Browsing by Subject "kaksoisprosessointiteoriat"

Skillful thinking can be defined and measured by conceptualizing it as reliable thinking processes that lead to rational action. Rational is action by which we reach our goals maximizing the subjective value we feel for achievement. Rational action can be viewed to be based on true beliefs, epistemic rationality. Modern research concerning skillful thinking has taken place in the framework of dual-process theories. The framework is based on findings that humans are susceptible to rationality preventing biases in reasoning. Although the biases are thought universal, some people have been found to able to avoid them. Researchers have categorized thinking to type 1 and type 2 processes, of which type 2 processing represents reliable type. Type 2 processing is linked to intelligence, but also to skillful thinking distinguishable from it. The frameworks laboratory tasks simulating typical decision-making measure both aspects of type 2 processing. By using self-assessment measures, it is also possible to focus on the qualities of skillful thinking alone. As examples of the measurement types this review focuses on the Cognitive Reflection Test and on the Actively Open-minded Thinking scale. It was found in the review that the usability of the Cognitive Reflection Test can be hindered by prior exposure to the test as well as by the publicity it has received. Regarding the Actively Open-minded Thinking scale, the structure of the measure was found to be questionable. The problems require further research. Reviewing the results of the Cognitive Reflection Test also brought up a problem related to the framework more generally. Newest theories of the framework include concepts such as mindware and logical intuitions, which can be used to explain phenomena, but not that well to predict them. The relation between the concepts and skillful thinking requires further clarification in the future.