situations and 2) how individuals of different attachment styles experience the dissolution of a relationship. Adult attachment has been studied as an important predictor of romantic relationship quality in many earlier empirical studies which also is a starting point for this study. The Thesis was executed as a descriptive literature review. The research material consisted of 11 peer reviewed articles that were collected from the Academic Search Complete (EBSCO) and the Ovid PsycARTICLES databases of the library of the University of Helsinki. The material collected was limited to the years 2000—2015. All the articles were in English and they were written by international researches. A content analysis was used as an analysis method. The results of all the articles support the view according to which internal working models which are based on the attachment style affect the quality and satisfaction of the relationship. In general, securely attached couples were doing well in their relationships and were able to use many different constructive coping strategies in their relationships. Insecurely attached couples used easily negative coping strategies in emotionally stressful situations which often made relationship conflicts worse and reduced the relationship satisfaction. After the end of the relationships, securely attached individuals tend to have less negative emotions than insecurely attached individuals. It seems that attachment plays also a role in the dissolution of a relationship.

The purpose of this study is to find out intangible rewarding ways in Uimahyppyseura Tiirat Ry. In this study I focus on sport clubs intangible rewarding ways which they offer to clubs actors; what different ways of intangible rewarding is used and how those could be developed? My purpose is to offer information about the different ways of intangible rewarding in the club and their developing needs. To consider different aspects and to ensure coverage and scope of the material, I have chosen actors who have been working in the club already for a longer time. The study uses a theory based content analysis and the classification has been made on the basis of earlier research. Based on the results there are different intangible rewarding ways used in the club. There has not been paid particular attention to rewarding and especially intangible rewarding, and intangible rewarding ways have developed among other activities. There hasn’t been systematic invest in intangible rewarding and the ways of intangible rewarding should be developed in different ways. Moreover the club doesn’t have a rewarding strategy. In the future, the club should develop its intangible rewarding especially in tutoring and feedback which were the major lacks in intangible rewarding. This would improve the employees work motivation and commitment and it would help the club distinguish itself from other competitions in the field.

Tavoitteet. Tämän tutkielman tavoitteena oli selvittää, onko alle kouluikäisten lasten änkytysterapiamenetelmien käytöllä todettu olevan vaikutusta änkytyksen vähenemiseen tai häviämiseen, ja tutkia, minkälainen menetelmien mahdollinen vaikuttavuus on. Änkytys on puheen sujuvuuden häiriö, joka aiheuttaa usein ahdistusta ja huolta lapsessa ja vanhemmissa, ja on tärkeää, että perhe saa siihen halutessaan apua. Puheterapeuttisen kuntoutuksen suunnittelussa erilaisten änkytysterapiamenetelmien tuntemus, sekä tieto niiden vaikuttavuudesta auttavat tekemään parhaat änkytyksen hoitoon liittyvät ratkaisut. Tässä tutkimuksessa kootaan yhteen tietoa erilaisista menetelmistä ja niiden vaikuttavuuksista. Menetelmät. Tutkimus toteutettiin kuvailevana kirjallisuuskatsauksena, ja aineisto koostui kymmenestä vertaisarvioidusta, vuosina 2000-2016 julkaistusta, tutkimusartikkelista, jotka kerättiin Scopus- ja Ebsco-tietokannoista helmikuussa 2016. Molemmissa tietokannoissa hakulausekkeena oli stutter* AND child* AND speech therap* AND (intervent* OR method* OR manag* OR treatment OR rehabilit*). Tulokset ja johtopäätökset. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että alle kouluikäisten lasten änkytysterapiassa käytetään sekä epäsuoria, että suoria terapiamenetelmiä, ja kaikkien aineistossa esiintyneiden menetelmien kohdalla todettiin, että änkytysterapia vaikuttaa merkitsevästi änkytyksen vähenemiseen ja häviämiseen. Kaikkien menetelmien kohdalla raportoitiin lapsista, joiden änkytys hävisi terapian myötä kokonaan, ja niissä tutkimuksissa, joissa oli tutkittu menetelmän pitkäaikaista vaikuttavuutta, todettiin lasten olevan pitkän ajan seurannassa edelleen sujuvia. Tämän kirjallisuuskatsauksen tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että alle kouluikäisten lasten änkytysterapialla voidaan saavuttaa hyviä tuloksia, ja näin ehkäistä monia ongelmia, joita pitkäaikainen ja hoitamaton änkytys voi henkilölle aiheuttaa.

The nature and way of working have changed due to changes in society. As result, perceptions of learning and the skills needed in the work are changing. Well-functioning cooperation between educational institutions and working life is seen as integral in competence development. Working life orientation is a term, which refers to the above-mentioned co-operation. Firstly, the aim of this literature review is to focus on the definitions of working life orientation in context of higher vocational education. Secondly, the objective is to describe the real-life cooperation between higher education and professional life and what the future outlook looks like. The study material consists of Finnish academic studies prepared in the 21st century. Based on the literature review, the concept of working life orientation is used in many ways in different contexts. In general, the concept is used in describing the university of applied science, in the justification for its necessity and in the definition of its function in society. Concretely, the concept is used to describe the cooperation and various forms of education and working life. The working life orientation describes the activities of the university of applied science, such as the design and implementation of the curriculum and the content of teaching. At the individual level, the working life orientation is examined from the perspective of the number and quality of the personal working contacts of teachers and students. This also relates to the success of recruiting and employing students. In addition, the working life orientation was also accompanied with the activity of employer representatives in the planning, evaluation and involvement in education. Cooperation between education and working life appears to be useful according to many studies. However, in practice the targets of the co-operation seem not to materialise. The co-operation seems to lack planning, uniform practices and continuity. The solution to this could be to increase the orientation of all parties involved in education and in student and working life to focus on new knowledge-creation. On the other hand, the studies criticize that the economic growth and competitive advantage targets have an adverse effect on the educational politics.

Our learning environment has become more and more digitalised and thus our society is trying its best to keep up with the technical development. The digitalisation of education is a trending topic as the new Finnish curriculum took effect on August 1st 2016. The question is whether the digitalisation really affects learning and motivation. Previous studies have shown that the use of IT in education can tribute to increased student engagement and higher study motivation. The purpose of this bachelor’s thesis is to find out if there is a connection between the use of IT in education and the study motivation among matriculation candidates. The field study has been conducted using six semistructured depth interviews with matriculation candidates. The results have been analysed deductively. As a theoretical framework I have used Ryan and Deci’s Self Determination Theory. The results of this thesis indicates that IT has a positive impact on the matriculation candidates study motivation as the use of IT makes learning more fun, more versatile and facilitates schoolwork.

In my thesis I study everyday life in families with small children, especially from the mother´s point of view, with three different themes: intimate relationships, physical well-being and social networks. Research question in my thesis is: how everyday life in families with small children is. I am interested in what we really know about life in families with small children and how it is discussed in scientific literature. I examine how intimate relationship, physical well-being and social networks change when a child is born, or do they change. I wonder if mothers themselves can influence the fluency of their everyday life and does the expectations and pressures created by culture affect them. I also examine what are the ways of responding to possible challenges in every-day life and does the child really change everything. I achieve my thesis as a literature review and it is based on versatile sources from many different sciences. There is much comprehensive research from this subject, for example in education theory, social science and in women´s studies. Perceptions about motherhood, intimate relationships and physical well-being has changed a lot during the last decades and IT development has brought new forms of social support. However, the traditional roles, for example in relationships, are also very alive. The key concepts in my thesis are motherhood, everyday life, intimate relation-ship, physical well-being and social networks. With themes I chose I can examine everyday life on families with small children in a versatile and comprehensive way. My the-sis confirmed my belief that even though the everyday life in family with small children can sometimes be challenging and tiring, there can also be many factors that help to maintain well-being. Because everyday life with children is regular, it is easier to place regular exercise and healthy eating moments. In the middle of chaotic child family, it is possible to build new healthier lifestyles for the whole family. Also, the relationship can be strengthened when parenthood unites spouses and brings a new sense of belonging. It is important to note that in everyday life in families with small children, the change is often seen as an opportunity in some positive aspects of life.

The study deals with factors that aim to address HIV-related stigma on the basis of analysis of publications by the HIV Center in 2016. Previous studies have shown that HIV can lead to social isolation and often stigmatizes the carrier. The basis of the study therefore lies in the fears and prejudices that HIV positive people are subject to. The purpose of this study was to analyze the image of the infection presented in the HIV Center’s materials as well as the importance of that image in overcoming the stigma-generating factors. The subject was approached from the perspective of social stigma. The study perceived three HIV-associated stigma-producing factors: deviation from societal norms, fears of easy transmissibility, and assumptions of morbidity and poor prognosis. The research material consists of the HIV Center’s brochures for public use and its 30-year-anniversary publication from 2016. The research method was theory-oriented content analysis. The material was examined in relation to stigma-generating factors in order to find content related to reducing the stigma associated with infection with HIV. The study showed that the HIV infection is a rather well-managed disease in Finland. Manageability manifested itself through two themes: the maintenance of functional capacity, and of an independent lifestyle. Negative attitudes occurred in the effects that restrict the life of the HIV positive. A change in attitudes on a general level will help HIV positive people maintain their functional capacity and an independent lifestyle. Hence, this study considers it important to spread knowledge among the wider population through academic research and open discussion.

Tiivistelmä – Abstrakt – Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine documentation and its role in kindergartens and preschools. This means that I’m going to examine how often documentation is used in kindergartens and preschools, what forms of documentation appear and for what purposes. An important basis for this study is also to find out whether or not documentation is used as a pedagogical tool in kindergartens and preschools. The approach of this study is quantitative and was carried out as a survey. The survey was sent out by email to kindergartens and preschools in Helsinki and Espoo. The spreadsheet software Google Forms was used to collect the samples. Thereafter both Google forms and the spreadsheet of Excel was used to compile and analyze the results. The result shows that documentation is a familiar working procedure for most kindergartens- and preschools teachers. The teachers in kindergartens and preschools document in a wide variety of ways and often have several purposes for it. Documentation is used both as a tool to control and assess children’s skills and knowledge, as well as to follow and influence children’s learning processes and learning. The study also suggests that there is a pedagogical approach behind most used documentation and that there is a positive ambition to use documentation as more than just a “final product”.