Browsing by master's degree program "Kielellisen diversiteetin ja digitaalisten ihmistieteiden maisteriohjelma"

Research on the interaction of the Amuric languages (referred to as “Nivkh” or “Ghilyak” when regarded as a single language) with the Tungusic languages was initiated by Grube (1892). His focus on loanwords has been the object of study until the present day. Recently, Janhunen (2010: 292, 296; 2016: 23) has suggested that contact between the two families already started between their ultimate ancestors: Pre-Proto-Amuric and Proto-Tungusic. This thesis investigates whether some of the lexical parallels proposed by earlier research belong to this period. As the thesis is written from the perspective of language contact, the parallels are regarded as the result of borrowing instead of inheritance. The distinction between these two modes of transmission formed the theoretical basis for the methodology that was employed. To prove ancient contact, it had to be shown that the Amuric and Tungusic languages inherited their shared lexemes from their respective ancestors and that these ancestors may have borrowed from each other. As the methodology relied on the literature on Amuric and Tungusic historical phonology, an overview of this topic is also included. First, fifty parallels were drawn from those listed in previous research. These could be reconstructed to Proto-Amuric and Proto-Tungusic using the Comparative Method and thus could have been inherited from them or an earlier ancestor in the case of Proto-Amuric. Additionally, they exhibited phonological similarities that could reasonably be expected from borrowing between Pre-Proto-Amuric and Proto-Tungusic. Afterwards, a direction of borrowing had to be established, the principal evidence of borrowing. For that purpose, nine criteria were developed. These criteria considered morphology, diachronic and synchronic phonology, extent of attestation, semantics and extra-linguistic factors. Finally, the data was separated into older and younger strata, since in the selection phase only the Proto-Amuric stage was considered, while the target was Pre-Proto-Amuric. These layers were classified on the basis of phonological developments. For most of the fifty parallels the direction of borrowing could be determined. In this stage of analysis, fifteen of them were ultimately dismissed as recent or doubtful. The remaining thirty-five were examined for properties that could have resulted from the sound changes that followed Pre-Proto-Amuric that were proposed in earlier research. Ultimately, it could only be proven that the absence of vowels in non-initial syllables was a property characteristic of ancient lexemes in the Amuric lineage. Consequently, although a substantially old stratum of Amuric-Tungusic parallels was found, further research is needed to show that any of them date to Pre-Proto-Amuric and Proto-Tungusic times.

This thesis investigates the realisation of tone in dialects of Southern Angami, a language of Tibeto-Burman family spoken in the state of Nagaland, North-East India. The audio recordings of native speakers are analysed to determine how the tones differ in pitch movement patterns, accounting for context and dialect variation. The research questions concern the significance of pitch contours and duration in a level tone system, as well as tone unit interaction. It was concluded that the fundamental frequency is the main determining factor, and neither pitch contour nor duration have a more prominent effect than pitch value; however, it is possible that duration plays a role in discerning tones 2 and 3, and a pitch curve is a consistent feature of tones 1 and 4. No significant difference was found in tone systems of Jotsoma and Kigwema.