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  • Peltonen, Assi (2016)
    Aim. Maternal attachment towards the child starts to form already during pregnancy. It is suggested that antenatal attachment increases during pregnancy and at the end of the pregnancy it is at the highest level. However, longitudinal studies of continuity in antenatal attachment are lacking. The present study aims to investigate the continuity of maternal antenatal attachment during pregnancy, the continuity of attachment from antenatal to postnatal period and the associations of maternal prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms to both maternal antenatal and postnatal attachment. Methods. The study is part of a larger longitudinal multidisciplinary project called PREDO Project 'Prediction and Prevention of Pre-eclampsia'. The present study sample comprised 3206 singleton mother. Maternal antenatal attachment was assessed with the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (MAAS) filled in at 12 and 26 weeks of gestation and postnatal attachment with the Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale (MPAS) filled in at six months postpartum. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed with the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale completed bi-weekly from 12 to 26 weeks of gestation and six months after the delivery. The regression analysis was used to explore the associations. We adjusted models for demographic factors and maternal depressive symptoms. In addition, the mediating effect of maternal depressive symptoms on the associations between maternal antenatal attachment at 12 and 26 gestational weeks and between antenatal and postnatal attachment were studied with Sobel test. Results and conclusions. Higher level of maternal antenatal attachment at the end of the first trimester was associated with higher level of attachment at the end of the second trimester and at six months after the delivery. The maternal depressive symptoms during and after the pregnancy were negatively associated with maternal antenatal and postnatal attachment. Maternal depressive symptoms mediated the associations between antenatal attachment and between antenatal and postnatal attachment. The results indicate that maternal antenatal attachment starts to form from early on pregnancy. Maternal depressive symptoms are a significant risk-factor for maternal attachment process. Increasing awareness of the importance of enhancing mother-fetal attachment from the beginning of the pregnancy is important because it shows high continuity to the postnatal life.
  • Kolu, Emma (2017)
    Concerning immigration and refugee issues, in politics, media and research, often the focus seems to be from an administrational point of view only the asylum process. However, especially in administration, refugee reception does not end in asylum decisions. This study examines organizational decision-making and public policy formation in the case of Finnish refugee reception, after granted residence permits. Instead of political decision-making, the focus is on how the issue is dealt with before authoritative politics, on the ministry level. The particular interest is municipal refugee resettlement, complemented with questions of ministry division of labor and connections between administrational and political levels, which emerged during the analysis. The time perspective is from the 1970s, the start of modern refugee reception, until today. The theoretical background is in the bounded rationality paradigm of organizational decision-making theories. The framework is more specifically a combination of the garbage can theory by Cohen, March and Olsen, and the agendas and alternatives approach to policy formation processes by Kingdon. The study analyses general development and 11 decision situations more closely. The ministry level documents of these situations are analyzed through interpretive content analysis, with coding and a strive to thick analysis. Based on the theories, load, effectivity, access structure, participation, agenda and the problems and solutions are looked at. After reflecting the streams and structures of this considered organized anarchy, it is concluded, that the long-term development path of refugee reception administration can not be seen as a classically rational and efficient progress, but more of a coincidental, chaotic and stalled process. Changes either go back and forth, like the responsible ministry, or stay very still, like the municipal resettlement compensation system. Even though solutions claimed to address problems and despite decisions, many problems persisted and resurfaced often. Decision-making is not only an activity of solving problems, but a collection of separate streams. There were problems looking for solutions and decision situations, but also decision situations looking for problems and solutions, and solutions looking for situations and problems. According to this analysis the process and outcomes are affected by features, such as context, load and structures. The theoretical background provided suitable concepts and definitions to examine this type of ambiguous policy field, with multiple actors, problems and solutions, and complex relations to politics. The strength of this framework is especially in distinguishing elements.
  • Kolu, Emma (2017)
    Concerning immigration and refugee issues, in politics, media and research, often the focus seems to be from an administrational point of view only the asylum process. However, especially in administration, refugee reception does not end in asylum decisions. This study examines organizational decision-making and public policy formation in the case of Finnish refugee reception, after granted residence permits. Instead of political decision-making, the focus is on how the issue is dealt with before authoritative politics, on the ministry level. The particular interest is municipal refugee resettlement, complemented with questions of ministry division of labor and connections between administrational and political levels, which emerged during the analysis. The time perspective is from the 1970s, the start of modern refugee reception, until today. The theoretical background is in the bounded rationality paradigm of organizational decision-making theories. The framework is more specifically a combination of the garbage can theory by Cohen, March and Olsen, and the agendas and alternatives approach to policy formation processes by Kingdon. The study analyses general development and 11 decision situations more closely. The ministry level documents of these situations are analyzed through interpretive content analysis, with coding and a strive to thick analysis. Based on the theories, load, effectivity, access structure, participation, agenda and the problems and solutions are looked at. After reflecting the streams and structures of this considered organized anarchy, it is concluded, that the long-term development path of refugee reception administration can not be seen as a classically rational and efficient progress, but more of a coincidental, chaotic and stalled process. Changes either go back and forth, like the responsible ministry, or stay very still, like the municipal resettlement compensation system. Even though solutions claimed to address problems and despite decisions, many problems persisted and resurfaced often. Decision-making is not only an activity of solving problems, but a collection of separate streams. There were problems looking for solutions and decision situations, but also decision situations looking for problems and solutions, and solutions looking for situations and problems. According to this analysis the process and outcomes are affected by features, such as context, load and structures. The theoretical background provided suitable concepts and definitions to examine this type of ambiguous policy field, with multiple actors, problems and solutions, and complex relations to politics. The strength of this framework is especially in distinguishing elements.
  • Kolu, Emma (2017)
    Concerning immigration and refugee issues, in politics, media and research, often the focus seems to be from an administrational point of view only the asylum process. However, especially in administration, refugee reception does not end in asylum decisions. This study examines organizational decision-making and public policy formation in the case of Finnish refugee reception, after granted residence permits. Instead of political decision-making, the focus is on how the issue is dealt with before authoritative politics, on the ministry level. The particular interest is municipal refugee resettlement, complemented with questions of ministry division of labor and connections between administrational and political levels, which emerged during the analysis. The time perspective is from the 1970s, the start of modern refugee reception, until today. The theoretical background is in the bounded rationality paradigm of organizational decision-making theories. The framework is more specifically a combination of the garbage can theory by Cohen, March and Olsen, and the agendas and alternatives approach to policy formation processes by Kingdon. The study analyses general development and 11 decision situations more closely. The ministry level documents of these situations are analyzed through interpretive content analysis, with coding and a strive to thick analysis. Based on the theories, load, effectivity, access structure, participation, agenda and the problems and solutions are looked at. After reflecting the streams and structures of this considered organized anarchy, it is concluded, that the long-term development path of refugee reception administration can not be seen as a classically rational and efficient progress, but more of a coincidental, chaotic and stalled process. Changes either go back and forth, like the responsible ministry, or stay very still, like the municipal resettlement compensation system. Even though solutions claimed to address problems and despite decisions, many problems persisted and resurfaced often. Decision-making is not only an activity of solving problems, but a collection of separate streams. There were problems looking for solutions and decision situations, but also decision situations looking for problems and solutions, and solutions looking for situations and problems. According to this analysis the process and outcomes are affected by features, such as context, load and structures. The theoretical background provided suitable concepts and definitions to examine this type of ambiguous policy field, with multiple actors, problems and solutions, and complex relations to politics. The strength of this framework is especially in distinguishing elements.
  • Kolu, Emma (2017)
    Concerning immigration and refugee issues, in politics, media and research, often the focus seems to be from an administrational point of view only the asylum process. However, especially in administration, refugee reception does not end in asylum decisions. This study examines organizational decision-making and public policy formation in the case of Finnish refugee reception, after granted residence permits. Instead of political decision-making, the focus is on how the issue is dealt with before authoritative politics, on the ministry level. The particular interest is municipal refugee resettlement, complemented with questions of ministry division of labor and connections between administrational and political levels, which emerged during the analysis. The time perspective is from the 1970s, the start of modern refugee reception, until today. The theoretical background is in the bounded rationality paradigm of organizational decision-making theories. The framework is more specifically a combination of the garbage can theory by Cohen, March and Olsen, and the agendas and alternatives approach to policy formation processes by Kingdon. The study analyses general development and 11 decision situations more closely. The ministry level documents of these situations are analyzed through interpretive content analysis, with coding and a strive to thick analysis. Based on the theories, load, effectivity, access structure, participation, agenda and the problems and solutions are looked at. After reflecting the streams and structures of this considered organized anarchy, it is concluded, that the long-term development path of refugee reception administration can not be seen as a classically rational and efficient progress, but more of a coincidental, chaotic and stalled process. Changes either go back and forth, like the responsible ministry, or stay very still, like the municipal resettlement compensation system. Even though solutions claimed to address problems and despite decisions, many problems persisted and resurfaced often. Decision-making is not only an activity of solving problems, but a collection of separate streams. There were problems looking for solutions and decision situations, but also decision situations looking for problems and solutions, and solutions looking for situations and problems. According to this analysis the process and outcomes are affected by features, such as context, load and structures. The theoretical background provided suitable concepts and definitions to examine this type of ambiguous policy field, with multiple actors, problems and solutions, and complex relations to politics. The strength of this framework is especially in distinguishing elements.
  • Kolu, Emma (2017)
    Concerning immigration and refugee issues, in politics, media and research, often the focus seems to be from an administrational point of view only the asylum process. However, especially in administration, refugee reception does not end in asylum decisions. This study examines organizational decision-making and public policy formation in the case of Finnish refugee reception, after granted residence permits. Instead of political decision-making, the focus is on how the issue is dealt with before authoritative politics, on the ministry level. The particular interest is municipal refugee resettlement, complemented with questions of ministry division of labor and connections between administrational and political levels, which emerged during the analysis. The time perspective is from the 1970s, the start of modern refugee reception, until today. The theoretical background is in the bounded rationality paradigm of organizational decision-making theories. The framework is more specifically a combination of the garbage can theory by Cohen, March and Olsen, and the agendas and alternatives approach to policy formation processes by Kingdon. The study analyses general development and 11 decision situations more closely. The ministry level documents of these situations are analyzed through interpretive content analysis, with coding and a strive to thick analysis. Based on the theories, load, effectivity, access structure, participation, agenda and the problems and solutions are looked at. After reflecting the streams and structures of this considered organized anarchy, it is concluded, that the long-term development path of refugee reception administration can not be seen as a classically rational and efficient progress, but more of a coincidental, chaotic and stalled process. Changes either go back and forth, like the responsible ministry, or stay very still, like the municipal resettlement compensation system. Even though solutions claimed to address problems and despite decisions, many problems persisted and resurfaced often. Decision-making is not only an activity of solving problems, but a collection of separate streams. There were problems looking for solutions and decision situations, but also decision situations looking for problems and solutions, and solutions looking for situations and problems. According to this analysis the process and outcomes are affected by features, such as context, load and structures. The theoretical background provided suitable concepts and definitions to examine this type of ambiguous policy field, with multiple actors, problems and solutions, and complex relations to politics. The strength of this framework is especially in distinguishing elements.
  • Lund, Charlotta (2020)
    I denna text undersöker jag teorier om lek inom gränssnittet mellan filosofi och psykoanalytisk teori. Fokus ligger på det omedvetnas förhållande till leken och lekandet, samt de upplevelser av lidande eller lycka som är förknippade med förmågan eller oförmågan att leka. I denna text betraktas nämnda lek inte som en specifik aktivitet, utan i enlighet med Johan Huizingas teori som ett tillstånd som genomsyrar all mänsklig kultur och meningsskapande verksamhet. Arbetet har gjorts som en litteraturstudie där tre centrala teoretiker har utvalts för närmare analys. Av dessa är den första Robert Pfaller och hans teori om leken som en illusion utan ägare, där leken representerar en form av ironisk distans som tillåter subjektet att utvinna njutning ur olika praktiker och kollektiva föreställningar. Den andra teoretiska helheten utgörs av Donald Winnicotts objektrelationsteoretiska förståelse av leken, som placerar den inom det så kallade övergångsområdet mellan två personer i en relation. Hos Winnicott blir lekens njutning till genom den avkoppling från drifterna som en förtroendefull relation möjliggör, snarare än som produkt av en viss libidinal ekonomi. Den tredje teoretiska helheten utgörs av Julia Kristevas teori om primärnarcissismen, det semiotiska och abjektionen, som gör det möjligt att spåra leken till de allra tidigaste och kroppsliga erfarenheterna där det som inte ännu är ett subjekt formas i relation till det moderliga, icke-subjektiva. Avslutningsvis diskuteras centrala likheter och skillnader mellan dessa teoretikers syn på leken, särskilt i fråga om deras syn på hur den för leken nödvändiga paradoxen ska förvaltas samt på vilket sätt lekens läkande potential ska förstås.
  • Wahlsten, Lene (2017)
    I min pro gradu-avhandling behandlas den samtida skolarkitekturens och dess förhållande till aktuella pedagogiska värderingar genom en fallstudie av arkitekturen och rumsstrukturen i Bastvikens skola (Saunalahden koulu). Skolan i Bastviken som stod färdig hösten 2012 har planerats av Verstas arkitektbyrå och har lyfts fram som en exemplarisk skolbyggnad. Förnyandet av pedagogiken och de nationella grunderna för läroplanen samt uppkomsten av nya typer av planlösningar i nybyggda skolbyggnader utgör bakgrunden för avhandlingen. Inom dagens skolarkitekturdiskurs talar man allmänt om öppna och integrerade rumslösningar, vilket även karaktäriserar skolan i Bastviken och gör den till ett ändamålsenligt forskningsobjekt. I avhandlingen utreds om skolbyggnadens arkitektoniska utformning kan ses som ett utryck för dagens pedagogiska tankegångar gällande utbildning och inlärning och hur detta tar sig i uttryck i rumsstrukturen. I analysen av skolan i Bastviken undersöks om de nya skolbyggnadernas rumskonfiguration kan antas reproducera, förstärka och stöda en viss typs socialstruktur och verksamhetskultur i skolorna. Alternativa och nya undervisningsutrymmen som aulor och hemområden utanför klassrumet analyseras i avhandlingen. Utgångspunkten för avhandling är att den byggda miljön och arkitekturen som omger kan ses som både en formare och skapare av olika kulturella och sociala betydelser och strukturer. I de nybyggda skolorna föredras ofta transparenta arkitektoniska lösningar, vilket bidrar till en utökad genomsynlighet både in i skolbyggnaden och i skolinteriören. I avhandlingen behandlas den transparenta arkitekturens betydelser inom den samtida arkitekturen samt dess bakgrund som en del av den moderna arkitekturens diskurs. I avhandlingens analys av skolbyggnaden diskuteras den transparenta arkitekturen i förbindelse med skolinstitutionens profil och hur transparensen inverkar på de makt- och kontrollstrukturer som uppstår i skolan. Avhandlingens analys stöder sig på tvärvetenskaplig litteratur från den konstvetenskapliga, den beteendevetenskapliga och den sociologiska disciplinen. Tidigare forskning inom det nordiska forskningsfältet som berör skolarkitekturens betydelser och förhållande till pedagogik utgör det huvudsakliga referensmaterialet för analysen av rumsstrukturen i Bastvikens skola. Analysens material och källor består av skolbyggnadens tävlingsprogram och planritningar, grunderna för läroplanen för den grundläggande utbildningen 2004 och 2014, Bastvikens skolas läroplan från 2016, egna observationer av skolutrymmet och dess tillämpning samt intervjuer med skolans ledning. I analysen av rumsstrukturen i byggnaden har den rumssyntaktiska teorin av Bill Hillier och Julienne Hanson samt tidigare forskning som studerat skolbyggnader med hjälp av den rumssyntaktiska metoden tillämpats. Analysen av arkitekturen i Bastvikens skola visar att skolans rumskonfiguration kan beskrivas som öppen och väl integrerad. Den integrerade rumsstrukturen med de nya undervisningsutrymmena kan tolkas stöda integrationstänkandet samt en utökad fokus på kommunikation i inlärningsprocessen, vilket idag förespråkas inom pedagogiken. Olika arkitektoniska lösningar i skolbyggnaden bidrar till en utökad rumslig och visuell förbindelse mellan skolans utrymmen. Detta understöder ett teamarbetssätt mellan lärarna och möjliggör en spatialt splittrad undervisning samt ett mer flexibelt utnyttjande av skolans olika utrymmen i undervisningen, något som även omnämns i läroplanen. Utrymmena i Bastvikens skola karaktäriseras av en mjuk funktionalitet, vilket innebär att de är utformade för både rekreation och undervisningsverksamhet. Detta har i avhandlingen tolkats leda till en uppluckring av den tidigare segmenterade skolmiljön. Klassrummet har delvis mist sin ställning som ett slutet rum för inlärning medan korridorer och aulor ej lägre endast kan ses som elevernas mer fria och okontrollerade områden. Den transparenta arkitekturen i Bastvikens skola kan tolkas som ett delvis medvetet retoriskt medel med hjälp av vilket skolinstitutionen önskar förmedla sin nya profil som mer öppen mot samhället. Transparensen i skolinteriören kan ses som ett uttryck för att arkitekturen utgör en del av skolans kontrollsystem. De transparenta lösningarna i Bastvikens skola kan tolkas leda till en avindividualisering av kontrollen som därmed i allt större utsträckning bygger på elevernas och lärarnas självkontroll.
  • Sarpo, Saana (2019)
    This thesis studies the European Union’s approach to the reconstruction of Syria. It focuses on the years 2016-2019, when the discussion on the reconstruction has been the most prominent. The official European Union stance on the reconstruction is that the EU will participate in the reconstruction of Syria only when a credible and meaningful political process, based on the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254 and the Geneva Communique, and negotiated by the Syrian parties, is firmly underway. The thesis analyses this stance in-depth defines the key elements of the approach and explores dilemmas that arise from the clash between the approach and conflict context. Post-conflict reconstruction is linked to the post-conflict peacebuilding framework. It can encompass political, social and economic aspects of rebuilding states after wars. When external, mainly western and international, actors participate in reconstruction, they have often promoted liberal peace, including democracy, market economy and modern state institutions. This has led to so called statebuilding approach, which focuses on strengthening state institutions and promoting good governance. The EU’s approach is analysed in this framework, with a focus on normative power. The EU has been described asa normative power, which has been constructed on a normative basis and promotes normative principles in its international relations. To analyse the reconstruction approach, this thesis uses publicly available documents from relevant EU bodies as a source for the analysis. Main focus is with the European External Action Service documents, with inputs from relevant documents from other bodies. The source materials are analysed and categorised using Qualitative Content Analysis method. The key findings of the research are that the EU’s approach is based on strong economic power leverage and promotion of normative principles with a focus on reforming the political system and facilitating reconciliation. The reconstruction assistance is used as a leverage to push Syrian parties and their allies to the peace negotiations in Geneva under the UN auspices. The EU legitimates its role through emphasising its neutral longer-term approach that is based on humanitarian principles and support for Syrian voices and ownership. It also externalises its normative identity as a peace project as the source of credibility in promoting peace. The approach has had little effect on the Assad government, which has strengthened its grip on state structures. This poses a dilemma to the EU and other international actors: how to fulfil humanitarian objectives without legitimating the government? The concept of reconstruction with its flexibility has shown that many activities can and are done under other terms such as early recovery and stabilisation. However, operating like this can undermine the official political stance.
  • Sarpo, Saana (2019)
    This thesis studies the European Union’s approach to the reconstruction of Syria. It focuses on the years 2016-2019, when the discussion on the reconstruction has been the most prominent. The official European Union stance on the reconstruction is that the EU will participate in the reconstruction of Syria only when a credible and meaningful political process, based on the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254 and the Geneva Communique, and negotiated by the Syrian parties, is firmly underway. The thesis analyses this stance in-depth defines the key elements of the approach and explores dilemmas that arise from the clash between the approach and conflict context. Post-conflict reconstruction is linked to the post-conflict peacebuilding framework. It can encompass political, social and economic aspects of rebuilding states after wars. When external, mainly western and international, actors participate in reconstruction, they have often promoted liberal peace, including democracy, market economy and modern state institutions. This has led to so called statebuilding approach, which focuses on strengthening state institutions and promoting good governance. The EU’s approach is analysed in this framework, with a focus on normative power. The EU has been described asa normative power, which has been constructed on a normative basis and promotes normative principles in its international relations. To analyse the reconstruction approach, this thesis uses publicly available documents from relevant EU bodies as a source for the analysis. Main focus is with the European External Action Service documents, with inputs from relevant documents from other bodies. The source materials are analysed and categorised using Qualitative Content Analysis method. The key findings of the research are that the EU’s approach is based on strong economic power leverage and promotion of normative principles with a focus on reforming the political system and facilitating reconciliation. The reconstruction assistance is used as a leverage to push Syrian parties and their allies to the peace negotiations in Geneva under the UN auspices. The EU legitimates its role through emphasising its neutral longer-term approach that is based on humanitarian principles and support for Syrian voices and ownership. It also externalises its normative identity as a peace project as the source of credibility in promoting peace. The approach has had little effect on the Assad government, which has strengthened its grip on state structures. This poses a dilemma to the EU and other international actors: how to fulfil humanitarian objectives without legitimating the government? The concept of reconstruction with its flexibility has shown that many activities can and are done under other terms such as early recovery and stabilisation. However, operating like this can undermine the official political stance.
  • Sarpo, Saana (2019)
    This thesis studies the European Union’s approach to the reconstruction of Syria. It focuses on the years 2016-2019, when the discussion on the reconstruction has been the most prominent. The official European Union stance on the reconstruction is that the EU will participate in the reconstruction of Syria only when a credible and meaningful political process, based on the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254 and the Geneva Communique, and negotiated by the Syrian parties, is firmly underway. The thesis analyses this stance in-depth defines the key elements of the approach and explores dilemmas that arise from the clash between the approach and conflict context. Post-conflict reconstruction is linked to the post-conflict peacebuilding framework. It can encompass political, social and economic aspects of rebuilding states after wars. When external, mainly western and international, actors participate in reconstruction, they have often promoted liberal peace, including democracy, market economy and modern state institutions. This has led to so called statebuilding approach, which focuses on strengthening state institutions and promoting good governance. The EU’s approach is analysed in this framework, with a focus on normative power. The EU has been described asa normative power, which has been constructed on a normative basis and promotes normative principles in its international relations. To analyse the reconstruction approach, this thesis uses publicly available documents from relevant EU bodies as a source for the analysis. Main focus is with the European External Action Service documents, with inputs from relevant documents from other bodies. The source materials are analysed and categorised using Qualitative Content Analysis method. The key findings of the research are that the EU’s approach is based on strong economic power leverage and promotion of normative principles with a focus on reforming the political system and facilitating reconciliation. The reconstruction assistance is used as a leverage to push Syrian parties and their allies to the peace negotiations in Geneva under the UN auspices. The EU legitimates its role through emphasising its neutral longer-term approach that is based on humanitarian principles and support for Syrian voices and ownership. It also externalises its normative identity as a peace project as the source of credibility in promoting peace. The approach has had little effect on the Assad government, which has strengthened its grip on state structures. This poses a dilemma to the EU and other international actors: how to fulfil humanitarian objectives without legitimating the government? The concept of reconstruction with its flexibility has shown that many activities can and are done under other terms such as early recovery and stabilisation. However, operating like this can undermine the official political stance.
  • Sarpo, Saana (2019)
    This thesis studies the European Union’s approach to the reconstruction of Syria. It focuses on the years 2016-2019, when the discussion on the reconstruction has been the most prominent. The official European Union stance on the reconstruction is that the EU will participate in the reconstruction of Syria only when a credible and meaningful political process, based on the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254 and the Geneva Communique, and negotiated by the Syrian parties, is firmly underway. The thesis analyses this stance in-depth defines the key elements of the approach and explores dilemmas that arise from the clash between the approach and conflict context. Post-conflict reconstruction is linked to the post-conflict peacebuilding framework. It can encompass political, social and economic aspects of rebuilding states after wars. When external, mainly western and international, actors participate in reconstruction, they have often promoted liberal peace, including democracy, market economy and modern state institutions. This has led to so called statebuilding approach, which focuses on strengthening state institutions and promoting good governance. The EU’s approach is analysed in this framework, with a focus on normative power. The EU has been described asa normative power, which has been constructed on a normative basis and promotes normative principles in its international relations. To analyse the reconstruction approach, this thesis uses publicly available documents from relevant EU bodies as a source for the analysis. Main focus is with the European External Action Service documents, with inputs from relevant documents from other bodies. The source materials are analysed and categorised using Qualitative Content Analysis method. The key findings of the research are that the EU’s approach is based on strong economic power leverage and promotion of normative principles with a focus on reforming the political system and facilitating reconciliation. The reconstruction assistance is used as a leverage to push Syrian parties and their allies to the peace negotiations in Geneva under the UN auspices. The EU legitimates its role through emphasising its neutral longer-term approach that is based on humanitarian principles and support for Syrian voices and ownership. It also externalises its normative identity as a peace project as the source of credibility in promoting peace. The approach has had little effect on the Assad government, which has strengthened its grip on state structures. This poses a dilemma to the EU and other international actors: how to fulfil humanitarian objectives without legitimating the government? The concept of reconstruction with its flexibility has shown that many activities can and are done under other terms such as early recovery and stabilisation. However, operating like this can undermine the official political stance.
  • Sarpo, Saana (2019)
    This thesis studies the European Union’s approach to the reconstruction of Syria. It focuses on the years 2016-2019, when the discussion on the reconstruction has been the most prominent. The official European Union stance on the reconstruction is that the EU will participate in the reconstruction of Syria only when a credible and meaningful political process, based on the United Nations Security Council Resolution 2254 and the Geneva Communique, and negotiated by the Syrian parties, is firmly underway. The thesis analyses this stance in-depth defines the key elements of the approach and explores dilemmas that arise from the clash between the approach and conflict context. Post-conflict reconstruction is linked to the post-conflict peacebuilding framework. It can encompass political, social and economic aspects of rebuilding states after wars. When external, mainly western and international, actors participate in reconstruction, they have often promoted liberal peace, including democracy, market economy and modern state institutions. This has led to so called statebuilding approach, which focuses on strengthening state institutions and promoting good governance. The EU’s approach is analysed in this framework, with a focus on normative power. The EU has been described asa normative power, which has been constructed on a normative basis and promotes normative principles in its international relations. To analyse the reconstruction approach, this thesis uses publicly available documents from relevant EU bodies as a source for the analysis. Main focus is with the European External Action Service documents, with inputs from relevant documents from other bodies. The source materials are analysed and categorised using Qualitative Content Analysis method. The key findings of the research are that the EU’s approach is based on strong economic power leverage and promotion of normative principles with a focus on reforming the political system and facilitating reconciliation. The reconstruction assistance is used as a leverage to push Syrian parties and their allies to the peace negotiations in Geneva under the UN auspices. The EU legitimates its role through emphasising its neutral longer-term approach that is based on humanitarian principles and support for Syrian voices and ownership. It also externalises its normative identity as a peace project as the source of credibility in promoting peace. The approach has had little effect on the Assad government, which has strengthened its grip on state structures. This poses a dilemma to the EU and other international actors: how to fulfil humanitarian objectives without legitimating the government? The concept of reconstruction with its flexibility has shown that many activities can and are done under other terms such as early recovery and stabilisation. However, operating like this can undermine the official political stance.
  • Kiiskinen, Maria (2022)
    Tässä maisterintutkielmassa selvitetään millaisia kokemuksia perheväkivaltaa lapsiinsa kohdistaneilla äideillä on sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluissa. Aiempien tutkimusten mukaan äitien lapsiinsa kohdistamaa perheväkivaltaa ei aina tunnisteta sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluissa ja siksi perheväkivaltaa käyttäneiden äitien kokemukset ovat tärkeä tutkimusaihe. Tutkimuskysymykset ovat 1) miten perheväkivaltaa lapsiinsa kohdistaneet äidit kuvaavat kokemuksiaan sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluissa ja 2) millaisia subjektipositioita heille näissä kuvauksissa muodostuu. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin kirjoituspyynnöllä Maria Akatemian avustuksella kesän 2021 aikana. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu viiden perheväkivaltaa lapsiinsa kohdistaneen äidin kirjoituksista. Tutkimus edustaa laadullista tutkimusta. Tutkimusmenetelmänä on käytetty diskurssianalyysiä ja tutkimuksen viitekehyksenä toimii sosiaalinen konstruktionismi. Tämän tutkimuksen teoreettisena lähtökohtana toimii Erving Goffmanin jäsentämä teoria vuorovaikutuksesta ja siihen liittyvästä kasvotyöstä. Kasvotyön kautta vuorovaikutuksessa pyritään säilyttämään niin omat kuin toisten kasvot. Lisäksi olennaisia käsitteitä tässä tutkimuksessa ovat dialogisuus, työntekijä-asiakassuhde ja lapsiin kohdistuva perheväkivalta. Ammatillisissa asiakassuhteissa pyritään usein tasavertaisuuteen, vaikka sen lähtökohdat ovat epäsymmetriset. Kun vuorovaikutus on vastavuoroista, se mahdollistaa keskinäisen dialogin syntymisen. Diskurssit jäsentävät sitä, miten äidit kuvaavat ja millaisia merkityksiä he antavat kokemuksilleen sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluissa. Analyysin tuloksena aineistosta jäsentyi kolme päädiskurssia, jotka nimettiin ymmärryksen diskurssiksi, kohtaamattomuuden diskurssiksi ja häpeän diskurssiksi. Jokaisen päädiskurssin alle nimettiin 2-3 aladiskurssia. Päädiskurssien sisällä äideille rakentui erilaisia subjektipositioita eli rooleja suhteessa kokemuksiin perheväkivaltaa käyttäneinä äiteinä sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluissa. Äitien puhetavoissa monet diskursseista ja niiden alateemoista esiintyivät limittäin teksteissä. Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että äitien kokemukset ovat monimutkainen kokonaisuus erilaisia sosiaalisia todellisuuksia. Äidit toivat teksteissään esille tarpeen muodostaa luottamuksellinen asiakassuhde sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluiden ammattilaisiin sekä sen, että perheväkivallasta kysyttäisiin tai, että se otettaisiin puheeksi suoraan äitien asioidessa palveluissa. Äitien kokemuksissa perheväkivaltaa ymmärrettiin erilaisten kuormittaviksi miellettyjen tekijöiden kautta. Esille tuli myös perheväkivaltaan liittyvää kohtaamattomuutta, äitien teksteissä kerrottiin ettei välttämättä kukaan ammattilainen kysynyt heiltä perheväkivallasta. Tuloksissa tuli esille myös äitien tekemään perheväkivaltaan liittyvä häpeä, häpeään yhdistettiin erityisesti sosiaali- ja terveysalan ammattilaisten työhön liittyvät virkatehtävät ja pelko esimerkiksi lastensuojelullisista toimenpiteistä.
  • Österlund, Michaela (2017)
    Detta arbete är en litteraturstudie vars syfte är att undersöka vetenskapliga artiklar för att ta reda på hur D-vitamin påverkar parodontala vävnaden och om det finns belägg för att D-vitamin har en positiv effekt på parodontala hälsan. D-vitamin är ett prohormon som reglerar immunförsvaret och kroppens absorption av kalcium och fosfor. Parodontit är en kronisk inflammatorisk sjukdom som bryter ner tänders stödjevävnad samt käkarnas alveolarben och ger upphov till tandlossning. Denna studie letar i den vetenskapliga litteraturen om det finns kausalitets samband mellan D-vitaminbrist och parodontit eftersom båda tillstånden är skelettala och inflammatoriska sjukdomar. Både parodontit och D-vitaminbrist är vanligt förekommande i den finska befolkningen. Detta arbete är baserat på litteratursökning i PubMed, Melinda, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews och internet hemsidan terveysportti.fi. Litteraturgranskningens resultat är att sambandet mellan D-vitamin halten i serum och parodontal infektion är svag. Populations studier visar att D-vitamin brist har försumbar gynnsam effekt på parodontal infektion. Däremot har D-vitamin i teorin positiv effekt på alveolarbenets mineraldensitet och immunförsvar. Denna studie visar att D-vitaminbrist kan vara orsaken till ett svagt parodontologiskt behandlingssvar om andra starkare parodontologiska riskfaktorer är uteslutna.
  • Österlund, Michaela (2017)
    Detta arbete är en litteraturstudie vars syfte är att undersöka vetenskapliga artiklar för att ta reda på hur D-vitamin påverkar parodontala vävnaden och om det finns belägg för att D-vitamin har en positiv effekt på parodontala hälsan. D-vitamin är ett prohormon som reglerar immunförsvaret och kroppens absorption av kalcium och fosfor. Parodontit är en kronisk inflammatorisk sjukdom som bryter ner tänders stödjevävnad samt käkarnas alveolarben och ger upphov till tandlossning. Denna studie letar i den vetenskapliga litteraturen om det finns kausalitets samband mellan D-vitaminbrist och parodontit eftersom båda tillstånden är skelettala och inflammatoriska sjukdomar. Både parodontit och D-vitaminbrist är vanligt förekommande i den finska befolkningen. Detta arbete är baserat på litteratursökning i PubMed, Melinda, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews och internet hemsidan terveysportti.fi. Litteraturgranskningens resultat är att sambandet mellan D-vitamin halten i serum och parodontal infektion är svag. Populations studier visar att D-vitamin brist har försumbar gynnsam effekt på parodontal infektion. Däremot har D-vitamin i teorin positiv effekt på alveolarbenets mineraldensitet och immunförsvar. Denna studie visar att D-vitaminbrist kan vara orsaken till ett svagt parodontologiskt behandlingssvar om andra starkare parodontologiska riskfaktorer är uteslutna.
  • Österlund, Michaela (2017)
    Detta arbete är en litteraturstudie vars syfte är att undersöka vetenskapliga artiklar för att ta reda på hur D-vitamin påverkar parodontala vävnaden och om det finns belägg för att D-vitamin har en positiv effekt på parodontala hälsan. D-vitamin är ett prohormon som reglerar immunförsvaret och kroppens absorption av kalcium och fosfor. Parodontit är en kronisk inflammatorisk sjukdom som bryter ner tänders stödjevävnad samt käkarnas alveolarben och ger upphov till tandlossning. Denna studie letar i den vetenskapliga litteraturen om det finns kausalitets samband mellan D-vitaminbrist och parodontit eftersom båda tillstånden är skelettala och inflammatoriska sjukdomar. Både parodontit och D-vitaminbrist är vanligt förekommande i den finska befolkningen. Detta arbete är baserat på litteratursökning i PubMed, Melinda, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews och internet hemsidan terveysportti.fi. Litteraturgranskningens resultat är att sambandet mellan D-vitamin halten i serum och parodontal infektion är svag. Populations studier visar att D-vitamin brist har försumbar gynnsam effekt på parodontal infektion. Däremot har D-vitamin i teorin positiv effekt på alveolarbenets mineraldensitet och immunförsvar. Denna studie visar att D-vitaminbrist kan vara orsaken till ett svagt parodontologiskt behandlingssvar om andra starkare parodontologiska riskfaktorer är uteslutna.
  • Österlund, Michaela (2017)
    Detta arbete är en litteraturstudie vars syfte är att undersöka vetenskapliga artiklar för att ta reda på hur D-vitamin påverkar parodontala vävnaden och om det finns belägg för att D-vitamin har en positiv effekt på parodontala hälsan. D-vitamin är ett prohormon som reglerar immunförsvaret och kroppens absorption av kalcium och fosfor. Parodontit är en kronisk inflammatorisk sjukdom som bryter ner tänders stödjevävnad samt käkarnas alveolarben och ger upphov till tandlossning. Denna studie letar i den vetenskapliga litteraturen om det finns kausalitets samband mellan D-vitaminbrist och parodontit eftersom båda tillstånden är skelettala och inflammatoriska sjukdomar. Både parodontit och D-vitaminbrist är vanligt förekommande i den finska befolkningen. Detta arbete är baserat på litteratursökning i PubMed, Melinda, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews och internet hemsidan terveysportti.fi. Litteraturgranskningens resultat är att sambandet mellan D-vitamin halten i serum och parodontal infektion är svag. Populations studier visar att D-vitamin brist har försumbar gynnsam effekt på parodontal infektion. Däremot har D-vitamin i teorin positiv effekt på alveolarbenets mineraldensitet och immunförsvar. Denna studie visar att D-vitaminbrist kan vara orsaken till ett svagt parodontologiskt behandlingssvar om andra starkare parodontologiska riskfaktorer är uteslutna.
  • Österlund, Michaela (2017)
    Detta arbete är en litteraturstudie vars syfte är att undersöka vetenskapliga artiklar för att ta reda på hur D-vitamin påverkar parodontala vävnaden och om det finns belägg för att D-vitamin har en positiv effekt på parodontala hälsan. D-vitamin är ett prohormon som reglerar immunförsvaret och kroppens absorption av kalcium och fosfor. Parodontit är en kronisk inflammatorisk sjukdom som bryter ner tänders stödjevävnad samt käkarnas alveolarben och ger upphov till tandlossning. Denna studie letar i den vetenskapliga litteraturen om det finns kausalitets samband mellan D-vitaminbrist och parodontit eftersom båda tillstånden är skelettala och inflammatoriska sjukdomar. Både parodontit och D-vitaminbrist är vanligt förekommande i den finska befolkningen. Detta arbete är baserat på litteratursökning i PubMed, Melinda, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews och internet hemsidan terveysportti.fi. Litteraturgranskningens resultat är att sambandet mellan D-vitamin halten i serum och parodontal infektion är svag. Populations studier visar att D-vitamin brist har försumbar gynnsam effekt på parodontal infektion. Däremot har D-vitamin i teorin positiv effekt på alveolarbenets mineraldensitet och immunförsvar. Denna studie visar att D-vitaminbrist kan vara orsaken till ett svagt parodontologiskt behandlingssvar om andra starkare parodontologiska riskfaktorer är uteslutna.
  • Anttila, Eemeli (2022)
    Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastelen paratiisin uudelleentulkintoja T. S. Eliotin runoelmassa The Four Quartets (1943) ja Wallace Stevensin runoelmassa ”The Auroras of Autumn” (1948). Keskeisin tutkimuskysymykseni on, kuinka runoelmissa muokataan juutalais-kristillisen perinteen paratiisikäsitystä. Hypoteesini on, että teokset kyseenalaistavat perinteisen paratiisikäsityksen ihmiskeskeisyyttä ja samalla ottavat luonnon huomioon entistä kattavammin. Siinä missä aiempi Eliotia ja Stevensiä koskeva tutkimus on painottanut eroja runoilijoiden välillä, tutkielmassani pyrin osoittamaan, että kohdeteoksiin sisältyvät, ekologisesti virittyneet paratiisin uudelleentulkinnat ovat yllättävän samankaltaisia. Tutkielmani teoreettisena viitekehyksenä toimii ekokritiikki, eli kirjallisuuden ja luonnon suhdetta tutkiva kirjallisuustieteellinen tutkimussuuntaus. Koska perinteistä juutalais-kristillistä paratiisikäsitystä leimaa pastoraaliin eli paimenrunouteen viittaava kuvasto, katson tutkielmassani molempien runoelmien suhtautuvan pastoraalin käsitteeseen kriittisesti. Tämän takia hyödynnän analyysissäni Terry Giffordin määrittelemää postpastoraalin käsitettä, joka asettaa pastoraalin ekokriittisiin kehyksiin. Luen sekä Eliotin että Stevensin runoelmia tätä postpastoraalin käsitettä vasten osoittaen samalla, kuinka teoksissa ihmisen ja luonnon välinen vastakkainasettelu murtuu. Molemmissa teoksissa esitetään perinteisen paratiisikuvaston kritiikkiä, ja tämän kritiikin tukena teokset käyttävät monia postpastoraalille kirjallisuudelle ominaisia piirteitä. Postpastoraalille tyypillisesti molemmissa runoelmissa luonto herättää suurta kunnioitusta. Siinä missä perinteiselle pastoraalikirjallisuudelle on ominaista luonnon staattisuus, Eliotin ja Stevensin teoksissa luonto näyttäytyy elämän ja kuoleman lakkaamattomana prosessina. Ihminen esitetään runoelmissa ennen kaikkea materiana, joka on erottamattomasti osa luonnon kiertokulkua. Molemmissa runoelmissa kyseenalaistuvat myös vastakkainasettelut niin kulttuurin ja luonnon kuin ihmisen sisäisen ja ulkoisen maailman välillä. Lopulta teoksissa erilaiset luonnonnäkymiin ja maisemiin liittyvät huomiot johtavat eettisen ulottuvuuden korostumiseen. Runoelmat eivät siis pelkästään tarkastele luontoa, vaan ne tekevät myös ehdotuksia sen suhteen, kuinka materiaalista todellisuutta kohtaan tulisi käyttäytyä. Sekä Eliotin että Stevensin paratiisin uudelleentulkinnoissa korostuu näin luonnon edessä nöyrtyminen. Siinä missä Eliotin runoelman tapauksessa tämä nöyrtyminen johtaa hyvin radikaaliin luontokeskeisyyteen, Stevensin teoksessa nöyrtymisen aste on maltillisempi, ja näin teos jättää myös ihmiselle jonkinlaisen roolin luonnon osana. Johtopäätökseni on, että T. S. Eliotin runoelmassa Four Quartets ja Wallace Stevensin runoelmassa ”The Auroras of Autumn” perinteisen paratiisikuvaston ihmiskeskeisyys kyseenalaistuu paikoin varsin radikaalillakin tavalla. Runoelmien postpastoraaleissa paratiiseissa ihminen väistyy luomakunnan keskiöstä antaen tilaa muulle luonnolle. Suurimmat erot runoelmien paratiisimotiivien välillä johtuvat synnin tematiikasta. Eliotin runoelmassa perisynti on turmellut ihmisen luontosuhteen, ja tämän takia paratiisi ja kestävä luontosuhde ovat saavutettavissa vain asketismin kautta. Stevensin runoelmassa taas paratiisi on saavutettavissa jo tässä ja nyt, luonnon viattomuutta havainnoimalla. Näistä maailmankatsomuksellisista eroavaisuuksista huolimatta molempien runoelmien paratiisimotiivin tarkoitus on tukea teoksista välittyvää antroposentrismin kritiikkiä. Runoelmien ekologisesti virittyneet paratiisin uudelleentulkinnat ovat myös entistä ajankohtaisempia nykyisen ekologisen kriisin aikakaudella.