Browsing by study line "Ihmisen ravitsemus"
Now showing items 41-51 of 51
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(2022)Background: It is known that the dietary patterns adopted in childhood tend to persist into adulthood. Since unhealthy diet is, for instance, a considerable risk factor for non-communicable diseases, it is important to promote the formation of healthy eating habits in children. Food fussiness, a rather common phenomenon in preschool-aged children, is an eating behavior that can adversely affect diet quality. Additionally, it can have other adverse effects on the child and the whole family. It can cause stress in caregivers, for instance. Temperament and emotion regulation are among the various individual and environmental factors that can influence children’s eating behaviors. There is evidence on the association between food fussiness and temperament, especially dimensions of emotionality and negative affectivity. More emotional temperament has been linked with higher food fussiness. However, few studies have investigated whether emotion regulation could be associated with food fussiness. Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the associations of emotion regulation and emotionality to food fussiness in preschool-aged children, and to examine whether emotion regulation interacts with emotionality in predicting food fussiness. These associations were separately examined for anger, fear, sadness, and positive emotions / exuberance. A secondary objective was to examine the prevalence of fussy eating behavior. Methods: This study was cross-sectional using the baseline data of a feasibility study which tested the effectiveness of an educational mobile application among preschool-aged children in Finland and in Poland. 326 children participated in the study at baseline, and 298 had complete data of the food fussiness measure. Emotion regulation and emotionality were assessed with the Emotion Questionnaire, and food fussiness was assessed with a subscale of the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), which both are caregiver-report questionnaires. Linear regression models were used to examine the associations of emotion regulation and emotionality to food fussiness. The prevalence of food fussiness was examined according to cut-offs for the CEBQ subscale (3.00 for moderate or higher food fussiness and 3.33 for severe fussiness), and the difference in the prevalence between the Polish subsample and the Finnish subsample was examined with a chi-square test. Results: The (down)regulation of anger was negatively associated with food fussiness (p=0.022). Emotionality was not associated with food fussiness, in terms of any of the emotions, nor did emotionality and emotion regulation interact. In addition, the prevalence of moderate or higher food fussiness (cut-off 3.00) was significantly (p=0.049) higher in Poland (61%) than in Finland (49%). Conclusions: These results suggest that emotion regulation, possibly specifically in relation to anger, is associated with fussy eating behavior. The direction of the association between anger regulation and food fussiness was in line with previous studies on the association between emotion regulation (or parallel concepts) and food fussiness. The possible causal relationship and mechanisms are subjects for further research.
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(2020)The purpose of this thesis was to find out how a brain-friendly dietary intervention affects plasma metabolites. The data was from the BraVe (Brainfood interVention) study conducted by Fazer, Nokia, Nightingale and Afekta Technologies. 88 working aged men and women underwent an 8-week diet-switch trial: first 4 weeks consisted of a control diet similar to a typical western diet and the following 4 weeks of an intervention diet which emphasized brain-friendly foods. Lunch was controlled and the subjects received nutritional guidance as well as breakfast cereals and healthy snack options to take home. Dietary intake was measured with food diaries and transformed into FFQ-like data and the subjects were divided into four groups based on their diet compliance. Also weight, blood glucose, insulin, CRP, cholesterol and plasma metabolites were measured during the trial. The metabolite samples were analysed with liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and identified with MS-DIAL. Correlations between metabolites and food groups were determined with SPSS. There were 99 significantly correlating (FDR p<0.1) metabolites: phospholipids, phosphatidylcholines, amino acids and acylcarnitines. 42 metabolites remained unknown. The strongest correlations were found between the intake of red meat and PC(O-16:0/20:4) (=0,494, FDR-p<0,001) and LysoPC(O-16:0) (=0,423, FDR-p<0,001) and between the intake of full grain products and 3,2-dihydroksyfenyylivalericacid (=0,418, FDR-p<0,001). Compliance to brain-friendly diet affected the strength and significance of the metabolite correlations . The results of this thesis are similar to those previously found in metabolomics which suggests that the results are valid and the trial successful. These results provide also additional information in the field of metabolomics which can be useful in further research.
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(2022)Background. To achieve healthier diets and to support the transition towards more sustainable food systems, animal protein needs to be replaced with plant-based protein sources as suggested by the EAT-Lancet commission. However, plant-based diets may be harmful to bone health due to lower intakes of vitamin D and calcium. Additionally, whether the different amino acid profiles of plant and animal proteins contribute to bone health has not been addressed. Objectives. The aim was to investigate whether partial replacement of red and processed meat with legumes affects bone turnover and whether the intake of individual amino acids from diverse sources play a role in this relationship. In addition, the intake of nutrients important for bone health such as vitamin D and calcium were examined. Materials and methods. The study was a six-week partly controlled randomized clinical trial carried out in a parallel design. 102 healthy men aged 20 – 65 years were stratified into two groups. The meat group consumed 760 g of boneless and cooked red and processed meat per week corresponding to 25 % of the total protein intake. The legume group consumed legume-based products corresponding to 20 % of the total protein intake and 200 g of red and processed meat per week corresponding to 5% of total protein intake. The rest of the diet was not controlled. Bone turnover and mineral metabolism markers were analyzed from the blood samples. Analysis of covariance (adjust for baseline values) was used to analyze the differences between the groups. Nutrient intake was recorded with 4-day food records and analyzed with t-test. Intakes of protein, amino acids, and bone-related nutrients were of interest. Results. No differences in bone formation (bone-specific alkaline phosphatase) or bone resorption markers (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b) were observed between the diet groups (P=0.875 and P=0.95). Neither parathyroid hormone, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, or phosphate concentrations differed between the groups (P=0.32, P=0.32, P=0.826, P=0.32, respectively). Parathyroid hormone concentrations increased (meat P=0.006; legume P< 0.001) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations decreased significantly in both groups (meat P=0.043; legume P=0.018). Protein, calcium, and vitamin D intakes did not differ between the groups at the endpoint (P=0.276, P=0.271 P=0.840, respectively). Regarding individual amino acids, methionine intake was higher in the meat group (P=0.041) whereas the legume group had higher intakes of arginine (P< 0.001), asparagine and aspartic acid (P=0.001), glutamine and glutamic acid (P=0.008), leucine (P=0.045) phenylalanine (P=0.001), proline (P=0.015), serine (P=0.046) and tyrosine (P=0.029). Mean intakes of nutrients and essential amino acids in both groups were met the recommendations. Conclusions: Our results suggest that increasing the proportion of plant-based protein by replacing red and processed meat in the diet does not cause a risk for bone health and provides adequate amounts of essential amino acids and nutrients. However, it seems that in the present study differing amino acid intakes did not contribute to bone turnover.
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(2022)Background Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as butyrate, acetate and propionate, mainly originate from dietary fibre fermentation in the colon. In recent years, additional gastrointestinal (local) and systemic effects of SCFAs have been observed in vitro and in both animals and humans in vivo. Faecal SCFAs have been associated with several conditions and diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome, type 2 diabetes, colorectal cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Aim(s) The BEAN MAN study was carried out to assess the effects of the partial replacement of red and processed meat with legumes on nutrient intake, nutritional status, and the risk factors of type 2 diabetes, colorectal cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This thesis was part of the BEAN MAN study and investigated the effects of partially replacing red and processed meat with legumes on the concentration and composition of faecal SCFAs in healthy, working-age Finnish men. As a secondary outcome, the intake of dietary fibre and soluble polysaccharides were assessed and correlations between the total and individual SCFAs were analysed. Methods The BEAN MAN study was a 6-week randomized dietary intervention, with two diet groups in a parallel design. The Conventional Finnish diet group (Conventional FIN) was given 760 g/week of red and processed meat, corresponding the average meat consumption of Finnish men. The Flexitarian/Legume group (Flex/Leg) received 200 g/week of red and processed meat, and legume products to provide an equal amount of protein as 560 g of red meat. The faecal samples obtained from the participants before and at the end of the intervention period were freeze-dried, and SCFA were extracted and analysed using gas chromatography. Dietary fibre intake was analysed based on 4-day food records. Results At the endpoint, no significant differences in total (p = 0.560) nor individual SCFAs concentration and composition between the two diet groups were observed (ANCOVA, baseline as a covariate). The dietary fibre intake of the Flex/Leg group was higher (p < 0,001) when compared to the Conventional FIN. This was not the case for soluble polysaccharides. No correlation between the dietary fibre intake and the concentration of total or individual SCFA was found. Conclusion The concentration and composition of faecal SCFAs were not significantly affected by the partial replacement of red and processed meat with legumes during the 6-week intervention. This may highlight a more complex relationship between diet, microbiota and the production of SCFA.
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(2021)Background Endogenous formation of possibly carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds may partly explain the association between red and processed meat and colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of partial replacement of red and processed meat with legumes on the fecal total and heme-originated N-nitroso compounds (NOC) in healthy working-aged Finnish men. Methods The study was a 6-wk parallel design randomized clinical trial with two groups following either a diet supplemented with red and processed meat or a diet supplemented with legumes and red and processed meat. Total and heme-originated NOCs were analyzed from fecal homogenates using Ecomedics CLD 88. Statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 27. Independent samples t-test and Chi-Square test were used to assess the differences between the intervention groups at the baseline. Differences in total and heme-originated NOCs between the intervention groups at the endpoint were analyzed using ANCOVA (adjusted for baseline values). For correlations, Pearson correlation was used. Results 102 men completed the study. No significant differences between the groups were reported at the baseline. At the endpoint, fecal concentrations of total NOC (p < 0.0001) and heme-originated NOC (p < 0.0001) were lower in the legume and red meat group than in the red meat group. A moderate negative correlation between stool volume and NOC concentrations was observed. Conclusions The results indicate that even a partial replacement of red and processed meat with legume products can significantly reduce the total and heme-originated NOC concentrations in feces and potentially reduce the risk for the development of CRC.
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(2022)Background: Birch hemicellulose, mainly composed of glucuronoxylan (GX), is emerging as a sustainable food hydrocolloid. However, studies on health impacts of GX are limited. Aim(s): To study the effects of birch-derived GX on the expression of tight junction proteins in the colonic mucosa of healthy rats. Methods: An animal intervention study was conducted on 42 rats, stratified into three groups that received different diets for 28 days: 1) AIN-93 + 10% of cellulose (control), 2) AIN-93 + 10% of highly purified GX (GXpure), and 3) AIN-93 + 10% polyphenol-and-GX-rich extract (GXpoly). Protein expressions in the proximal and distal colon were analysed with western blot and examined with ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests. Results: In the proximal colon, no statistically significant differences in occludin, claudin-1 and claudin-7 expression were observed between the control and GX-diet groups. Similarly, no statistically significant differences in all tight junction proteins expressions were observed between the three groups. There were no differences in the results when adjusted for sex. Conclusion: The findings suggest that birch-derived GX consumption did not significantly alter the expression of TJ proteins, which is a positive sign for its usage as food hydrocolloids. As this is one of the first studies on this topic, further research, especially on a diseased model, is needed before determining the safety of birch-derived GX for human consumption.
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(2023)Background: Consumption of vegetables, fruits, and berries (VFB) is connected to better health. However, most Finnish adults fail to consume the recommended 500 grams a day. Service workers share risk factors for poor financial situation and low socioeconomic status (SES). Low SES is often perceived as a barrier to healthy eating and is associated with low intake of VFB. Food choice motives (FCMs) are associated with dietary choices. Aims: This thesis aimed to investigate, how sociodemographic factors and VFB consumption are associated. Another aim was to research, if service working adults’ FCMs of eating “healthy”, “locally grown”, “environmentally friendly” and “rich in VFB” diet are associated with their VFB consumption and if income level or self-perceived adequacy of income moderate the associations. Materials and Methods: The data was gathered in 2019 from PAM members (N=6435) with a questionnaire and data provided by Statistical Finland from 2019 connected to the questionnaire answers. VFB consumption frequencies and sociodemographic variables were studied with one-way ANOVAs. VFB consumptions, FCMs, and income levels were analysed with correlations. Linear regression models were built for FCMs and VFB consumptions and adjusted with two sets of sociodemographic factors. The first models of VFB consumption and absolute FCMs were moderated with income level and income adequacy. Results: Women, married and university-level educated participants, participants considering themselves healthy and reporting adequate income consumed more VFB than their counterparts. FCMs correlated with VFB consumptions and were able to explain 10-20% of their variation. Self-perceived adequacy of income did not moderate the associations. However, the interaction effect of income level was significant with FCM “healthy” p<0.01 and with FCM “rich in VFB” p<0.01 and berry consumption. Those with higher income levels ate more berries when the FCMs were reported as unimportant, but less when the FCMs were reported as very important, compared to those with lower income levels. Conclusions: Even though the participants had financial difficulties, the FCMs were associated with the service workers’ VFB consumption. The interaction effect of income level was significant with FCMs “healthy” and “rich in VFB” and berry consumption.
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(2024)Background. Chronic diseases are characterised by an increase of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the systemic circulation, a marker of gut permeability and inflammation. The intake of red and processed meat (RPM) is associated with the development of chronic diseases. In Finland, men consume about 760 g/week of RPM, which is higher than the intake recommended by the EAT-Lancet’s planetary diet (maximum 196 g/week). Studies that investigate the effects of combining plant- and animal-based protein intake on gut health and immunity are limited. The aim of this thesis is to answer whether the partial replacement of RPM intake with legume-based products would prevent the translocation of LPS from the gut to the systemic circulation of healthy Finnish men. Methods. Altogether 102 participants were recruited in Finland for the Bean man study. They were stratified and randomly divided into two dietary groups for six-weeks intervention trial: the RPM group (Meat) and the RPM and bean group (Bean). The serum was collected and used to investigate the Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) activation by LPS in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells 293 carrying TLR4, by using the QUANTI-Blue™ colorimetric assay. Statistical analysis included t-test, ANCOVA and Pearson’s correlation analysis with the p value set at 0,05. Results. There were no differences in TLR4 activation between the intervention groups (p=0,59). Red meat and processed meat intakes were weakly correlated with TLR4 activation (p= 0,08 and p= 0,013 respectively), Body Mass Index and age were not correlated with TLR4 activation (p= 0.87 and p=0.81, respectively). Conclusions. Partially replacing RPM with legume-based products did not show a significant decrease in TLR4 activation in vitro among the bean group.
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Validity of food photographs for portion size estimation among Nairobian women of reproductive age (2022)Introduction The coexistence of obesity and undernutrition referred to as the double burden of malnutrition (DBM), has been reported in low- and middle-income countries, including Kenya. Women are especially vulnerable to malnutrition due to their nutritional needs during pregnancy and lactation, highlighting the importance of assessing their dietary intake to address their food and nutrition security. However, accurate portion size estimation has been found to be challenging during dietary surveys. Food photographs are useful for estimating portion sizes and are easy to use in dietary surveys. Objectives To assess the validity of food photographs in portion size estimation of commonly consumed foods among women of reproductive age (13-45 years) in Nairobi. The second aim was to examine the association of sociodemographic characteristics such as age and educational level on the accuracy of portion size estimations. Methodology A validation study was carried out among 206 women of reproductive age (13-45 years) in Kahawa West, Nairobi County. Eleven commonly consumed Kenyan foods (ugali, chapati, rice, beans, beef, sukuma wiki, tilapia, sweet banana, orange, pawpaw and watermelon) were chosen to be tested from the Photographic Food Atlas for Kenyan Adolescents (9-14 years). The participants were randomly served pre-weighed food portions based on those in the Food Atlas (in most cases there were three different portion sizes). In most cases, the food portions were similar in weight to those depicted in the food photographs. After the meal, participants were asked to estimate the amount of food consumed using food photographs from the Food Atlas. Any leftover food was recorded and the amount of food consumed was calculated as the difference between the amount weighed and the amount left. Validity was assessed by calculating the mean percent difference between estimated and consumed portions, percentage of estimates within -10 to 10% of consumed portion size, Spearman’s correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman limits of agreement. Pearson’s Chi-square test was used to examine the associations between the accuracy of estimations and participants’ age and educational level. Results Correlations between consumed and estimated portions were significant for all food items except for watermelon (p=0.380). The proportion of participants with estimates within ± 10% of the consumed portion size was above 50% for four of the food items including chapati, sukuma wiki, rice and beef; four other food items, including ugali, pawpaw, orange and tilapia, correct estimates ranged from 43-47%; and for the remaining three food items, including beans, sweet banana and watermelon, correct estimates ranged from 15-34%. Extreme mean differences between the consumed and estimated portion sizes by photograph were between -45% for beans to 563% for pawpaw. In most of the food items, small portions were overestimated while large portions were underestimated. Bland–Altman plots showed wide limits of agreement. The accuracy of estimations was not associated with participants’ age or educational level. Conclusion The food photographs for chapati, sukuma wiki, rice and beef from the Food Atlas for Kenyan adolescents seem to be a valid tool for quantification of portion sizes for women of reproductive age in Nairobi. However, the findings of this study suggest that further improvements are needed to the Food Atlas for wider use in Kenya.
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Verenpaine- ja kolesterolilääkkeiden käytön yhteys ruokatottumuksiin ikääntyvillä päijäthämäläisillä (2020)Verenpainetta ja kolesterolia alentavien lääkkeiden käyttö yleistyy väestön lisääntyvän lihomisen vuoksi. Rationaalinen lääkehoito on keskeinen hoitokeino etenkin perinnöllisen alttiuden sydän- ja verisuonitauteihin omaavilla henkilöillä. Lääkehoidon lisäksi on tärkeää huomioida elintapamuutoksen rooli ruokavalion, liikunnan, tupakoinnin ja alkoholin käytön osalta, koska kohonneet verenpaine- ja kolesteroliarvot johtuvat ensisijaisesti epäterveellisistä elintavoista. Aikaisemman tutkimuksen perusteella lääkkeitä käyttävät eivät muuta elintapojaan terveellisemmiksi ja heidän vyötärönympäryksensä on suurempi verrattuna lääkkeitä käyttämättömiin. Tämän vuoksi on tärkeää tutkia verenpaine- ja kolesterolilääkkeitä käyttävien ruokatottumuksia ja muita elämäntyylejä. Verenpaine- ja kolesterolilääkkeitä käyttävien ruokavalintoja on tutkittu kansainvälisesti jonkin verran, mutta suomalaisten näitä lääkkeitä käyttävien ruokavalinnoista ei ole kovinkaan paljon tutkimustietoa saatavilla. Tämän pro gradu -tutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvittää ruoankäytön eroavaisuuksia verenpaine- ja kolesterolilääkkeitä käyttävillä ja niitä käyttämättömillä 62-86 vuotiailla päijäthämäläisillä vuonna 2012 ja vastata kysymyksiin: Millaiset ruokatottumukset verenpaine- ja kolesterolilääkkeitä käyttävillä on verrattuna niitä käyttämättömiin? Onko verenpaine- ja kolesterolilääkkeiden käytöllä yhteys ruokatottumuksiin ikääntyvillä päijäthämäläisillä? Onko verenpaine- ja kolesterolilääkkeiden käytöllä yhteyttä ruokavalion terveellisyyteen? Tutkielman tulokset antavat lisää tietoa verenpaine- ja kolesterolilääkkeitä käyttävien ruokatottumuksista ja elintavoista. Tarpeeksi kattavan tutkimuksen ja vahvan tutkimusnäytön avulla voidaan luoda suosituksia ja ohjata lääkkeitä käyttäviä parempiin valintoihin, niin yksilöllisellä kuin yhteiskunnallisella tasolla. Tietoa voidaan mahdollisesti jatkossa hyödyntää kun suunnitellaan elintapaneuvontaa lääkityksen aloitusta suunniteltaessa, sen aloituksen yhteydessä ja säännöllisesti lääkkeiden käytön aikana. Pro gradun tutkimusväestönä oli päijäthämäläinen väestökohortti, joka muodostui kolmesta ikäluokasta (tutkimuksen alkaessa iältään 52–56, 62–66, ja 72–76 vuotta (n=2 815) Tutkimushenkilöt täyttivät elintapoja ja terveydentilaa koskevia kyselyitä. Tutkielmassa hyödynnettiin Ikihyvä -Päijät-Häme 2012- tutkimuksen aineiston ruokafrekvenssikyselyn ja lääkkeidenkäyttö kysymysten vastauksia. Otos oli (n=969), joista naisten osuus oli 54% ja miesten 46%. Verenpaine- ja kolesterolilääkkeitä käyttävien ja käyttämättömien ravitsemuksen tarkastelun työkaluksi muodostettiin ravitsemussuositusten mukainen terveellisen ruokavalion pisteytys. Pisteytys mittaa ainoastaan ruokavalion kokonaisuutta, joten tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin lisäksi siihen valittujen elintarvikeryhmien käyttöä yksi kerrallaan. Ruokatottumusten lisäksi tarkastelussa olivat muista elintavoista liikunta, tupakointi ja alkoholin käyttö. Aineistoa tutkittiin Khiin neliötestillä ja varianssianalyysillä, joissa tutkittiin lääkkeenkäyttöryhmien eroja ruokatottumuksissa. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella ei voida todeta, että verenpaine- ja kolesterolilääkkeiden käyttö tai toisaalta käyttämättömyys olisi yhteydessä suositusten mukaisiin ruokatottumuksiin. Tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja ruokatottumuksissa ei ollut lääkkeenkäyttöryhmien välillä. Terveellisen ravitsemuksen ja elämäntyylin avulla on mahdollista vaikuttaa ikääntyvien sydän- ja verisuonitautiriskiin. Sekä lääkitystä, että elämäntapainterventioita tarvitaan ikääntyvillä kohonneen verenpaineen ja veren kolesterolitason alentamiseksi
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(2022)Tausta: Matalan- ja keskitulotason maissa ruokavaliot voivat usein olla yksipuolisia ja aliravitsemus on myös yleistä alueella. Aiempien tutkimusten mukaan villiruokien kulutus saattaa olla yhteydessä ihmisten ruokavalioihin ja niiden monipuolisuuteen etenkin maaseudulla. Useat tekijät voivat kuitenkin vaikuttaa ruuan kulutukseen tietystä lähteestä kuten sosiodemografiset tekijät. Tästä huolimatta maan käytön muutokset ja metsien häviäminen saattavat heikentää villiruokien saatavuutta ja siksi on tärkeää tutkia niiden roolia ruokavalioissa ja ruokavalioiden monipuolisuudessa. Erityisesti luonnoltaan monimuotoisessa Laosissa, jossa talouskasvu on ollut nopeaa ja kaupallinen maatalous on lisääntynyt, mutta aliravitsemus on edelleen kansanterveysongelma. Tavoitteet: Tutkimuksen päätavoitteena oli tutkia laosilaisten aikuisten luonnosta kerättyjen villiruokien kulutuksen ja ruokavalion monipuolisuuden välisiä yhteyksiä Nambakin alueella Pohjois-Laosissa. Toisena tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten erilaiset ruuan lähteet (oma tuotanto, ostettu tai luonnosta kerätty) eroavat kotitalouksien sosiodemografisten taustojen mukaan. Menetelmät: Aineisto oli kerätty vuonna 2019 kotitalouskyselyillä, jotka sisälsivät myös seitsemän päivän frekvenssityyppisen ruuankäyttökyselyn 90 kotitaloudelle kolmessa kylässä Laosin maaseudulla. Kotitalouden materiaaliseen varallisuuteen perustuva varallisuusindeksi luotiin pääkomponenttianalyysillä ja kotitalouden korkein koulutus valittiin edustamaan kotitalouden koulutusasemaa. Luonnosta kerättyjen villiruokien monipuolisuutta ja kotitalouksien (n=89) ja naisten ruokavalion monipuolisuuden pistemääriä (n=46) analysoitiin yleistetyillä lineaarisilla malleilla (kaksiarvoinen logistinen malli), jotka oli vakioitu kolmella varallisuusryhmällä ja kotitalouden koulutusasemalla. Lisäksi kotitalouden varallisuuden, koulutusaseman ja ruokien monipuolisuutta eri lähteistä (vastaajan oma tuotanto, ostettu tai luonnosta kerätty) välisiä yhteyksiä analysoitiin yleistetyillä lineaarisilla malleilla (lineaarinen malli). Tulokset: Luonnosta kerättyjen villiruokien kulutus oli yleistä ja 90 % vastaajista kulutti niitä ainakin kerran edellisten seitsemän päivän aikana. Luonnosta kerättyjen villiruokien suurempi monipuolisuus oli yhteydessä pienempään kotitalouden (OR=0.64, 95 % CI 0.47-0.89) ja naisten (OR=0.49, 95 % CI 0.28-0.84) ruokavalion monipuolisuuden pistemäärän todennäköisyyteen. Kotitalouden matalampi koulutusasema oli yhteydessä suurempaan luonnosta kerättyjen villiruokien monipuolisuuteen verrattaessa korkeimpaan kotitalouden koulutusasemaan. Varallisuusryhmät eivät olleet yhteydessä erilaisiin kulutettujen ruokien lähteisiin. Päätelmät: Tulokset osoittavat, että villiruokien kulutuksen ja kotitalouksien ja naisten ruokavalioiden monipuolisuuden yhteys on monimutkainen ja siihen mahdollisesti vaikuttavat useat erilaiset tekijät. Aiheesta tarvitaan lisää tutkimustietoa validoiduilla ruuankäytön mittaamisen menetelmillä Laosista.
Now showing items 41-51 of 51